108 國軍退除役轉任公務人員上校轉任 一般行政(轉任退輔會) 中華民國憲法與英文 考古題詳解

依司法院釋字第 585 號解釋之意旨，立法院得行使調查權，請依法權及監察權之本質，以及大法官相關解釋之意旨，回答下列問題：

(一) 立法院得行使調查權之憲法依據及主要限制何在？

(二) 立法院及監察院兩院行使調查權之範圍及對象有何不同？

A 為經營電子遊樂場之業者，因放置賭博性電玩，遭 B 縣縣政府依該縣所制定之「B 縣電子遊樂場管理自治條例」勒令停業。請問 A 不服 B 縣縣政府之處分，而提起行政學公訴時，行政法院之法官若認為「B 縣電子遊樂場管理自治條例」有關勒令停業之規定，已違反比例原則，其可否拒絕適用？請依大法官相關解釋意旨論述之。

The six-story structure designed to replicate a residential building is the tallest building of its kind to ever ____ major earthquakes.

Earthquakes with ____ greater than 6 on the Richter scale will do great damages and may claim many lives.

America’s well-deserved reputation as a global leader in technology innovation is ____ from its tradition of welcoming people from other countries.

Often war causes more problems than it solves. Frequently it leaves a ____ of hate, starvation and homelessness among the refugees it creates.

【題組共用題幹】

Hackers around the world are getting better at stealing passwords. A hacker is a person who uses a computer to gain information without permission. Now, some computer scientists are trying to stop hackers ____ passwords.

The U.S. Military’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, is responsible for the creation of the Internet. The agency is supporting research projects that will ____ passwords a thing of the past. One project is called Active Authentication. Scientists working on the project want to use a person’s individual qualities to protect electronic devices like wireless phones against hackers. ____, the movement of a person’s hands when they use a wireless phone can be read by sensors. The phone can remember those signs and observe them. The phone locks when someone ____ the owner tries to use it.

Other teams of scientists are trying to teach computers and smart phone show to recognize a person’s writing style. The devices will know the words a person uses, ____ and the kinds of errors they make. In another project, the owner of a device says a phrase instead of typing a password. Sensors identify the sound and way that a user says words.

DARPA says the projects have had very good results. Some of the largest computer and smart phone manufacturers have expressed interest in using them in new devices.

【題組共用題幹】

Hackers around the world are getting better at stealing passwords. A hacker is a person who uses a computer to gain information without permission. Now, some computer scientists are trying to stop hackers ____ passwords.

The U.S. Military’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, is responsible for the creation of the Internet. The agency is supporting research projects that will ____ passwords a thing of the past. One project is called Active Authentication. Scientists working on the project want to use a person’s individual qualities to protect electronic devices like wireless phones against hackers. ____, the movement of a person’s hands when they use a wireless phone can be read by sensors. The phone can remember those signs and observe them. The phone locks when someone ____ the owner tries to use it.

Other teams of scientists are trying to teach computers and smart phone show to recognize a person’s writing style. The devices will know the words a person uses, ____ and the kinds of errors they make. In another project, the owner of a device says a phrase instead of typing a password. Sensors identify the sound and way that a user says words.

DARPA says the projects have had very good results. Some of the largest computer and smart phone manufacturers have expressed interest in using them in new devices.

【題組共用題幹】

Hackers around the world are getting better at stealing passwords. A hacker is a person who uses a computer to gain information without permission. Now, some computer scientists are trying to stop hackers ____ passwords.

The U.S. Military’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, is responsible for the creation of the Internet. The agency is supporting research projects that will ____ passwords a thing of the past. One project is called Active Authentication. Scientists working on the project want to use a person’s individual qualities to protect electronic devices like wireless phones against hackers. ____, the movement of a person’s hands when they use a wireless phone can be read by sensors. The phone can remember those signs and observe them. The phone locks when someone ____ the owner tries to use it.

