111 國軍退除役轉任公務人員上校轉任 會計(轉任退輔會) 中華民國憲法與英文 考古題詳解
第 一 題25 分
憲法第 15 條規定:「人民之生存權、工作權及財產權,應予保障。」而律師法第 28 條則明文規定:「司法人員自離職之日起 3 年內,不得在其離職前 3 年內曾任職務之法院或檢察署執行律師職務。但其因停職、休職或調職等原因離開上開法院或檢察署已滿 3 年者,不在此限。」
試問上述律師法條文是否構成違憲?(25 分)
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核心觀念
本題以民國 111 年公務人員法規環境為背景,命題核心在於**「憲法基本權侵害之違憲審查架構」**,涉及下列重要法條與憲法法理:
- 憲法第 15 條(工作權之保障):
- 工作權保障人民之「職業自由」,依司法院大法官解釋(如釋字第 404 號、第 584 號等)發展之**「職業自由三階理論」**,限制層次由寬至嚴可分為:
- 第一階(職業執行自由):對執行職業之時間、地點、方式之限制。因侵害較輕,立法者享有較大裁量空間,採合理審查標準(寬鬆審查)。
- 第二階(職業選擇之主觀條件限制):以從業人員具備之知識、能力、體能或年齡等個人資格為條件。採中度審查標準。
- 第三階(職業選擇之客觀條件限制):從業者無法藉由個人努力達成之外在條件(如名額總量管制、地域配額)。侵害最為嚴重,採嚴格審查標準。
- 憲法第 23 條(法律保留原則與比例原則):
- 限制基本權之手段須符合「目的正當性」、「適當性原則(有助於目的達成)」、「必要性原則(侵害最小)」及「狹義比例性原則(法益衡平)」。
- 司法人員利益迴避法理(防杜旋轉門弊端):
- 司法人員離職轉任律師之迴避條款,旨在維護司法獨立與廉潔公正,確保訴訟當事人公平受審之權益,避免瓜田李下及利用原任職人脈造成不正利益輸送。
- 法規適用說明:
- 本題以命題當年(民國 111 年)試題所引法條為準。題目所引條文為修正前之律師法第 28 條規定;現行法已修正移列為律師法第 38 條(將限制範圍調整擴大為法院或檢察署之「管轄區域」,並配套排除委任官等較低之基層司法人員),解題仍以命題所引法規及憲法法理為準。
解題方法
本題為 25 分之憲法實例申論題,標準答題切入點為**「基本權違憲審查五大架構」**。依序層層推導,方能邏輯嚴謹:
步驟一:確立受侵害之基本權保護領域
憲法第 15 條規定保障人民之工作權,其核心內涵包含人民選擇職業及執行職業之自由。司法人員離職後申請登錄並執行律師業務,本屬於工作權之行使範疇;律師法規定其於特定期間內不得在特定機關執業,已對其工作權構成干預。
步驟二:定性干預性質(適用三階理論)
系爭規定並未剝奪或限制該司法人員擔任律師之「從業資格(選擇職業之自由)」,受規範者仍能取得律師執照並自由加入律師公會,僅限制其於「自離職日起 3 年內(時間限制)」,不得於「離職前 3 年曾任職之法院或檢察署(地點及機關限制)」執行業務。此一限制屬於對**「職業執行自由(第一階)」**之規範。
步驟三:決定違憲審查密度
對職業執行自由之限制,因不涉及職業資格之剝奪,對當事人人格開展之限制較小。立法者為追求合憲之公共利益,基於社會公益考量享有較寬廣之形成自由,應適用合理審查標準(合理關聯性)或合比例性之中度審查標準檢驗。
步驟四:比例原則檢驗(憲法第 23 條)
- 目的正當性: 司法人員(特別是法官、檢察官及書記官等)離職後若立即於原任職機關執行律師職務,易利用昔日同僚人脈關係勾串、施壓或獲取不正訴訟利益,致使公眾對司法審判與偵查之公正性產生懷疑。立法目的在於**「維持司法公信力、確保審判獨立與公正、落實人民公平受審權」**,具備極正當且重大之公共利益。
- 手段適當性:
第 二 題25 分
何謂憲法制度性保障,試加以說明之。又司法院大法官曾就此議題作成解釋,並試舉司法院大法官解釋說明之。(25 分)
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核心觀念
本題命題核心為憲法制度性保障(Institutional Guarantee / 德語:Institutsgarantie、Institutionelle Garantie)之法理內涵與大法官釋憲實務之具體運用。本題以命題當年(民國 111 年)法規及司法院大法官解釋體系為準。
- 制度性保障之源起與本質:源自德國威瑪憲法時期公法學者卡爾・史密特(Carl Schmitt)之理論。制度性保障係指憲法將某種在歷史社會文化中已存在、且具有特定價值之社會制度(如公法上的地方自治、公務員制度,或私法上的婚姻家庭、私有財產等),納入憲法規範予以確認並保障。
- 客觀法規範與主觀公權利之雙重性:制度性保障在性質上屬於憲法之「客觀法規範」,立法者負有維護、健全及促進該制度運作之義務;同時,該制度多與人民之憲法基本權利(如講學自由、財產權、服公職權)緊密交織,使客觀制度與主觀公權利形成雙重保障機制。
- 立法形成權與「制度核心」之界限:立法機關對於制度之具體內容固然享有廣泛之立法形成空間(立法裁量權),但不得制定法律消滅該制度,亦不得侵害該制度存在所不可或缺之「核心本質(Wesensgehalt)」。
解題方法
本題為標準的 25 分憲法申論題,答題架構應採「雙核心、階層化」切入,分為兩大主題層層開展:
- 第一部分:概念闡釋(破題立論,約佔 12 分)
- 清楚界定制度性保障之法理定義、源流與客觀規範性質。
- 說明「立法形成權」與「制度核心不得侵害」之界限,展現憲法學深度。
