112 地方特考三等 一般民政類科 法學知識與英文（包括中華民國憲法、法學緒論、英文） 考古題詳解

依憲法及司法院大法官相關解釋，有關行政院與立法院之關係，下列敘述何者錯誤？

下列何者不屬於憲法明文規定之平等？

依據憲法增修條文及憲法訴訟法之相關規定，關於解散違憲政黨之審理程序，下列敘述何者正確？

依憲法增修條文第 10 條規定，下列何者不在憲法基本國策保障範圍內？

關於憲法上人民選舉、罷免、創制、複決權之行使，下列何者沒有立法形成空間？

依司法院大法官解釋之意旨，下列何者非屬憲法第 13 條宗教自由之保障範圍？

下列何者非屬總統之職權？

地方法院法官於審理案件時，對於應適用之法律，依其合理之確信，認為有牴觸憲法之疑義者，得如何處理？

下列何者不是憲法本文規定之地方自治團體？

監察院對軍人提出彈劾案時，應移送何機關進行審議？

下列何者是認為「法是一些條件的統合，在這些條件下，個人的意志與其他人的意志，可依據自由的一般法則而相互結合」的哲學家？

臺灣法體系在戰後繼受了許多美國法的制度與概念，下列何者屬之？

關於法規的訂定及名稱，下列敘述何者錯誤？

關於法律解釋方法，下列敘述何者錯誤？

關於刑法之職務上行為受賄罪，下列敘述何者錯誤？

下列何者不屬於公司法第 8 條規定之有限公司的公司負責人？

關於勞動基準法第 9 條之 1 離職後競業禁止之規定，下列敘述何者錯誤？

鄉（鎮、市）民代表及鄉（鎮、市）長選舉，由下列何者辦理之？

依民法之規定，下列何種請求權，不會因為 2 年間不行使而消滅？

關於性別平等工作法所規範「生理假」，下列敘述何者正確？

The report has to be redone because it is totally ____ of organization and content.

Because John did not get enough exposure to sunlight, his test results showed that he was at the risk of vitamin D ____.

The manager is unlikely to ____ this proposal, for it involves huge investment without promising outcome.

He didn’t feel any ____ for his school days, which were nothing but exams and unreasonable expectations from parents and teachers.

He lives in the immediate ____ of the school, not only shortening the time on commuting but also sparing more time for sleep.

Sarah has been a hard-working employee in the company, but ____, speaking, she needs more professional expertise before she can be promoted.

Lina is the leader of this group project; she needs to ____ and help improve her group members’ work performance.

We are often ____ of the amount of salt we consume. Hence, we should check nutrition labels to see how much sodium is in a product before purchasing it.

According to the report, the government is to increase spending next year in a bid to stimulate domestic demand and GDP growth as exports might continue to fall due to a ____ global economy.

As commodity prices have grown ____ recently, low-income families are struggling to put food on the table.

The high-tech company planned to ____ new program engineers who specialized in troubleshooting computer systems.

The team had a great season and made it to the playoffs; ____, they were ultimately defeated in the final game.

If you park next to the "No Parking" sign, you will get a ticket for a traffic ____.

His ____ and outgoing personality had a positive effect on his ability to collaborate with his co-workers.

The lawyer’s ____ argument, with its logical reasoning and supporting evidence, convinced the jury of his client’s innocence.

The new smartphone ____ a high-resolution camera that can capture great photographs even in low-light conditions.

Nowadays, it is essential for salespeople to learn some problem-solving ____ to cope with difficult situations they will encounter in the workplace.

The young artist was determined to ____ his skills as a musician, practicing diligently every day.

The newly-married couple found it hard to save money because they had to spend a large ____ of their budget on food and rent.

The ____ probe caused the data to be corrupted, affecting the accuracy of the experiment’s results.

【題組共用題幹】

Wolf pack leadership has long been of great interest to many scientists. What makes a wolf decide to ____ out on its own and assert leadership of its pack? That question has long ____ scientists. Now, a new study shows that gray wolves infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii are more likely to become top dogs than uninfected wolves. The finding forces us to think more broadly about what influences how animals act, says Kira Cassidy, a ____ biologist.

Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite that infects at least one-third of the world’s human population at any given time with the disease toxoplasmosis. ____ the infection is usually mild, it can be fatal to the young or immune-suppressed. It’s famous for its ability to ____ its hosts, most notably in making rodents reckless around house cats. Toxoplasma can only reproduce in the intestines of domestic or wild cats, yet it is widespread in nature, and can infect any warm-blooded animal.