Other teams of scientists are trying to teach computers and smart phone show to recognize a person’s writing style. The devices will know the words a person uses, ____ and the kinds of errors they make. In another project, the owner of a device says a phrase instead of typing a password. Sensors identify the sound and way that a user says words.

DARPA says the projects have had very good results. Some of the largest computer and smart phone manufacturers have expressed interest in using them in new devices.

【題組共用題幹】

Hackers around the world are getting better at stealing passwords. A hacker is a person who uses a computer to gain information without permission. Now, some computer scientists are trying to stop hackers ____ passwords.

The U.S. Military’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, is responsible for the creation of the Internet. The agency is supporting research projects that will ____ passwords a thing of the past. One project is called Active Authentication. Scientists working on the project want to use a person’s individual qualities to protect electronic devices like wireless phones against hackers. ____, the movement of a person’s hands when they use a wireless phone can be read by sensors. The phone can remember those signs and observe them. The phone locks when someone ____ the owner tries to use it.

Other teams of scientists are trying to teach computers and smart phone show to recognize a person’s writing style. The devices will know the words a person uses, ____ and the kinds of errors they make. In another project, the owner of a device says a phrase instead of typing a password. Sensors identify the sound and way that a user says words.

DARPA says the projects have had very good results. Some of the largest computer and smart phone manufacturers have expressed interest in using them in new devices.

【題組共用題幹】

Hackers around the world are getting better at stealing passwords. A hacker is a person who uses a computer to gain information without permission. Now, some computer scientists are trying to stop hackers ____ passwords.

The U.S. Military’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, is responsible for the creation of the Internet. The agency is supporting research projects that will ____ passwords a thing of the past. One project is called Active Authentication. Scientists working on the project want to use a person’s individual qualities to protect electronic devices like wireless phones against hackers. ____, the movement of a person’s hands when they use a wireless phone can be read by sensors. The phone can remember those signs and observe them. The phone locks when someone ____ the owner tries to use it.

Other teams of scientists are trying to teach computers and smart phone show to recognize a person’s writing style. The devices will know the words a person uses, ____ and the kinds of errors they make. In another project, the owner of a device says a phrase instead of typing a password. Sensors identify the sound and way that a user says words.

DARPA says the projects have had very good results. Some of the largest computer and smart phone manufacturers have expressed interest in using them in new devices.

【題組共用題幹】

Stonehenge is a mysterious collection of large stones located in the south of England. Experts have many different theories about ____. However, since nobody really knows for sure, it has remained a mystery throughout the ages. The stones themselves are very large. Some are up to five meters tall and weigh 25 tons. They are arranged quite close together in a circular pattern. One of Stonehenge’s biggest mysteries is how people without modern machinery moved those stones.

Since Stonehenge is a prehistoric structure that is close to 5,000 years old, there are no records to tell us about it. Over the centuries, many people have speculated about ____. One theory for its purpose says that ____. Ancient scientists may have used it to study events concerning the sun and the stars. There are many people who feel that this idea is most likely. Another theory states that Stonehenge was a religious site where special ceremonies were conducted. Much debate has occurred regarding these and other theories, but the fact is that we may never know the true story.

These days, Stonehenge is one of the most famous tourist sites in all of Great Britain. ____, it attracts thousands of visitors from all over the world each year. In England, it is recognized as a national treasure and even has special status and protection from the United Nations.

____ with other sites around the world, including the pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China. So, if you are planning a trip to the UK, be sure you do not miss out on one of the planet’s greatest wonders and mysteries.

【題組共用題幹】

Stonehenge is a mysterious collection of large stones located in the south of England. Experts have many different theories about ____. However, since nobody really knows for sure, it has remained a mystery throughout the ages. The stones themselves are very large. Some are up to five meters tall and weigh 25 tons. They are arranged quite close together in a circular pattern. One of Stonehenge’s biggest mysteries is how people without modern machinery moved those stones.

