109 國軍退除役轉任公務人員上校轉任 廉政(轉任退輔會) 中華民國憲法與英文 考古題詳解

109 年・國軍退除役轉任公務人員・上校轉任・廉政(轉任退輔會)
試題代碼 中華民國憲法與英文

第 一 題25 分

人民對他人造成侵權行為時,應負損害賠償責任。若侵害他人名譽權,並可要求侵權行為人公開道歉。請問要求侵權行為人公開道歉本身是否涉及基本權的問題,此種要求公開道歉有何憲法上的限制?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題以命題當年(民國 109 年)法規及實務見解為準。主要核心為民法侵權行為「回復名譽之適當處分」與「憲法基本權保障」之衝突與調和,所涉法條、解釋與原則如下:

  1. 實體法依據:民法第 195 條第 1 項後段規定,不法侵害他人名譽者,「被害人雖非財產上之損害,亦得請求賠償相當之金額。其名譽被侵害者,並得請求回復名譽之適當處分。」
  2. 基本權之衝突:
  • 被害人之名譽權:受憲法第 22 條保障,屬於維護人性尊嚴及個人主體性之重要基本權。
  • 侵權行為人之言論自由:憲法第 11 條保障之言論自由,不僅保障積極表達意見之自由,亦保障「不表意自由」(消極言論自由)。
  • 侵權行為人之思想自由與人性尊嚴:受憲法第 22 條保障,保障個人內在思想、良心與信念不受公權力強制干預。
  1. 審查基準:司法院釋字第 656 號解釋(命題當年代表性解釋)。

補充提醒:現行法已由憲法法庭作成 111 年憲判字第 2 號判決,變更釋字第 656 號解釋見解,宣告法院判命加害人公開道歉違憲;但解題仍以命題當年(民國 109 年)實務見解為準。


解題方法

本題為典型的憲法實體爭點申論題,採**「二階層違憲審查/基本權限制分析法」**:

  1. 第一層次(基本權定性):分析「法院判命加害人公開道歉」干預了加害人哪些基本權,確認是否涉及基本權之干預。
  2. 第二層次(限制之憲法界限):援引司法院釋字第 656 號解釋,檢驗該要求應具備之合憲性限制(目的正當性、手段必要性/比例原則、核心領域侵害禁止)。

選項分析

(註:本題為申論問答題,無選擇題選項;依題意拆解為兩大核心子問題逐一剖析論述)

(一)要求侵權行為人公開道歉是否涉及基本權之問題

涉及基本權之限制,並存在基本權衝突:

  1. 涉及加害人之「言論自由(消極不表意自由)」: 憲法第 11 條保障人民之言論自由,內容涵蓋人民有表達或不表達其意見之自由(消極言論自由/不表意自由)。法院若以判決命令侵權行為人為特定內容之公開道歉,係課予其積極表意之作為義務,直接侵害或干預其自主決定表意與否之自由。
  2. 涉及加害人之「思想自由、良心自由與人性尊嚴」: 憲法第 22 條所保障之思想自由、人格權與人性尊嚴,禁止國家公權力強迫個人違背自身真意而表示懺悔、認錯或屈從。公開道歉若帶有強迫認罪、悔過或羞辱性質,即直接侵犯個人之思想自由與人格尊嚴。
  3. 涉及被害人之「名譽權」:
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第 二 題25 分

憲法賦予司法院有審查法律是否違憲的權限,請問由司法機關審查法律是否違憲,是否有違民主原則?司法院大法官針對何種法律規定,應用何種審查標準,以判定法律是否違憲?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題以命題當年(民國 109 年)法規為準。現行法已修正(民國 111 年 1 月 4 日起《憲法訴訟法》施行,違憲審查改由憲法法庭以判決行之,但實體憲法審查法理與標準維持不變)。本題測驗兩大公法核心概念:

  1. 司法審查的正當性與民主原則之調和(反多數決困境,Counter-majoritarian Difficulty):
  • 憲法依據:憲法第 78 條、第 171 條第 2 項及第 173 條規定司法院解釋憲法並統一解釋法律及命令。
  • 理論核心:非民選的司法機關審查民選國會所制定的法律,是否侵害多數決之民主代表性?實則,憲政主義與法治國原則要求「實質民主」,民主並非單純多數暴力;憲法作為人民制憲主權的根本體現,司法審查係捍衛最高法規範、維護程序性少數人權及權力分立不可或缺的制度。
  1. 階層化違憲審查標準(違憲審查密度 / 雙重基準理論):
  • 憲法第 23 條比例原則在釋憲實務上的類型化操作。
  • 審查標準光譜:依規範對象所涉法益重要性與立法機關形成空間,劃分為「嚴格審查標準(Strict Scrutiny)」、「中度審查標準(Intermediate Scrutiny)」與「寬鬆審查標準(Rational Basis Review)」,各自對應不同的規範目的與手段關聯性要求。