41. What is the most appropriate answer for the first blank?

【題組共用題幹】

Wolf pack leadership has long been of great interest to many scientists. What makes a wolf decide to ____ out on its own and assert leadership of its pack? That question has long ____ scientists. Now, a new study shows that gray wolves infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii are more likely to become top dogs than uninfected wolves. The finding forces us to think more broadly about what influences how animals act, says Kira Cassidy, a ____ biologist.

Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite that infects at least one-third of the world’s human population at any given time with the disease toxoplasmosis. ____ the infection is usually mild, it can be fatal to the young or immune-suppressed. It’s famous for its ability to ____ its hosts, most notably in making rodents reckless around house cats. Toxoplasma can only reproduce in the intestines of domestic or wild cats, yet it is widespread in nature, and can infect any warm-blooded animal.

42. What is the most appropriate answer for the second blank?

【題組共用題幹】

Wolf pack leadership has long been of great interest to many scientists. What makes a wolf decide to ____ out on its own and assert leadership of its pack? That question has long ____ scientists. Now, a new study shows that gray wolves infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii are more likely to become top dogs than uninfected wolves. The finding forces us to think more broadly about what influences how animals act, says Kira Cassidy, a ____ biologist.

Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite that infects at least one-third of the world’s human population at any given time with the disease toxoplasmosis. ____ the infection is usually mild, it can be fatal to the young or immune-suppressed. It’s famous for its ability to ____ its hosts, most notably in making rodents reckless around house cats. Toxoplasma can only reproduce in the intestines of domestic or wild cats, yet it is widespread in nature, and can infect any warm-blooded animal.

43. What is the most appropriate answer for the third blank?

【題組共用題幹】

Wolf pack leadership has long been of great interest to many scientists. What makes a wolf decide to ____ out on its own and assert leadership of its pack? That question has long ____ scientists. Now, a new study shows that gray wolves infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii are more likely to become top dogs than uninfected wolves. The finding forces us to think more broadly about what influences how animals act, says Kira Cassidy, a ____ biologist.

Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite that infects at least one-third of the world’s human population at any given time with the disease toxoplasmosis. ____ the infection is usually mild, it can be fatal to the young or immune-suppressed. It’s famous for its ability to ____ its hosts, most notably in making rodents reckless around house cats. Toxoplasma can only reproduce in the intestines of domestic or wild cats, yet it is widespread in nature, and can infect any warm-blooded animal.

44. What is the most appropriate answer for the fourth blank?

【題組共用題幹】

Wolf pack leadership has long been of great interest to many scientists. What makes a wolf decide to ____ out on its own and assert leadership of its pack? That question has long ____ scientists. Now, a new study shows that gray wolves infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii are more likely to become top dogs than uninfected wolves. The finding forces us to think more broadly about what influences how animals act, says Kira Cassidy, a ____ biologist.

Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite that infects at least one-third of the world’s human population at any given time with the disease toxoplasmosis. ____ the infection is usually mild, it can be fatal to the young or immune-suppressed. It’s famous for its ability to ____ its hosts, most notably in making rodents reckless around house cats. Toxoplasma can only reproduce in the intestines of domestic or wild cats, yet it is widespread in nature, and can infect any warm-blooded animal.

45. What is the most appropriate answer for the fifth blank?

【題組共用題幹】

Soon after ChatGPT debuted in 2022, researchers tested what the artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot would write after it was asked questions peppered with conspiracy theories and false narratives. The results — in writings formatted as news articles, essays and television scripts — were so troubling that the researchers minced no words in their criticism of the new technology. Researchers predict that generative technology like ChatGPT could make disinformation cheaper and easier to produce for an even larger number of conspiracy theorists and spreaders of disinformation. Personalized, real-time chatbots could share conspiracy theories in increasingly credible and persuasive ways, researchers say, smoothing out human errors like poor syntax and mistranslations and advancing beyond easily discoverable copy-paste jobs. And they say that no available mitigation tactics can effectively combat it.

Predecessors to ChatGPT, which was created by the company OpenAI, have been used for years to pepper online forums and social media platforms with comments and spam. Microsoft had to halt activity from its Tay chatbot within 24 hours of introducing it on Twitter in 2016 after trolls taught it to spew racist and xenophobic language. ChatGPT is far more powerful and sophisticated. Supplied with questions loaded with disinformation, it can produce convincing, clean variations on the content within seconds, without disclosing its sources. Recently, Microsoft and OpenAI introduced a new Bing search engine and web browser that can use chatbot technology to plan vacations, translate texts or conduct research.