Since Stonehenge is a prehistoric structure that is close to 5,000 years old, there are no records to tell us about it. Over the centuries, many people have speculated about ____. One theory for its purpose says that ____. Ancient scientists may have used it to study events concerning the sun and the stars. There are many people who feel that this idea is most likely. Another theory states that Stonehenge was a religious site where special ceremonies were conducted. Much debate has occurred regarding these and other theories, but the fact is that we may never know the true story.

These days, Stonehenge is one of the most famous tourist sites in all of Great Britain. ____, it attracts thousands of visitors from all over the world each year. In England, it is recognized as a national treasure and even has special status and protection from the United Nations.

____ with other sites around the world, including the pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China. So, if you are planning a trip to the UK, be sure you do not miss out on one of the planet’s greatest wonders and mysteries.

【題組共用題幹】

Stonehenge is a mysterious collection of large stones located in the south of England. Experts have many different theories about ____. However, since nobody really knows for sure, it has remained a mystery throughout the ages. The stones themselves are very large. Some are up to five meters tall and weigh 25 tons. They are arranged quite close together in a circular pattern. One of Stonehenge’s biggest mysteries is how people without modern machinery moved those stones.

Since Stonehenge is a prehistoric structure that is close to 5,000 years old, there are no records to tell us about it. Over the centuries, many people have speculated about ____. One theory for its purpose says that ____. Ancient scientists may have used it to study events concerning the sun and the stars. There are many people who feel that this idea is most likely. Another theory states that Stonehenge was a religious site where special ceremonies were conducted. Much debate has occurred regarding these and other theories, but the fact is that we may never know the true story.

These days, Stonehenge is one of the most famous tourist sites in all of Great Britain. ____, it attracts thousands of visitors from all over the world each year. In England, it is recognized as a national treasure and even has special status and protection from the United Nations.

____ with other sites around the world, including the pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China. So, if you are planning a trip to the UK, be sure you do not miss out on one of the planet’s greatest wonders and mysteries.

【題組共用題幹】

Stonehenge is a mysterious collection of large stones located in the south of England. Experts have many different theories about ____. However, since nobody really knows for sure, it has remained a mystery throughout the ages. The stones themselves are very large. Some are up to five meters tall and weigh 25 tons. They are arranged quite close together in a circular pattern. One of Stonehenge’s biggest mysteries is how people without modern machinery moved those stones.

Since Stonehenge is a prehistoric structure that is close to 5,000 years old, there are no records to tell us about it. Over the centuries, many people have speculated about ____. One theory for its purpose says that ____. Ancient scientists may have used it to study events concerning the sun and the stars. There are many people who feel that this idea is most likely. Another theory states that Stonehenge was a religious site where special ceremonies were conducted. Much debate has occurred regarding these and other theories, but the fact is that we may never know the true story.

These days, Stonehenge is one of the most famous tourist sites in all of Great Britain. ____, it attracts thousands of visitors from all over the world each year. In England, it is recognized as a national treasure and even has special status and protection from the United Nations.

____ with other sites around the world, including the pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China. So, if you are planning a trip to the UK, be sure you do not miss out on one of the planet’s greatest wonders and mysteries.

【題組共用題幹】

Stonehenge is a mysterious collection of large stones located in the south of England. Experts have many different theories about ____. However, since nobody really knows for sure, it has remained a mystery throughout the ages. The stones themselves are very large. Some are up to five meters tall and weigh 25 tons. They are arranged quite close together in a circular pattern. One of Stonehenge’s biggest mysteries is how people without modern machinery moved those stones.

Since Stonehenge is a prehistoric structure that is close to 5,000 years old, there are no records to tell us about it. Over the centuries, many people have speculated about ____. One theory for its purpose says that ____. Ancient scientists may have used it to study events concerning the sun and the stars. There are many people who feel that this idea is most likely. Another theory states that Stonehenge was a religious site where special ceremonies were conducted. Much debate has occurred regarding these and other theories, but the fact is that we may never know the true story.