解題方法

本題為標準的公法學理論與實務綜合申論題,採「雙核心分段解題法」:

  1. 第一部分:司法審查與民主原則之關係
  • 先指出質疑點:即司法機關並非民選代表,推翻民意機關通過之法律產生「反多數決困境」。
  • 次論述合憲正當性:從「憲法最高性與人民主權」、「實質民主對少數人權之防衛」及「權力制衡與司法自制」三大角度論述司法審查非但未違背民主,反而是鞏固實質民主的基石。
  1. 第二部分:違憲審查標準之體系化分類
  • 採取「三階層審查密度」架構,針對每一種標準明確列出:適用的法律類型、目的要件、手段關聯性要件,並輔以代表性司法院大法官解釋作為實務佐證。

選項分析

本題為申論題,非選擇題,無個別選項。針對本題兩大命題爭點之評分關鍵分析如下:

  1. 爭點一:司法審查是否違反民主原則之評分焦點
  • 形式民主 vs. 實質民主:若僅回答「憲法授權所以不違憲」得分偏低,必須論及「民主原則不僅指多數決之形式程序,更包含憲政自由民主基本秩序、基本人權維護與正當法律程序等實質內涵」。
  • 制憲權 vs. 憲定權:國會僅為憲定機關(受託人),憲法方為國民制憲意志之展現;司法機關依憲審查法律,本質上是確保受託人不得凌駕委託人之上。
  1. 爭點二:審查標準之階層對應與要素拆解
  • 嚴禁僅通篇默寫比例原則(適當性、必要性、衡平性),必須點出「嚴格」、「中度」、「寬鬆」之名詞,並將「法律規定所涉基本權領域」(如思想言論、人身自由、經濟秩序、社會政策)與審查門檻(重大公益/重要公益/正當目的;必要手段/實質關聯/合理關聯)精確配對。

解題技巧

  1. 法理破題要精準:開篇直接點出美國憲法學者 Alexander Bickel 提出之「反多數決困境」,彰顯公法素質。
  2. 審查標準格式化:回答第二子題時,嚴格使用「標準名稱 →\rightarrow 適用法規類型 →\rightarrow 規範目的審查 →\rightarrow 手段關聯審查 →\rightarrow 代表釋字」之模組化句型,閱卷老師能迅速抓取得分要點。
  3. 避免極端論調:論述司法審查與民主原則時,必須適度提及「司法自制」(政治問題原則、尊重國會立法裁量空間),證明司法審查並非司法獨裁,而是有限度的憲政防護。

【答案】

一、司法機關審查法律是否違憲,並無違反民主原則

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第 1 題2 分

We have to evacuate immediately because this nuclear power plant has been ____ by radioactivity.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞語意與搭配」,要依句意判斷哪個過去分詞能描述核電廠受到放射性物質影響的狀態。

句意是:「我們必須立即撤離,因為這座核電廠已經受到放射性物質的__。」放射性物質污染環境或設施,應使用 contaminate。

解題方法

先看線索 by radioactivity(受到放射性物質影響),再判斷空格需要表示「遭污染」的過去分詞。has been + 過去分詞 是現在完成式的被動語態,表示核電廠已經被污染,符合立即撤離的原因。

選項分析

  • (A) confused:confuse 是「使困惑、混淆」。通常用於人或觀念,不能表達核電廠遭放射性物質污染。
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第 2 題2 分

John always tries to outdo others; he works day and night in order to stay ____ top and be competitive.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考固定搭配 stay on top,意思是「保持領先、維持競爭優勢」。句中的 in order to 表示「為了」,說明 John 日夜工作,是為了保持領先並維持競爭力。

解題方法

空格後接 top,可先辨認常見片語 stay on top。代入後,句意為:「John 總是努力勝過別人;他日夜工作,為了保持領先並維持競爭力。」

選項分析

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第 3 題2 分

Staying hydrated in hot weather is key to cooling down. Water is ideal for effectively ____ fluids lost due to sweating.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞語意與上下文搭配」。句意是:炎熱天氣保持水分有助於降溫;水最適合用來有效地__因流汗而流失的體液。空格需要表示「補回、補充」流失的水分。