OpenAI researchers have long been nervous about chatbots falling into villainous hands. In a 2019 paper, they voiced their concern about their chatbot’s capabilities to lower costs of disinformation campaigns and aid in the malicious pursuit of monetary gains, particular political agendas, and/or desires to create chaos or confusion. OpenAI uses machines and humans to monitor content that is fed into and produced by ChatGPT. The company relies on both its human AI trainers and feedback from users to identify and filter out toxic training data while teaching ChatGPT to produce better-informed responses. OpenAI’s policies prohibit use of its technology to promote dishonesty, deceive or manipulate users or attempt to influence politics; the company offers a free moderation tool to handle content that promotes hate, self-harm, violence or sex.

46. What is the main idea of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Soon after ChatGPT debuted in 2022, researchers tested what the artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot would write after it was asked questions peppered with conspiracy theories and false narratives. The results — in writings formatted as news articles, essays and television scripts — were so troubling that the researchers minced no words in their criticism of the new technology. Researchers predict that generative technology like ChatGPT could make disinformation cheaper and easier to produce for an even larger number of conspiracy theorists and spreaders of disinformation. Personalized, real-time chatbots could share conspiracy theories in increasingly credible and persuasive ways, researchers say, smoothing out human errors like poor syntax and mistranslations and advancing beyond easily discoverable copy-paste jobs. And they say that no available mitigation tactics can effectively combat it.

Predecessors to ChatGPT, which was created by the company OpenAI, have been used for years to pepper online forums and social media platforms with comments and spam. Microsoft had to halt activity from its Tay chatbot within 24 hours of introducing it on Twitter in 2016 after trolls taught it to spew racist and xenophobic language. ChatGPT is far more powerful and sophisticated. Supplied with questions loaded with disinformation, it can produce convincing, clean variations on the content within seconds, without disclosing its sources. Recently, Microsoft and OpenAI introduced a new Bing search engine and web browser that can use chatbot technology to plan vacations, translate texts or conduct research.

OpenAI researchers have long been nervous about chatbots falling into villainous hands. In a 2019 paper, they voiced their concern about their chatbot’s capabilities to lower costs of disinformation campaigns and aid in the malicious pursuit of monetary gains, particular political agendas, and/or desires to create chaos or confusion. OpenAI uses machines and humans to monitor content that is fed into and produced by ChatGPT. The company relies on both its human AI trainers and feedback from users to identify and filter out toxic training data while teaching ChatGPT to produce better-informed responses. OpenAI’s policies prohibit use of its technology to promote dishonesty, deceive or manipulate users or attempt to influence politics; the company offers a free moderation tool to handle content that promotes hate, self-harm, violence or sex.

47. Which of the following statements is true about the Tay chatbot?

【題組共用題幹】

Soon after ChatGPT debuted in 2022, researchers tested what the artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot would write after it was asked questions peppered with conspiracy theories and false narratives. The results — in writings formatted as news articles, essays and television scripts — were so troubling that the researchers minced no words in their criticism of the new technology. Researchers predict that generative technology like ChatGPT could make disinformation cheaper and easier to produce for an even larger number of conspiracy theorists and spreaders of disinformation. Personalized, real-time chatbots could share conspiracy theories in increasingly credible and persuasive ways, researchers say, smoothing out human errors like poor syntax and mistranslations and advancing beyond easily discoverable copy-paste jobs. And they say that no available mitigation tactics can effectively combat it.

Predecessors to ChatGPT, which was created by the company OpenAI, have been used for years to pepper online forums and social media platforms with comments and spam. Microsoft had to halt activity from its Tay chatbot within 24 hours of introducing it on Twitter in 2016 after trolls taught it to spew racist and xenophobic language. ChatGPT is far more powerful and sophisticated. Supplied with questions loaded with disinformation, it can produce convincing, clean variations on the content within seconds, without disclosing its sources. Recently, Microsoft and OpenAI introduced a new Bing search engine and web browser that can use chatbot technology to plan vacations, translate texts or conduct research.