These days, Stonehenge is one of the most famous tourist sites in all of Great Britain. ____, it attracts thousands of visitors from all over the world each year. In England, it is recognized as a national treasure and even has special status and protection from the United Nations.

____ with other sites around the world, including the pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China. So, if you are planning a trip to the UK, be sure you do not miss out on one of the planet’s greatest wonders and mysteries.

【題組共用題幹】

Free trade is a free market policy followed by some international markets in which governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries. Trade treaties increase freedom to trade and do not result in loss of sovereignty. However, most governments still impose some protectionist policies that are intended to support local employment, such as applying tariffs to imports or subsidies to exports. Governments may also restrict exports of natural resources. Other trade barriers include import quotas, taxes, and non-tariff barriers, such as regulatory legislation.

Take the United States as an example. There is a growing rhetoric about imposing tariffs and limiting freedom to trade internationally. It reflects a resurgence of old arguments that stay alive in large part because the benefits of free international trade are often diffuse and hard to see, while the benefits of shielding specific groups from foreign competition are often immediate and visible. This illusion fuels the common perception that free trade is detrimental to the U.S. economy. It also tips the scales in favor of special interests seeking protection from foreign competition, which results in thousands of tariffs, quotas, and other barriers imposed to trade.

However, restrictions on foreign trade all too often harm the very people they aim to protect, i.e., American consumers and producers. Trade restrictions limit the choices of what Americans can buy; they also drive up the prices of everything from clothing and groceries to the materials manufacturers use to make everyday products. Lower-income Americans generally bear a disproportionate share of these costs. Not only do they spend more of their income on consumption goods, many of the goods they consume are subject to higher tariffs than more expensive goods of the same type.

There is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare, while free trade and the reduction of trade barriers to trade has a positive effect on economic growth. However, they also point out that liberalization of trade can cause significant and unequally distributed losses and the economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.

Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Free trade is a free market policy followed by some international markets in which governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries. Trade treaties increase freedom to trade and do not result in loss of sovereignty. However, most governments still impose some protectionist policies that are intended to support local employment, such as applying tariffs to imports or subsidies to exports. Governments may also restrict exports of natural resources. Other trade barriers include import quotas, taxes, and non-tariff barriers, such as regulatory legislation.

Take the United States as an example. There is a growing rhetoric about imposing tariffs and limiting freedom to trade internationally. It reflects a resurgence of old arguments that stay alive in large part because the benefits of free international trade are often diffuse and hard to see, while the benefits of shielding specific groups from foreign competition are often immediate and visible. This illusion fuels the common perception that free trade is detrimental to the U.S. economy. It also tips the scales in favor of special interests seeking protection from foreign competition, which results in thousands of tariffs, quotas, and other barriers imposed to trade.

However, restrictions on foreign trade all too often harm the very people they aim to protect, i.e., American consumers and producers. Trade restrictions limit the choices of what Americans can buy; they also drive up the prices of everything from clothing and groceries to the materials manufacturers use to make everyday products. Lower-income Americans generally bear a disproportionate share of these costs. Not only do they spend more of their income on consumption goods, many of the goods they consume are subject to higher tariffs than more expensive goods of the same type.

There is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare, while free trade and the reduction of trade barriers to trade has a positive effect on economic growth. However, they also point out that liberalization of trade can cause significant and unequally distributed losses and the economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.

What is the third paragraph mainly about?

【題組共用題幹】

Free trade is a free market policy followed by some international markets in which governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries. Trade treaties increase freedom to trade and do not result in loss of sovereignty. However, most governments still impose some protectionist policies that are intended to support local employment, such as applying tariffs to imports or subsidies to exports. Governments may also restrict exports of natural resources. Other trade barriers include import quotas, taxes, and non-tariff barriers, such as regulatory legislation.