- 第二部分:釋字舉例說明(實務印證,約佔 13 分)
- 選取大法官解釋中具代表性、法理清晰的領域,建議擇取 2 至 3 個經典範例(如:學術自由與大學自治、地方自治、婚姻家庭制度)。
- 每一釋字須明確寫出「釋字字號」、「對應之憲法條文」、「保障之制度標的」及「大法官之核心審查結論」,切忌僅列字號而未論述論理過程。
選項分析
本題為申論題(非選擇題),評分拆解與配分關鍵如下:
- 子題一:何謂憲法制度性保障(約佔 12 分) 必須完整寫出:
- 制度性保障之定義(客觀法規範、立法形成權之拘束)。
- 制度之核心保障(立法者不得侵害或廢除其本質核心)。
- 與基本權利之互動關聯(作為實現基本權之客觀法制條件)。
- 子題二:司法院大法官相關解釋舉例(約佔 13 分) 答題應列舉法理成熟之代表性解釋:
- 大學自治之制度性保障:引述司法院釋字第 380 號(及第 450 號),連結憲法第 11 條學術自由,論述組織、課程自治受憲法保障。
- 地方自治之制度性保障:引述司法院釋字第 498 號,說明地方自主組織權與財政自主權受憲法制度性保障,中央機關應予尊重。
- 婚姻家庭之制度性保障:引述司法院釋字第 748 號(或第 554 號),說明婚姻自由兼具個人主觀權利與客觀制度性保障。
解題技巧
- 標題條列化:國考閱卷時間極為有限,標題必須明確標註法學術語(如「意義與源起」、「客觀規範性格與立法形成界限」、「司法院大法官實務案例闡釋」),讓閱卷委員一眼看見給分點。
- 關鍵金句必備:論述制度性保障時,務必寫出「立法者得本於法律保留原則予以形塑,但不得侵害該制度之核心本質」,此為憲法學標準評分標準。
第 1 題2 分
Tim has been ranked as the sixth among the world’s best tennis players. Though he’s still young, he is regarded as the future ____ in the field of tennis.
核心觀念
本題考片語的語意與上下文判讀。句中說 Tim 年輕、排名世界第六,並被視為網球界未來的「____」。空格應填入表示未來領導者或頂尖人物的片語。
解題方法
先看語境:Tim 已是優秀選手,句子又以 Though he’s still young(雖然他還年輕)轉折,接著說他被視為網球界未來的某種人物。因此,空格須能表達「未來的領袖、佼佼者」;king of the hill 可指身居頂峰、最具優勢的人,符合句意。
選項分析
- (A) backroom boy:幕後工作者、幕僚,指在幕後提供協助的人,不是站上頂峰的運動員。
第 2 題2 分
Breeds of dogs with different forms and instincts have been developed, by more or less ____ selection, to fit different purposes in human society.
核心觀念
本題考 字義與搭配。句意是:人們透過某種程度的「選擇」,培育出外型與本能各異的狗種,以符合人類社會的不同用途。空格應填形容詞,修飾名詞 selection(選擇)。
解題方法
先抓句子的因果與目的:不同狗種是經由某種選擇培育出來,以配合不同用途。此處的選擇帶有「有意識、有計畫」的意思,因此 deliberate selection(刻意的選擇)最符合句意。
句中的 more or less 表示「或多或少、不同程度地」,修飾 deliberate;整句可理解為「透過或多或少刻意的選育,培育出不同狗種」。
選項分析
- (A) deconstructive:意為「解構的」,常用於批判或分析既有觀念、文本的方式;不符合培育狗種時「有目的地選擇」的語意。
第 3 題2 分
In 2017, the Environmental Protection Agency reported that 11.2 million tons of textile waste in the US ended up in ____.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字辨義與固定搭配。句意是:「2017 年,美國環境保護署報告指出,美國有 1,120 萬噸紡織品廢棄物最終進入了__。」空格需要填入表示「垃圾掩埋場」的字。
解題方法
先看句子的搭配:廢棄物「ended up in」某處,表示最後被送往或堆置於某種場所。英文中,垃圾最終送往垃圾掩埋場,常用 end up in landfills。因此選項中應選 landfills。
選項分析
第 4 題2 分
Since the principal wouldn’t be available to vote, she nominated Dr. Fan to act as her ____.
核心觀念
本題考「代理人」的英文單字。proxy 作名詞時,指受他人委託、代表他人行事或投票的人,也可指代理權或委託書。
解題方法
句意是:「由於校長無法出席投票,她提名范博士擔任她的__。」act as 表示「擔任、充當」,空格要填能代表校長投票的人,因此選表示「代理人」的 proxy。
選項分析
第 5 題2 分
Agriculture consumes about 70% of the world’s fresh water, so improvements in ____ can make the greatest impact.