OpenAI researchers have long been nervous about chatbots falling into villainous hands. In a 2019 paper, they voiced their concern about their chatbot’s capabilities to lower costs of disinformation campaigns and aid in the malicious pursuit of monetary gains, particular political agendas, and/or desires to create chaos or confusion. OpenAI uses machines and humans to monitor content that is fed into and produced by ChatGPT. The company relies on both its human AI trainers and feedback from users to identify and filter out toxic training data while teaching ChatGPT to produce better-informed responses. OpenAI’s policies prohibit use of its technology to promote dishonesty, deceive or manipulate users or attempt to influence politics; the company offers a free moderation tool to handle content that promotes hate, self-harm, violence or sex.

48. According to the passage, what could be the best use of ChatGPT?

【題組共用題幹】

Soon after ChatGPT debuted in 2022, researchers tested what the artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot would write after it was asked questions peppered with conspiracy theories and false narratives. The results — in writings formatted as news articles, essays and television scripts — were so troubling that the researchers minced no words in their criticism of the new technology. Researchers predict that generative technology like ChatGPT could make disinformation cheaper and easier to produce for an even larger number of conspiracy theorists and spreaders of disinformation. Personalized, real-time chatbots could share conspiracy theories in increasingly credible and persuasive ways, researchers say, smoothing out human errors like poor syntax and mistranslations and advancing beyond easily discoverable copy-paste jobs. And they say that no available mitigation tactics can effectively combat it.

Predecessors to ChatGPT, which was created by the company OpenAI, have been used for years to pepper online forums and social media platforms with comments and spam. Microsoft had to halt activity from its Tay chatbot within 24 hours of introducing it on Twitter in 2016 after trolls taught it to spew racist and xenophobic language. ChatGPT is far more powerful and sophisticated. Supplied with questions loaded with disinformation, it can produce convincing, clean variations on the content within seconds, without disclosing its sources. Recently, Microsoft and OpenAI introduced a new Bing search engine and web browser that can use chatbot technology to plan vacations, translate texts or conduct research.

OpenAI researchers have long been nervous about chatbots falling into villainous hands. In a 2019 paper, they voiced their concern about their chatbot’s capabilities to lower costs of disinformation campaigns and aid in the malicious pursuit of monetary gains, particular political agendas, and/or desires to create chaos or confusion. OpenAI uses machines and humans to monitor content that is fed into and produced by ChatGPT. The company relies on both its human AI trainers and feedback from users to identify and filter out toxic training data while teaching ChatGPT to produce better-informed responses. OpenAI’s policies prohibit use of its technology to promote dishonesty, deceive or manipulate users or attempt to influence politics; the company offers a free moderation tool to handle content that promotes hate, self-harm, violence or sex.

49. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT done by ChatGPT designers in order to reduce disinformation?

【題組共用題幹】

Soon after ChatGPT debuted in 2022, researchers tested what the artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot would write after it was asked questions peppered with conspiracy theories and false narratives. The results — in writings formatted as news articles, essays and television scripts — were so troubling that the researchers minced no words in their criticism of the new technology. Researchers predict that generative technology like ChatGPT could make disinformation cheaper and easier to produce for an even larger number of conspiracy theorists and spreaders of disinformation. Personalized, real-time chatbots could share conspiracy theories in increasingly credible and persuasive ways, researchers say, smoothing out human errors like poor syntax and mistranslations and advancing beyond easily discoverable copy-paste jobs. And they say that no available mitigation tactics can effectively combat it.

Predecessors to ChatGPT, which was created by the company OpenAI, have been used for years to pepper online forums and social media platforms with comments and spam. Microsoft had to halt activity from its Tay chatbot within 24 hours of introducing it on Twitter in 2016 after trolls taught it to spew racist and xenophobic language. ChatGPT is far more powerful and sophisticated. Supplied with questions loaded with disinformation, it can produce convincing, clean variations on the content within seconds, without disclosing its sources. Recently, Microsoft and OpenAI introduced a new Bing search engine and web browser that can use chatbot technology to plan vacations, translate texts or conduct research.

OpenAI researchers have long been nervous about chatbots falling into villainous hands. In a 2019 paper, they voiced their concern about their chatbot’s capabilities to lower costs of disinformation campaigns and aid in the malicious pursuit of monetary gains, particular political agendas, and/or desires to create chaos or confusion. OpenAI uses machines and humans to monitor content that is fed into and produced by ChatGPT. The company relies on both its human AI trainers and feedback from users to identify and filter out toxic training data while teaching ChatGPT to produce better-informed responses. OpenAI’s policies prohibit use of its technology to promote dishonesty, deceive or manipulate users or attempt to influence politics; the company offers a free moderation tool to handle content that promotes hate, self-harm, violence or sex.

50. Which of the following best describes the purpose of this passage?