Take the United States as an example. There is a growing rhetoric about imposing tariffs and limiting freedom to trade internationally. It reflects a resurgence of old arguments that stay alive in large part because the benefits of free international trade are often diffuse and hard to see, while the benefits of shielding specific groups from foreign competition are often immediate and visible. This illusion fuels the common perception that free trade is detrimental to the U.S. economy. It also tips the scales in favor of special interests seeking protection from foreign competition, which results in thousands of tariffs, quotas, and other barriers imposed to trade.

However, restrictions on foreign trade all too often harm the very people they aim to protect, i.e., American consumers and producers. Trade restrictions limit the choices of what Americans can buy; they also drive up the prices of everything from clothing and groceries to the materials manufacturers use to make everyday products. Lower-income Americans generally bear a disproportionate share of these costs. Not only do they spend more of their income on consumption goods, many of the goods they consume are subject to higher tariffs than more expensive goods of the same type.

There is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare, while free trade and the reduction of trade barriers to trade has a positive effect on economic growth. However, they also point out that liberalization of trade can cause significant and unequally distributed losses and the economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

【題組共用題幹】

Free trade is a free market policy followed by some international markets in which governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries. Trade treaties increase freedom to trade and do not result in loss of sovereignty. However, most governments still impose some protectionist policies that are intended to support local employment, such as applying tariffs to imports or subsidies to exports. Governments may also restrict exports of natural resources. Other trade barriers include import quotas, taxes, and non-tariff barriers, such as regulatory legislation.

Take the United States as an example. There is a growing rhetoric about imposing tariffs and limiting freedom to trade internationally. It reflects a resurgence of old arguments that stay alive in large part because the benefits of free international trade are often diffuse and hard to see, while the benefits of shielding specific groups from foreign competition are often immediate and visible. This illusion fuels the common perception that free trade is detrimental to the U.S. economy. It also tips the scales in favor of special interests seeking protection from foreign competition, which results in thousands of tariffs, quotas, and other barriers imposed to trade.

However, restrictions on foreign trade all too often harm the very people they aim to protect, i.e., American consumers and producers. Trade restrictions limit the choices of what Americans can buy; they also drive up the prices of everything from clothing and groceries to the materials manufacturers use to make everyday products. Lower-income Americans generally bear a disproportionate share of these costs. Not only do they spend more of their income on consumption goods, many of the goods they consume are subject to higher tariffs than more expensive goods of the same type.

There is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare, while free trade and the reduction of trade barriers to trade has a positive effect on economic growth. However, they also point out that liberalization of trade can cause significant and unequally distributed losses and the economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.

What does detrimental mean in this article?

【題組共用題幹】

Free trade is a free market policy followed by some international markets in which governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries. Trade treaties increase freedom to trade and do not result in loss of sovereignty. However, most governments still impose some protectionist policies that are intended to support local employment, such as applying tariffs to imports or subsidies to exports. Governments may also restrict exports of natural resources. Other trade barriers include import quotas, taxes, and non-tariff barriers, such as regulatory legislation.

Take the United States as an example. There is a growing rhetoric about imposing tariffs and limiting freedom to trade internationally. It reflects a resurgence of old arguments that stay alive in large part because the benefits of free international trade are often diffuse and hard to see, while the benefits of shielding specific groups from foreign competition are often immediate and visible. This illusion fuels the common perception that free trade is detrimental to the U.S. economy. It also tips the scales in favor of special interests seeking protection from foreign competition, which results in thousands of tariffs, quotas, and other barriers imposed to trade.

However, restrictions on foreign trade all too often harm the very people they aim to protect, i.e., American consumers and producers. Trade restrictions limit the choices of what Americans can buy; they also drive up the prices of everything from clothing and groceries to the materials manufacturers use to make everyday products. Lower-income Americans generally bear a disproportionate share of these costs. Not only do they spend more of their income on consumption goods, many of the goods they consume are subject to higher tariffs than more expensive goods of the same type.

There is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare, while free trade and the reduction of trade barriers to trade has a positive effect on economic growth. However, they also point out that liberalization of trade can cause significant and unequally distributed losses and the economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.

Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward free trade?