核心觀念
本題考農業與灌溉相關的單字辨析。句意是:「農業消耗全球約 70% 的淡水,因此改善 ____ 能帶來最大的影響。」空格應填入與農業用水相關的名詞。
解題方法
先看上下文線索:前半句提到農業大量消耗淡水,後半句談改善某項措施所能帶來的影響,因此空格應是「灌溉」這種直接關係到農業用水的活動。
irrigation 意為「灌溉」,符合句意;改善灌溉方式或效率,可以減少農業用水浪費。
選項分析
- (A) irruption:意為「突然闖入、暴增」,與農業用水或改善用水方式無關。
第 6 題2 分
The best way to beat this ____ market is by trading, which means anxiously moving in and out of securities as the market ebbs and flows.
核心觀念
本題考英文形容詞的字義與語境判斷。句中描述市場隨著行情起伏、交易者頻繁進出證券;關鍵線索是市場「ebb and flows」(潮起潮落、波動變化)。
解題方法
空格用來修飾 market,應選能形容市場大幅且不穩定變動的形容詞。句意是:「應對這個__市場的最佳方法是交易,也就是隨著市場起伏,焦慮地進出各種證券。」因此應填入表示「波動劇烈、不穩定」的 volatile。
選項分析
- (A) volatile:正確。 意為「波動劇烈的、不穩定的」,常用來形容市場、價格或局勢。
volatile market即「波動劇烈的市場」,與後文市場起伏、頻繁進出證券的描述相符。
第 7 題2 分
The Volkswagen Group was caught cheating on emissions testing in 2015. This ____ has cost the company dearly both in revenue and reputation.
核心觀念
本題考詞彙辨義與上下文判讀。句中提到 Volkswagen Group 在 2015 年被查出於排放測試中作弊,這件事讓公司在營收與聲譽上都付出沉重代價。關鍵線索是 cheating(作弊)以及 cost the company dearly(使公司付出慘痛代價),空格應填入帶有負面意涵的事件名稱。
解題方法
先根據上下文判斷空格需要什麼意思:前句描述企業作弊醜聞,後句說它重創公司營收與聲譽,因此應選表示「醜聞、醜事」的 scandal。
句中的 This 指前句所述的作弊事件;has cost 表示這件事已造成代價,並延續至今。
選項分析
第 8 題2 分
Landslides in previous storms had opened gaping ____ in the cliff behind the village.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字的語意與搭配。句意是:「先前暴風雨造成的山崩,在村莊後方的懸崖上留下了巨大的__。」gaping 表示「張開的、豁開的」,常用來形容寬大而深的裂口或深淵;cliff 是「懸崖」,因此空格應填與巨大裂谷、深淵相符的名詞。
解題方法
先抓句子的因果與景物:山崩侵蝕懸崖,留下的是懸崖上的巨大裂口。gaping chasm 是自然的搭配,意思是「大而深的裂谷/深淵」,符合 gaping 和 in the cliff 的語境。
選項分析
第 9 題2 分
The word “lady” has ____ of refinement and excessive femininity that some women find offensive.
核心觀念
本題考字義與語意搭配。connotation 指一個詞語除了字面意義之外,所帶有的聯想、暗示或情感色彩;複數 connotations 即「聯想、含意」。
句意是:「『lady』這個詞帶有精緻優雅、過度女性化的聯想,有些女性認為這種意味令人反感。」空格應填 connotations。
解題方法
先看句型:空格前是 has,後接 of refinement and excessive femininity,表示「具有某種……的含意或聯想」。再配合後半句 that some women find offensive(有些女性覺得令人反感),可知說的是詞語附帶的文化意味,而非拘留、壓迫或幻覺。
選項分析
第 10 題2 分
This architecture ____ a democratic spirit of the country and its struggle to be free from a depraved form of feudalism.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字的語意辨析與動詞搭配。句意是:這種建築「____」了該國的民主精神,以及它擺脫腐敗封建制度的奮鬥。空格需要填入表示「反映、體現」的動詞。
解題方法
先看主詞與受詞的語意關係:主詞是 This architecture(這種建築),受詞是 a democratic spirit of the country and its struggle(該國的民主精神及其奮鬥)。建築可以呈現、體現一個國家的精神與歷史經驗,因此選擇表示「反映」的 reflects。
句子的主詞 This architecture 是第三人稱單數,所以動詞使用 reflects。
選項分析
- (A) reckons:reckon 常表示「認為、估計、計算」,例如 I reckon he is right(我認為他是對的)。
第 11 題2 分
The executive orders allowed undocumented immigrants whose countries wouldn’t take them back, or who had sympathetic circumstances, to avoid detention and ____.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字辨義與上下文判讀。句中提到「避免拘留(detention)以及 ____」,兩個名詞應在移民執法情境中語意相連。「未具合法身分的移民」若不被拘留,另一個相關處置就是遣返。
解題方法
先掌握句意:「行政命令允許某些未具合法身分的移民——例如母國不願接收他們,或有值得同情的特殊情況者——避免拘留及 ____。」句尾要填入與拘留並列的移民處置;能與 detention 構成合理搭配的是 deportation(遣返、驅逐出境)。
選項分析
- (A) compensation:補償、賠償。與拘留並列時,無法構成合理的移民處置。
- (B) disruption:中斷、擾亂。
第 12 題2 分
All those who had ____ in doing their assignments could now repent at their leisure.