解題方法

先抓句中的關鍵線索:fluids lost due to sweating 指「因流汗而流失的體液」。水的作用是把流失的體液補回,因此應選意思為「替換、補回」的 replacing。此處 replace 可表示補回已失去或用掉的東西,符合句意與搭配。

選項分析

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第 4 題2 分

Dust and smoke can ____ breathing difficulties for people who have asthma.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考常見動詞的語意與搭配。句意為:「灰塵和煙霧可能會 ____ 氣喘患者的呼吸困難。」空格需要能表示「引發、誘發」的動詞;trigger 可表示引發某種反應或症狀,常見搭配包括 trigger breathing difficulties。

解題方法

先看句意:灰塵和煙霧是可能造成呼吸問題的刺激物,因此空格應填入「引發」之意。再檢查選項的詞義與句中的受詞 breathing difficulties 是否搭配自然,只有 trigger 符合。

選項分析

  • (A) adopt:採用、收養。常見搭配如 adopt a policy(採行政策)、adopt a child(收養孩子),不表示引發呼吸困難。
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第 5 題2 分

Any foreign national with a valid passport and an outbound airline ticket is ____ to apply for the visitor visa in Taiwan.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「形容詞+介系詞+不定詞」的用法,以及 eligible 的字義。句意是:任何持有效護照及出境機票的外國人士,____ 申請在臺灣的簽證。空格須填入表示「有資格、有條件」的形容詞。

解題方法

先依句意判斷:有效護照與出境機票是申請簽證的條件,因此空格應表達「符合資格」。eligible to + 原形動詞表示「有資格做某事」,故 eligible to apply 即「有資格申請」,符合句意與文法。

選項分析

  • (A) apparent:表示「明顯的、表面上的」,常見用法如 It is apparent that...,不表示具備申請資格。
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第 6 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A new study found that the feeling of being drained after work inhibits our self-control and makes us more likely to watch TV or play video games rather than completing other goals. “When we come home from work, people tend to be in a state where it is difficult to control desires.” The study ____ through an online survey analyzing data from 471 respondents, ____ on a popular German gaming Web site. The requirements were that participants had worked the day before and then used entertainment media when they came home, with 262 of them playing video games and 209 watching TV. Respondents were asked to rate ____ how depleted they felt after work and to what extent they used media as a form of procrastination. They were then asked to rate their feelings of guilt about using media and their sense of enjoyment or vitality after. The study found that people who felt most ____ at the end of the workday were most likely to ____ other tasks in favor of the TV or video games, but got less benefit from them because they felt guilty about procrastinating.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查動詞時態、語態與主詞一致。句子的主詞是單數名詞片語 The study;空格後的 through an online survey 表示研究執行的方式。研究是「被執行」,所以要使用被動語態。

解題方法

先找出主詞與動詞的關係:研究本身不會主動「執行某事」,而是研究「透過線上問卷進行」。因此用被動語態 be conducted。文中描述已完成的研究,且上下文以過去式敘述(found, were asked),所以選用過去式被動語態 was conducted。

句意為:「這項研究透過一份線上問卷進行,分析了熱門德國遊戲網站上 471 名受訪者的資料。」

選項分析

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第 7 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A new study found that the feeling of being drained after work inhibits our self-control and makes us more likely to watch TV or play video games rather than completing other goals. “When we come home from work, people tend to be in a state where it is difficult to control desires.” The study ____ through an online survey analyzing data from 471 respondents, ____ on a popular German gaming Web site. The requirements were that participants had worked the day before and then used entertainment media when they came home, with 262 of them playing video games and 209 watching TV. Respondents were asked to rate ____ how depleted they felt after work and to what extent they used media as a form of procrastination. They were then asked to rate their feelings of guilt about using media and their sense of enjoyment or vitality after. The study found that people who felt most ____ at the end of the workday were most likely to ____ other tasks in favor of the TV or video games, but got less benefit from them because they felt guilty about procrastinating.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查動詞形式與分詞片語。句子的主詞是 The study,主要動詞是 was conducted 的語意,但題幹寫成 The study ____ through an online survey analyzing data from 471 respondents,空格應填入能描述研究如何進行的形式。