【題組共用題幹】

A thin magnetic stripe is all that stands between Americans’ credit-card information and the bad guys. And they’ve been working hard to break in. Banks, law enforcement and technology companies are all trying to thwart a network of hackers who are swiping account numbers, names and other crucial data used in identity theft. More than 100 million accounts at Target, Neiman Marcus and Michaels stores were all affected in recent attacks, starting November 2013.

Cards are increasingly vulnerable to attacks in store transactions. Hackers scoop up massive troves of credit-, debit- or prepaid-card numbers using malware inserted surreptitiously into the retailers’ checkout systems. Hackers then sold the data to a second group of criminals operating in shadowy corners of the web. Not long after, the stolen data was showing up on counterfeit cards and being used for online purchases.

The solution could cost as little as $2 extra for every piece of plastic issued. The fix is a security technology used heavily outside the U.S. While American credit cards use the 40-year-old magstripe technology to process transactions, much of the rest of the world uses smarter cards with the EMV (short for Europay, MasterCard, Visa), a technology that employs a chip embedded in the card plus a customer PIN to authenticate every transaction on the spot. If a purchaser fails to punch in the correct PIN at the checkout, the transaction gets rejected.

The cost of a magstripe card is in the dollar range. A chip-and-PIN card currently costs close to $3. Multiple$3 by 5 billion cards in circulation in the U.S. Then consider that there’s an estimated $12.4 billion in card fraud on a global basis. With 44$5.5 billion annually. Card issuers find that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plastic.

That leaves American retailers pretty much alone the world over in relying on magstripe technology, and leaves consumers vulnerable. Ironically enough, the historical reason the U.S. has stuck with magstripe is the once superior technology. The nation’s cheap, ultra-reliable wired networks made credit-card authentication over the phone frictionless. In France, card companies created EMV partly because the telephone monopoly was so maddeningly inefficient and expensive. The workaround allowed transactions to be verified locally and securely.

Who are the bad guys mentioned in Paragraph 1?

【題組共用題幹】

A thin magnetic stripe is all that stands between Americans’ credit-card information and the bad guys. And they’ve been working hard to break in. Banks, law enforcement and technology companies are all trying to thwart a network of hackers who are swiping account numbers, names and other crucial data used in identity theft. More than 100 million accounts at Target, Neiman Marcus and Michaels stores were all affected in recent attacks, starting November 2013.

Cards are increasingly vulnerable to attacks in store transactions. Hackers scoop up massive troves of credit-, debit- or prepaid-card numbers using malware inserted surreptitiously into the retailers’ checkout systems. Hackers then sold the data to a second group of criminals operating in shadowy corners of the web. Not long after, the stolen data was showing up on counterfeit cards and being used for online purchases.

The solution could cost as little as $2 extra for every piece of plastic issued. The fix is a security technology used heavily outside the U.S. While American credit cards use the 40-year-old magstripe technology to process transactions, much of the rest of the world uses smarter cards with the EMV (short for Europay, MasterCard, Visa), a technology that employs a chip embedded in the card plus a customer PIN to authenticate every transaction on the spot. If a purchaser fails to punch in the correct PIN at the checkout, the transaction gets rejected.

The cost of a magstripe card is in the dollar range. A chip-and-PIN card currently costs close to $3. Multiple$3 by 5 billion cards in circulation in the U.S. Then consider that there’s an estimated $12.4 billion in card fraud on a global basis. With 44$5.5 billion annually. Card issuers find that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plastic.

That leaves American retailers pretty much alone the world over in relying on magstripe technology, and leaves consumers vulnerable. Ironically enough, the historical reason the U.S. has stuck with magstripe is the once superior technology. The nation’s cheap, ultra-reliable wired networks made credit-card authentication over the phone frictionless. In France, card companies created EMV partly because the telephone monopoly was so maddeningly inefficient and expensive. The workaround allowed transactions to be verified locally and securely.

Which of the following may the word plastic in Paragraph 3 refer to?