核心觀念
本題考「動詞搭配」與單字語意。句中結構為 had + 過去分詞,表示過去完成式;空格所在片語 had ____ in doing their assignments,要選能與 in + V-ing 搭配,且符合句意的動詞。
解題方法
後半句 could now repent at their leisure 意為「現在可以從容地懊悔」。前半句因此是在說,有些人做作業時拖延,現在才有時間懊悔。
procrastinate in doing something 表示「做某事時拖延、遲遲不做」,符合句意。完成式使用其過去分詞 procrastinated,因此空格應填此字。
全句可譯為:「所有做作業時曾拖延的人,現在都可以從容地懊悔了。」
選項分析
- (A) procrastinated:正確。 意為「拖延、耽擱」,可用於 procrastinate in doing something;
第 13 題2 分
Mass media should ____ avoid reporting unconfirmed information or creating unnecessary public alarm.
核心觀念
本題考副詞的詞義與搭配。句意是:「大眾媒體應該__避免報導未經證實的資訊,或造成不必要的社會恐慌。」空格需要填入能修飾動詞 avoid、表示「謹慎而嚴格地」的副詞。
解題方法
先抓句子的核心動作:avoid reporting unconfirmed information or creating unnecessary public alarm,意為「避免報導未經證實的資訊,或引發不必要的公眾恐慌」。依句意,媒體應當審慎、嚴格地避免這類行為,因此選擇表示「謹慎地;嚴格地」的 scrupulously。
選項分析
- (A) scrupulously:正確。 意為「謹慎地;嚴格遵守道德或規範地」。
第 14 題2 分
Amanda cares for the stray dogs in the neighborhood. Her ____ for taking care of them is highly praised by everyone.
核心觀念
本題考單字語意與搭配。句意是:「Amanda 照顧社區裡的流浪狗。她照顧牠們的__受到大家高度讚揚。」空格應填入表示熱忱、熱心的名詞,與照顧動物的行為相符。
解題方法
先看句意:「受到大家高度讚揚」的應是 Amanda 照顧流浪狗時展現的正面特質。選項中,zeal 有「熱忱、熱心、積極」之意,因此 her zeal for taking care of them 表示「她照顧牠們的熱忱」,語意通順。
選項分析
- (A) vanity:虛榮、自負。vanity for taking care of them 不符合「照顧流浪狗的熱忱」之意。
第 15 題2 分
With a large number of patients coming into the hospital every day, the director said doctors and nurses felt some ____ or anxiety, but no fear.
核心觀念
本題考單字辨義與語境判斷。句意是:每天有大量病患來到醫院,院長表示醫師和護理師感到一些「____ 或焦慮」,但並不害怕。空格應填入與 anxiety(焦慮、不安)意思相近的名詞。
解題方法
先看 or anxiety。「or」連接意思相近的詞,表示空格處應是「憂慮、擔心」一類的情緒。再比較各選項,只有 apprehension 符合。
整句可譯為:「每天有大量病患來到醫院,院長表示醫師和護理師感到些許憂慮或焦慮,但並不害怕。」
選項分析
第 16 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scientists have cast new light on the effects our diet has on our mental health. Researchers say what we eat affects and alters our brain chemistry up ____ the age of 30. The research was conducted by a team led by Lina Begdache, a professor of health and wellness studies. Researchers said that ____ the link between our diet and diabetes, heart disease and obesity is well established, there is little research on the influence our dietary intake has on mental health. The researchers also suggested that healthy eating, healthy practices, and exercising ____ mental well-being.
The research was carried out via an anonymous internet-based survey. Professor Begdache found that adults under 30 who ate fast food more than three times a week scored ____ on levels of mental distress, anxiety and depression. She said that for adults over 30, the study found that eating less carbohydrates and more fruit reduced anxiety and depression. Begdache pointed to research ____ how a Mediterranean diet was as good for our brain as for our body. She said: “It has all the components that are important for the healthy structure of the brain.”
Researchers say what we eat affects and alters our brain chemistry up ____ the age of 30.
核心觀念
本題考英文介系詞片語 up to + 時間/數量,表示「直到……為止」或「最多達……」。句中 up to the age of 30 表示「直到 30 歲」,說明飲食對腦部化學作用的影響持續到 30 歲。
解題方法
先看空格前的 up 與空格後的 the age of 30。兩者合起來構成固定用法 up to the age of 30,因此應填 to。題目選項中只有 (B) until 能在此位置表達相同的時間界限;填入後,句意為「我們吃的食物會影響並改變腦部化學作用,直到 30 歲」。
選項分析
第 17 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scientists have cast new light on the effects our diet has on our mental health. Researchers say what we eat affects and alters our brain chemistry up ____ the age of 30. The research was conducted by a team led by Lina Begdache, a professor of health and wellness studies. Researchers said that ____ the link between our diet and diabetes, heart disease and obesity is well established, there is little research on the influence our dietary intake has on mental health. The researchers also suggested that healthy eating, healthy practices, and exercising ____ mental well-being.
The research was carried out via an anonymous internet-based survey. Professor Begdache found that adults under 30 who ate fast food more than three times a week scored ____ on levels of mental distress, anxiety and depression. She said that for adults over 30, the study found that eating less carbohydrates and more fruit reduced anxiety and depression. Begdache pointed to research ____ how a Mediterranean diet was as good for our brain as for our body. She said: “It has all the components that are important for the healthy structure of the brain.”