依官方答案,句意為:研究透過一項線上問卷進行,問卷分析了 471 名受訪者的資料;受訪者是在一個熱門的德國遊戲網站上招募的。此處 recruited 是過去分詞,表示受訪者「被招募」,可理解為省略關係代名詞與被動語態的分詞片語:respondents [who were] recruited on a popular German gaming Web site。

解題方法

先確認空格所在處的語意關係:受訪者是「被招募」,不是主動招募別人的人,因此要用被動概念的過去分詞 recruited。

接著將後面的 on a popular German gaming Web site 連到受訪者,還原成完整子句:

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第 8 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A new study found that the feeling of being drained after work inhibits our self-control and makes us more likely to watch TV or play video games rather than completing other goals. “When we come home from work, people tend to be in a state where it is difficult to control desires.” The study ____ through an online survey analyzing data from 471 respondents, ____ on a popular German gaming Web site. The requirements were that participants had worked the day before and then used entertainment media when they came home, with 262 of them playing video games and 209 watching TV. Respondents were asked to rate ____ how depleted they felt after work and to what extent they used media as a form of procrastination. They were then asked to rate their feelings of guilt about using media and their sense of enjoyment or vitality after. The study found that people who felt most ____ at the end of the workday were most likely to ____ other tasks in favor of the TV or video games, but got less benefit from them because they felt guilty about procrastinating.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文慣用語的語意,以及空格前後的搭配。句子要表達的是:研究透過線上問卷,分析張貼於德國熱門遊戲網站的 471 份受訪者資料;受訪者評估下班後的疲憊程度,以及使用媒體拖延的情形。

解題方法

先看空格所在句型:

Respondents were asked to rate ____ how depleted they felt after work...

rate 在此是「評估、評分」,後面接評估的內容。選項中只有 on a certain scale 能表示「依某種量表評分」,語意與問卷調查的情境吻合。

補入後可理解為:「受訪者被要求依某種量表,評估自己下班後感到多麼精疲力竭。」

選項分析

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第 9 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A new study found that the feeling of being drained after work inhibits our self-control and makes us more likely to watch TV or play video games rather than completing other goals. “When we come home from work, people tend to be in a state where it is difficult to control desires.” The study ____ through an online survey analyzing data from 471 respondents, ____ on a popular German gaming Web site. The requirements were that participants had worked the day before and then used entertainment media when they came home, with 262 of them playing video games and 209 watching TV. Respondents were asked to rate ____ how depleted they felt after work and to what extent they used media as a form of procrastination. They were then asked to rate their feelings of guilt about using media and their sense of enjoyment or vitality after. The study found that people who felt most ____ at the end of the workday were most likely to ____ other tasks in favor of the TV or video games, but got less benefit from them because they felt guilty about procrastinating.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查字義與上下文推論。句子描述下班後感到精疲力竭,因自我控制力下降而較容易以看電視或玩電玩取代其他目標;因此要掌握文章反覆出現的「耗盡、疲憊」語意。

解題方法

關鍵句指出,下班後感到被「drained」會抑制自我控制。空格所在句意為:「研究發現,下班時感到最__的人,最可能放棄其他事情、轉而看電視或玩電玩,但也因拖延而感到罪惡,從中獲得較少益處。」

前文已明確使用 feeling of being drained after work,因此空格應填入表示「精疲力竭」的字,與前文主旨一致。

選項分析

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第 10 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A new study found that the feeling of being drained after work inhibits our self-control and makes us more likely to watch TV or play video games rather than completing other goals. “When we come home from work, people tend to be in a state where it is difficult to control desires.” The study ____ through an online survey analyzing data from 471 respondents, ____ on a popular German gaming Web site. The requirements were that participants had worked the day before and then used entertainment media when they came home, with 262 of them playing video games and 209 watching TV. Respondents were asked to rate ____ how depleted they felt after work and to what extent they used media as a form of procrastination. They were then asked to rate their feelings of guilt about using media and their sense of enjoyment or vitality after. The study found that people who felt most ____ at the end of the workday were most likely to ____ other tasks in favor of the TV or video games, but got less benefit from them because they felt guilty about procrastinating.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查片語 put off 的語意與搭配。put off + 名詞 表示「延後、拖延某事」,常用於把原本要做的工作或任務往後擱置。