【題組共用題幹】

A thin magnetic stripe is all that stands between Americans’ credit-card information and the bad guys. And they’ve been working hard to break in. Banks, law enforcement and technology companies are all trying to thwart a network of hackers who are swiping account numbers, names and other crucial data used in identity theft. More than 100 million accounts at Target, Neiman Marcus and Michaels stores were all affected in recent attacks, starting November 2013.

Cards are increasingly vulnerable to attacks in store transactions. Hackers scoop up massive troves of credit-, debit- or prepaid-card numbers using malware inserted surreptitiously into the retailers’ checkout systems. Hackers then sold the data to a second group of criminals operating in shadowy corners of the web. Not long after, the stolen data was showing up on counterfeit cards and being used for online purchases.

The solution could cost as little as $2 extra for every piece of plastic issued. The fix is a security technology used heavily outside the U.S. While American credit cards use the 40-year-old magstripe technology to process transactions, much of the rest of the world uses smarter cards with the EMV (short for Europay, MasterCard, Visa), a technology that employs a chip embedded in the card plus a customer PIN to authenticate every transaction on the spot. If a purchaser fails to punch in the correct PIN at the checkout, the transaction gets rejected.

The cost of a magstripe card is in the dollar range. A chip-and-PIN card currently costs close to $3. Multiple$3 by 5 billion cards in circulation in the U.S. Then consider that there’s an estimated $12.4 billion in card fraud on a global basis. With 44$5.5 billion annually. Card issuers find that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plastic.

That leaves American retailers pretty much alone the world over in relying on magstripe technology, and leaves consumers vulnerable. Ironically enough, the historical reason the U.S. has stuck with magstripe is the once superior technology. The nation’s cheap, ultra-reliable wired networks made credit-card authentication over the phone frictionless. In France, card companies created EMV partly because the telephone monopoly was so maddeningly inefficient and expensive. The workaround allowed transactions to be verified locally and securely.

According to this passage, what is the major reason why hackers steal people’s credit card data?

【題組共用題幹】

A thin magnetic stripe is all that stands between Americans’ credit-card information and the bad guys. And they’ve been working hard to break in. Banks, law enforcement and technology companies are all trying to thwart a network of hackers who are swiping account numbers, names and other crucial data used in identity theft. More than 100 million accounts at Target, Neiman Marcus and Michaels stores were all affected in recent attacks, starting November 2013.

Cards are increasingly vulnerable to attacks in store transactions. Hackers scoop up massive troves of credit-, debit- or prepaid-card numbers using malware inserted surreptitiously into the retailers’ checkout systems. Hackers then sold the data to a second group of criminals operating in shadowy corners of the web. Not long after, the stolen data was showing up on counterfeit cards and being used for online purchases.

The solution could cost as little as $2 extra for every piece of plastic issued. The fix is a security technology used heavily outside the U.S. While American credit cards use the 40-year-old magstripe technology to process transactions, much of the rest of the world uses smarter cards with the EMV (short for Europay, MasterCard, Visa), a technology that employs a chip embedded in the card plus a customer PIN to authenticate every transaction on the spot. If a purchaser fails to punch in the correct PIN at the checkout, the transaction gets rejected.

The cost of a magstripe card is in the dollar range. A chip-and-PIN card currently costs close to $3. Multiple$3 by 5 billion cards in circulation in the U.S. Then consider that there’s an estimated $12.4 billion in card fraud on a global basis. With 44$5.5 billion annually. Card issuers find that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plastic.

That leaves American retailers pretty much alone the world over in relying on magstripe technology, and leaves consumers vulnerable. Ironically enough, the historical reason the U.S. has stuck with magstripe is the once superior technology. The nation’s cheap, ultra-reliable wired networks made credit-card authentication over the phone frictionless. In France, card companies created EMV partly because the telephone monopoly was so maddeningly inefficient and expensive. The workaround allowed transactions to be verified locally and securely.

Which of the following is true about EMV cards, compared with the traditional ones?