Researchers said that ____ the link between our diet and diabetes, heart disease and obesity is well established, there is little research on the influence our dietary intake has on mental health.
核心觀念
本題考查連接詞 while 表示「雖然、儘管」時的讓步用法。句中前後兩部分形成對比:飲食與糖尿病、心臟病及肥胖的關聯已獲充分研究;飲食對心理健康的影響則仍缺乏研究。因此,空格需要填入表示讓步或對照的連接詞。
解題方法
先辨認句子結構:
Researchers said that ____ the link between our diet and diabetes, heart disease and obesity is well established, there is little research on the influence our dietary intake has on mental health.
空格後是完整子句 the link … is well established,逗號後則是另一個完整子句 there is little research …。兩者語意呈現「某方面的研究已相當確立,另一方面的研究仍很少」的對照關係。
第 18 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scientists have cast new light on the effects our diet has on our mental health. Researchers say what we eat affects and alters our brain chemistry up ____ the age of 30. The research was conducted by a team led by Lina Begdache, a professor of health and wellness studies. Researchers said that ____ the link between our diet and diabetes, heart disease and obesity is well established, there is little research on the influence our dietary intake has on mental health. The researchers also suggested that healthy eating, healthy practices, and exercising ____ mental well-being.
The research was carried out via an anonymous internet-based survey. Professor Begdache found that adults under 30 who ate fast food more than three times a week scored ____ on levels of mental distress, anxiety and depression. She said that for adults over 30, the study found that eating less carbohydrates and more fruit reduced anxiety and depression. Begdache pointed to research ____ how a Mediterranean diet was as good for our brain as for our body. She said: “It has all the components that are important for the healthy structure of the brain.”
The researchers also suggested that healthy eating, healthy practices, and exercising ____ mental well-being.
核心觀念
本題考英文動詞的語意與搭配。空格前的主詞是並列名詞片語 healthy eating, healthy practices, and exercising,文法上視為複數,因此應搭配動詞原形 promote。句意則是「健康飲食、健康習慣與運動能促進心理健康」。
解題方法
先確認句意,再檢查動詞是否能自然表達「健康行為對心理健康的正面作用」:
healthy eating, healthy practices, and exercising promote mental well-being 健康飲食、健康習慣與運動能促進心理健康。
此處 promote 意為「促進、增進」,與 mental well-being(心理健康、心理福祉)語意相合。
選項分析
第 19 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scientists have cast new light on the effects our diet has on our mental health. Researchers say what we eat affects and alters our brain chemistry up ____ the age of 30. The research was conducted by a team led by Lina Begdache, a professor of health and wellness studies. Researchers said that ____ the link between our diet and diabetes, heart disease and obesity is well established, there is little research on the influence our dietary intake has on mental health. The researchers also suggested that healthy eating, healthy practices, and exercising ____ mental well-being.
The research was carried out via an anonymous internet-based survey. Professor Begdache found that adults under 30 who ate fast food more than three times a week scored ____ on levels of mental distress, anxiety and depression. She said that for adults over 30, the study found that eating less carbohydrates and more fruit reduced anxiety and depression. Begdache pointed to research ____ how a Mediterranean diet was as good for our brain as for our body. She said: “It has all the components that are important for the healthy structure of the brain.”
Professor Begdache found that adults under 30 who ate fast food more than three times a week scored ____ on levels of mental distress, anxiety and depression.
核心觀念
本題考查形容詞比較級與固定搭配。句中的 score high on 表示「在……方面得分高」,描述心理困擾程度時,程度越高代表情況越嚴重。比較兩組情況時,應使用比較級 higher。
解題方法
空格所在句為:
adults under 30 who ate fast food more than three times a week scored ____ on levels of mental distress, anxiety and depression.
句意是「30 歲以下、每週吃快速餐超過三次的成年人,在心理困擾、焦慮與憂鬱程度上的得分較高」。搭配 scored higher on ...,表示該族群在相關指標上的分數較高,符合上下文所述的研究結果。
選項分析
第 20 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scientists have cast new light on the effects our diet has on our mental health. Researchers say what we eat affects and alters our brain chemistry up ____ the age of 30. The research was conducted by a team led by Lina Begdache, a professor of health and wellness studies. Researchers said that ____ the link between our diet and diabetes, heart disease and obesity is well established, there is little research on the influence our dietary intake has on mental health. The researchers also suggested that healthy eating, healthy practices, and exercising ____ mental well-being.
The research was carried out via an anonymous internet-based survey. Professor Begdache found that adults under 30 who ate fast food more than three times a week scored ____ on levels of mental distress, anxiety and depression. She said that for adults over 30, the study found that eating less carbohydrates and more fruit reduced anxiety and depression. Begdache pointed to research ____ how a Mediterranean diet was as good for our brain as for our body. She said: “It has all the components that are important for the healthy structure of the brain.”
Begdache pointed to research ____ how a Mediterranean diet was as good for our brain as for our body.
核心觀念
本題考「現在分詞片語」作後位修飾語。現在分詞(動詞的 形式)可修飾前面的名詞,表示該名詞主動進行的動作;此處 showing how a Mediterranean diet was as good for our brain as for our body 修飾 research,意為「指出地中海飲食對大腦和身體同樣有益的研究」。
解題方法
先找句子的主要動詞與句構:
Begdache pointed to research ____ how a Mediterranean diet was as good for our brain as for our body.
主要句構是 Begdache pointed to research(Begdache 指出一項研究)。空格後的 how a Mediterranean diet was as good... 是 show 的受詞子句,表示「研究指出地中海飲食……」。
第 21 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
American popular culture is obsessed with superheroes. The ever popular movie, The Avengers, has featured a group of superheroes such as the Iron Man, the Wasp, the Hulk, Thor, and the Ant-Man since it made its ____ in 2011, the year the movie was released. Being a great hit, it was the highest grossing film in 2012 and was acclaimed as one of the greatest 100 movies of all time in 2017. The movie is actually adopted from the stories made in a series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. Apart from the production of several movies drawn from the Avengers stories, TV series based on each single superhero are also brought out to continue this cultural zest for superheroes. The huge income the stories and their productions have ____ for the mainstream media such as movies and TV is certainly much applauded by producers. The reason why those stories could sell so well is perhaps owing to the American audiences’ great admiration for such cultural icons as superheroes like the Avengers. Since the emergence of a superhero like Superman in the popular culture of the 1930s, superheroes have evolved into different forms, types, races, and even genders.
All those transformations of superheroes seem ____. Because they have been viewed as hot commodities in the market of popular culture, their development and growth will undoubtedly continue to thrive. Indeed, those superheroes are modern incarnations of their older ones in Greek mythology. Greek heroes like Achilles and Odysseus ____ both human and divine features. They not only demonstrate their mighty power as superheroes but also enact their kindness to save the innocent and the helpless by killing the villains who jeopardize the safety of the communities. ____ they are much loved and adorned by the audiences because they help restore the justice and maintain a sense of security regarded as extremely important by people. That’s why they are called superheroes that can unleash their god-like power and achieve their warm-hearted humanity.
The ever popular movie, The Avengers, has featured a group of superheroes since it made its ____ in 2011.
核心觀念
本題測驗「高級英文字彙語意辨析」與「影視娛樂領域常用動名詞搭配詞(Collocation)」。 核心考點為慣用片語 make one's debut(初次登台、首度亮相、首次上映),並搭配上下文的同位語線索(Context Clue)進行語意對應。
解題方法
- 分析句法結構與空格位置:
原句為:
...since it made its ____ in 2011, the year the movie was released.空格位於動詞made與代名詞所有格its之後,需填入一個可與make構成受詞搭配的名詞。 - 抓取上下文關鍵線索:
空格後緊接著逗號引導的同位語:
, the year the movie was released(即該部電影上映的那一年)。此同位語清楚界定了 2011 年是該電影「發行、公開上映」的時間。 - 搭配詞與語意結合:
在英語慣用法中,表示表演者、影視作品或新產品「首次登場、首度發行、首映」的標準片語為
make one's debut。代入句中語意為「自從該片於 2011 年首映以來」,與後方的同位語補充說明完全吻合。
選項分析
- (A) fate:錯誤。
- 詞義:名詞,意為「命運、宿命、結果」。
- 解析:常見搭配如
seal one's fate(決定某人命運)或meet one's fate(走向毀滅/死亡)。代入原句成為「自從它在 2011 年造就其命運」,語意不通,且與後文「電影上映之年」毫無邏輯關聯。 - (B) debut:正確。
- 詞義:名詞(源自法文,發音為
/deɪˈbjuː/),意為「初次登台、首度亮相、首映」。
第 22 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
American popular culture is obsessed with superheroes. The ever popular movie, The Avengers, has featured a group of superheroes such as the Iron Man, the Wasp, the Hulk, Thor, and the Ant-Man since it made its ____ in 2011, the year the movie was released. Being a great hit, it was the highest grossing film in 2012 and was acclaimed as one of the greatest 100 movies of all time in 2017. The movie is actually adopted from the stories made in a series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. Apart from the production of several movies drawn from the Avengers stories, TV series based on each single superhero are also brought out to continue this cultural zest for superheroes. The huge income the stories and their productions have ____ for the mainstream media such as movies and TV is certainly much applauded by producers. The reason why those stories could sell so well is perhaps owing to the American audiences’ great admiration for such cultural icons as superheroes like the Avengers. Since the emergence of a superhero like Superman in the popular culture of the 1930s, superheroes have evolved into different forms, types, races, and even genders.
All those transformations of superheroes seem ____. Because they have been viewed as hot commodities in the market of popular culture, their development and growth will undoubtedly continue to thrive. Indeed, those superheroes are modern incarnations of their older ones in Greek mythology. Greek heroes like Achilles and Odysseus ____ both human and divine features. They not only demonstrate their mighty power as superheroes but also enact their kindness to save the innocent and the helpless by killing the villains who jeopardize the safety of the communities. ____ they are much loved and adorned by the audiences because they help restore the justice and maintain a sense of security regarded as extremely important by people. That’s why they are called superheroes that can unleash their god-like power and achieve their warm-hearted humanity.
The huge income the stories and their productions have ____ for the mainstream media such as movies and TV is certainly much applauded by producers.