【題組共用題幹】

A thin magnetic stripe is all that stands between Americans’ credit-card information and the bad guys. And they’ve been working hard to break in. Banks, law enforcement and technology companies are all trying to thwart a network of hackers who are swiping account numbers, names and other crucial data used in identity theft. More than 100 million accounts at Target, Neiman Marcus and Michaels stores were all affected in recent attacks, starting November 2013.

Cards are increasingly vulnerable to attacks in store transactions. Hackers scoop up massive troves of credit-, debit- or prepaid-card numbers using malware inserted surreptitiously into the retailers’ checkout systems. Hackers then sold the data to a second group of criminals operating in shadowy corners of the web. Not long after, the stolen data was showing up on counterfeit cards and being used for online purchases.

The solution could cost as little as $2 extra for every piece of plastic issued. The fix is a security technology used heavily outside the U.S. While American credit cards use the 40-year-old magstripe technology to process transactions, much of the rest of the world uses smarter cards with the EMV (short for Europay, MasterCard, Visa), a technology that employs a chip embedded in the card plus a customer PIN to authenticate every transaction on the spot. If a purchaser fails to punch in the correct PIN at the checkout, the transaction gets rejected.

The cost of a magstripe card is in the dollar range. A chip-and-PIN card currently costs close to $3. Multiple$3 by 5 billion cards in circulation in the U.S. Then consider that there’s an estimated $12.4 billion in card fraud on a global basis. With 44$5.5 billion annually. Card issuers find that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plastic.

That leaves American retailers pretty much alone the world over in relying on magstripe technology, and leaves consumers vulnerable. Ironically enough, the historical reason the U.S. has stuck with magstripe is the once superior technology. The nation’s cheap, ultra-reliable wired networks made credit-card authentication over the phone frictionless. In France, card companies created EMV partly because the telephone monopoly was so maddeningly inefficient and expensive. The workaround allowed transactions to be verified locally and securely.

Why haven’t big banks in the U.S. adopted the more secure technology?

【題組共用題幹】

A thin magnetic stripe is all that stands between Americans’ credit-card information and the bad guys. And they’ve been working hard to break in. Banks, law enforcement and technology companies are all trying to thwart a network of hackers who are swiping account numbers, names and other crucial data used in identity theft. More than 100 million accounts at Target, Neiman Marcus and Michaels stores were all affected in recent attacks, starting November 2013.

Cards are increasingly vulnerable to attacks in store transactions. Hackers scoop up massive troves of credit-, debit- or prepaid-card numbers using malware inserted surreptitiously into the retailers’ checkout systems. Hackers then sold the data to a second group of criminals operating in shadowy corners of the web. Not long after, the stolen data was showing up on counterfeit cards and being used for online purchases.

The solution could cost as little as $2 extra for every piece of plastic issued. The fix is a security technology used heavily outside the U.S. While American credit cards use the 40-year-old magstripe technology to process transactions, much of the rest of the world uses smarter cards with the EMV (short for Europay, MasterCard, Visa), a technology that employs a chip embedded in the card plus a customer PIN to authenticate every transaction on the spot. If a purchaser fails to punch in the correct PIN at the checkout, the transaction gets rejected.

The cost of a magstripe card is in the dollar range. A chip-and-PIN card currently costs close to $3. Multiple$3 by 5 billion cards in circulation in the U.S. Then consider that there’s an estimated $12.4 billion in card fraud on a global basis. With 44$5.5 billion annually. Card issuers find that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plastic.

That leaves American retailers pretty much alone the world over in relying on magstripe technology, and leaves consumers vulnerable. Ironically enough, the historical reason the U.S. has stuck with magstripe is the once superior technology. The nation’s cheap, ultra-reliable wired networks made credit-card authentication over the phone frictionless. In France, card companies created EMV partly because the telephone monopoly was so maddeningly inefficient and expensive. The workaround allowed transactions to be verified locally and securely.

Why did France give up on magstripe technology for credit card authentication?