核心觀念 本題測驗「及物動詞詞彙語意」與「名詞受詞之慣用動賓搭配(Collocation)」,並涉及「關係代名詞子句省略」的句型結構分析。
解題方法
- 分析句子結構,還原修飾關係:
- 全句主幹為:The huge income [...] is certainly much applauded by producers.(龐大的收入無疑受到製作人的高度讚許。)
- 插入的關係代名詞子句修飾先行詞
income,省略了受格關係代名詞which或that:[that/which] the stories and their productions have ____ for the mainstream media...。
- 釐清動賓搭配:
- 空格處為關係子句內的及物動詞(現在完成式 ),其邏輯受詞正是先行詞
the huge income。 - 語意結構為「動詞 + the huge income + for the mainstream media」,表示「這些故事與其影視作品為主流媒體【創造/帶來】了龐大的收入」。
- 比對選項詞義與慣用語:
- 在英文中,與 income(收入)、revenue(收益)、profit(利潤)搭配,表示「產生、創造」的標準動詞為
generate。
選項分析
- (A) generated:正確。
- 動詞原形為
generate,意為「產生、創造、帶來」。 - 常用搭配包括
generate income / revenue / profit / electricity(產生收入/收益/利潤/電力)。在此處「have generated the huge income for...」表示「為主流媒體創造了龐大收入」,文法與語意均完全契合。
第 23 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
American popular culture is obsessed with superheroes. The ever popular movie, The Avengers, has featured a group of superheroes such as the Iron Man, the Wasp, the Hulk, Thor, and the Ant-Man since it made its ____ in 2011, the year the movie was released. Being a great hit, it was the highest grossing film in 2012 and was acclaimed as one of the greatest 100 movies of all time in 2017. The movie is actually adopted from the stories made in a series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. Apart from the production of several movies drawn from the Avengers stories, TV series based on each single superhero are also brought out to continue this cultural zest for superheroes. The huge income the stories and their productions have ____ for the mainstream media such as movies and TV is certainly much applauded by producers. The reason why those stories could sell so well is perhaps owing to the American audiences’ great admiration for such cultural icons as superheroes like the Avengers. Since the emergence of a superhero like Superman in the popular culture of the 1930s, superheroes have evolved into different forms, types, races, and even genders.
All those transformations of superheroes seem ____. Because they have been viewed as hot commodities in the market of popular culture, their development and growth will undoubtedly continue to thrive. Indeed, those superheroes are modern incarnations of their older ones in Greek mythology. Greek heroes like Achilles and Odysseus ____ both human and divine features. They not only demonstrate their mighty power as superheroes but also enact their kindness to save the innocent and the helpless by killing the villains who jeopardize the safety of the communities. ____ they are much loved and adorned by the audiences because they help restore the justice and maintain a sense of security regarded as extremely important by people. That’s why they are called superheroes that can unleash their god-like power and achieve their warm-hearted humanity.
All those transformations of superheroes seem ____.
核心觀念
本題測驗「篇章脈絡理解(Contextual Cohesion)」與「進階形容詞字彙辨析」。考生須掌握段落首句承先啟後的語意走向,透過前後文的歷時性敘述(從 1930 年代至今的演變)與後續的推論(未來將持續蓬勃發展),推導出空格所修飾的名詞「轉變(transformations)」具備「永無止境、持續不斷」之特徵。
解題方法
- 分析空格語法功能與修飾對象:
目標句為「All those transformations of superheroes seem ____.」(超級英雄的所有這些轉變似乎是……的)。空格為連繫動詞
seem後方的主詞補語,用以形容「transformations(轉變)」。 - 搜尋前文線索(承上): 第一段末句提到:「Since the emergence of a superhero like Superman in the popular culture of the 1930s, superheroes have evolved into different forms, types, races, and even genders.」(自 1930 年代超人誕生以來,超級英雄已經演變成不同的形式、類型、種族,甚至性別),顯示其變革多元且長久。
- 搜尋後文線索(啟下): 目標句緊接的下一句說明:「Because they have been viewed as hot commodities in the market of popular culture, their development and growth will undoubtedly continue to thrive。」(因為被視為流行文化市場中的熱門商品,其發展與成長無疑將持續蓬勃發展)。
- 語意綜合歸納: 前句強調「過去迄今的多元演進」,後句強調「未來仍將持續繁榮」,兩者相互呼應,顯示超級英雄形象與型態的轉變「永無止境、不曾停歇」,故應選表示「無止境的」之形容詞。
第 24 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
American popular culture is obsessed with superheroes. The ever popular movie, The Avengers, has featured a group of superheroes such as the Iron Man, the Wasp, the Hulk, Thor, and the Ant-Man since it made its ____ in 2011, the year the movie was released. Being a great hit, it was the highest grossing film in 2012 and was acclaimed as one of the greatest 100 movies of all time in 2017. The movie is actually adopted from the stories made in a series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. Apart from the production of several movies drawn from the Avengers stories, TV series based on each single superhero are also brought out to continue this cultural zest for superheroes. The huge income the stories and their productions have ____ for the mainstream media such as movies and TV is certainly much applauded by producers. The reason why those stories could sell so well is perhaps owing to the American audiences’ great admiration for such cultural icons as superheroes like the Avengers. Since the emergence of a superhero like Superman in the popular culture of the 1930s, superheroes have evolved into different forms, types, races, and even genders.
All those transformations of superheroes seem ____. Because they have been viewed as hot commodities in the market of popular culture, their development and growth will undoubtedly continue to thrive. Indeed, those superheroes are modern incarnations of their older ones in Greek mythology. Greek heroes like Achilles and Odysseus ____ both human and divine features. They not only demonstrate their mighty power as superheroes but also enact their kindness to save the innocent and the helpless by killing the villains who jeopardize the safety of the communities. ____ they are much loved and adorned by the audiences because they help restore the justice and maintain a sense of security regarded as extremely important by people. That’s why they are called superheroes that can unleash their god-like power and achieve their warm-hearted humanity.
Greek heroes like Achilles and Odysseus ____ both human and divine features.
核心觀念
本題測驗「高階動詞字彙語意辨析」與「克漏字篇章前後文意呼應(Contextual Clue)」。
- 文法結構:主詞為神話英雄(Greek heroes like Achilles and Odysseus),受詞為特質與特徵(both human and divine features),空格需填入能與抽象特質搭配的及物動詞。
- 詞彙同義呼應:前句提到超級英雄是希臘神話人物的「現代化身」(modern incarnations),後句闡述英雄如何「展現(demonstrate)神力」與「實踐(enact)人性」,因此空格動詞必須具有「具象化、體現、具備」之意。
解題方法
- 分析主詞與受詞的語意搭配: 原句的主詞為「Greek heroes like Achilles and Odysseus」(如阿基里斯與奧德賽般的希臘英雄),受詞為「both human and divine features」(人性與神性的特質)。動詞必須能合理連結「英雄主體」與「特徵特質」。
- 尋找前後文線索:
- 前句線索:Indeed, those superheroes are modern incarnations of their older ones in Greek mythology.(這些超級英雄確實是希臘神話中早期英雄的現代化身(incarnations))。
- 後句線索:They not only demonstrate their mighty power... but also enact their kindness...(他們不僅展現神力,也實踐善良)。 前後文皆圍繞在神性力量與人性質感的「融合展現」,因此選用表達「體現、具象化」的動詞最為切合。
選項分析
- (A) notify(動詞):通知、告知。
- 用法解析:常搭配句型為 或 ,受詞通常為「被通知的對象(人)」,無法接抽象特質 ,語意與文法皆不合。
第 25 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
American popular culture is obsessed with superheroes. The ever popular movie, The Avengers, has featured a group of superheroes such as the Iron Man, the Wasp, the Hulk, Thor, and the Ant-Man since it made its ____ in 2011, the year the movie was released. Being a great hit, it was the highest grossing film in 2012 and was acclaimed as one of the greatest 100 movies of all time in 2017. The movie is actually adopted from the stories made in a series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. Apart from the production of several movies drawn from the Avengers stories, TV series based on each single superhero are also brought out to continue this cultural zest for superheroes. The huge income the stories and their productions have ____ for the mainstream media such as movies and TV is certainly much applauded by producers. The reason why those stories could sell so well is perhaps owing to the American audiences’ great admiration for such cultural icons as superheroes like the Avengers. Since the emergence of a superhero like Superman in the popular culture of the 1930s, superheroes have evolved into different forms, types, races, and even genders.
All those transformations of superheroes seem ____. Because they have been viewed as hot commodities in the market of popular culture, their development and growth will undoubtedly continue to thrive. Indeed, those superheroes are modern incarnations of their older ones in Greek mythology. Greek heroes like Achilles and Odysseus ____ both human and divine features. They not only demonstrate their mighty power as superheroes but also enact their kindness to save the innocent and the helpless by killing the villains who jeopardize the safety of the communities. ____ they are much loved and adorned by the audiences because they help restore the justice and maintain a sense of security regarded as extremely important by people. That’s why they are called superheroes that can unleash their god-like power and achieve their warm-hearted humanity.
____ they are much loved and adorned by the audiences because they help restore the justice and maintain a sense of security regarded as extremely important by people.
核心觀念
- 轉承語與慣用句型辨析:考查篇章語意轉折與因果承接詞語。
No wonder (that) + S + V(難怪/怪不得)為(It is) no wonder (that) + S + V的常見省略結構,用以表達某件事在情理之中、不足為奇。 - 句型結構與主要子句判斷:空格後方接有完整的句子
they are much loved and adorned by the audiences,後面再帶有由because引導的原因副詞子句。若句首填入從屬連接詞,會導致整個句子僅有從屬子句而缺乏主要子句(Sentence Fragment)。 - 篇章脈絡邏輯:前文鋪陳希臘英雄與現代超級英雄「展現善意、剷除惡棍、拯救弱小」的英勇行徑,本句順應前文推導出「大眾理所當然熱愛並崇拜他們」的結論。
解題方法
- 分析篇章脈絡與語意因果:
- 前一句指出英雄的行徑:「They not only demonstrate their mighty power... but also enact their kindness to save the innocent and the helpless by killing the villains...」(他們不僅展現強大力量,更消滅危害社區的惡棍,拯救無辜弱小)。
- 空格句指出大眾的反應:「____ they are much loved and adorned by the audiences because they help restore the justice and maintain a sense of security...」(____ 他們深受觀眾喜愛與崇拜,因為他們協助伸張正義並維護安全感)。
- 後一句進一步總結:「That’s why they are called superheroes...」(這就是為什麼他們被稱為超級英雄……)。
- 由前後文可知,前句為「因」,本句為「果」,英雄行善除惡,受到喜愛是順理成章、毫不意外的結果,因此應填入表示「難怪、不足為奇」的轉承句型。
- 分析文法與句型結構:
空格後的子句結構為:
[空格] S + V ... because S + V ...。 若填入從屬連接詞,整個句子將由兩個副詞子句構成,欠缺主要子句(Main Clause)。