解題方法

先看空格後方的 other tasks(其他任務),再看句意:下班後感到精疲力竭的人,最可能把其他任務擱在一旁,轉而看電視或玩電玩。這正好符合 put off other tasks in favor of the TV or video games,也與前文提到的拖延行為相呼應。

選項分析

  • (A) put off:正確。 意為「延後、拖延」,put off other tasks 即「拖延其他任務」,符合上下文。
  • (B) get on:錯誤。 常見用法為 get on with something,意為「繼續做某事」;
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第 11 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A stark look of contemplation is etched across Nelson Mandela’s face. Holding up a simple, chaste hand mirror, the virtuous former South African president gazes quietly at his reflection. A gentle but indomitable power ____ from Mandela in what would become one of his final photos, captured by internationally-celebrated photographer Adrian Steirn. This is just one of the hauntingly beautiful yet innately complex ____ currently on display as part of the 21 ICONS series at the Museum of African Design in Johannesburg. Through photographs and short films, 21 ICONS project offers a poignant insight into the lives of 21 celebrated South African personalities—from Mandela to Desmond Tutu. Intended to ____ 20 years of democracy in the country, the project has taken Steirn and his team a grueling seven years to complete. But the result is an impassioned visual production which inspires future generations of ____ can be achieved by a single individual.

Steirn notes, “Mandela was simply an independent thinker. He convinced the collective that perhaps there is another way.” To honor ____ an auspicious personality, Steirn captured the former leader in a way that he’d never been shot before. “The mirror was just literally this physical metaphor for reflection—reflection on him, reflection on his life, reflection on what we’ve all accomplished,” he explains.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查動詞的詞義與上下文搭配。空格所在句為:

“A gentle but indomitable power ____ from Mandela”

句意是「一股溫和卻不屈不撓的力量從曼德拉身上散發出來」。主詞是抽象名詞 power,後接介系詞 from,需要選擇能表示「散發、流露」的動詞。

解題方法

先依前後文確認語意:文章描寫曼德拉凝視鏡中自己的神情,並以照片呈現他堅定而溫和的力量。因此空格應表達這股力量「由他身上散發出來」,與句型「某種特質 emanates from 某人/某物」相符。

選項分析

  • (A) emanates:正確。 emanate from 表示「從……散發、發出、流露」。搭配 power 語意自然,符合照片所呈現的人格力量。
  • (B) dissipates:錯誤。 dissipate 表示「消散、逐漸減弱」,如 the fog dissipated(霧散了)。
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第 12 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A stark look of contemplation is etched across Nelson Mandela’s face. Holding up a simple, chaste hand mirror, the virtuous former South African president gazes quietly at his reflection. A gentle but indomitable power ____ from Mandela in what would become one of his final photos, captured by internationally-celebrated photographer Adrian Steirn. This is just one of the hauntingly beautiful yet innately complex ____ currently on display as part of the 21 ICONS series at the Museum of African Design in Johannesburg. Through photographs and short films, 21 ICONS project offers a poignant insight into the lives of 21 celebrated South African personalities—from Mandela to Desmond Tutu. Intended to ____ 20 years of democracy in the country, the project has taken Steirn and his team a grueling seven years to complete. But the result is an impassioned visual production which inspires future generations of ____ can be achieved by a single individual.

Steirn notes, “Mandela was simply an independent thinker. He convinced the collective that perhaps there is another way.” To honor ____ an auspicious personality, Steirn captured the former leader in a way that he’d never been shot before. “The mirror was just literally this physical metaphor for reflection—reflection on him, reflection on his life, reflection on what we’ve all accomplished,” he explains.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查字義與上下文判斷。空格前的 hauntingly beautiful yet innately complex 描寫一組美麗而深具內涵的作品;後面提到作品在南非設計博物館展出,並由攝影師 Adrian Steirn 拍攝。依上下文,這組作品是人物肖像,故選 portraits。

解題方法

先辨認空格所指的事物:句子說這些作品「正在展出」,前文則描述曼德拉的照片,後文又說整個計畫透過照片與短片呈現南非知名人物。因此,空格應填能指稱人物照片或肖像的名詞。

選項分析

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第 13 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A stark look of contemplation is etched across Nelson Mandela’s face. Holding up a simple, chaste hand mirror, the virtuous former South African president gazes quietly at his reflection. A gentle but indomitable power ____ from Mandela in what would become one of his final photos, captured by internationally-celebrated photographer Adrian Steirn. This is just one of the hauntingly beautiful yet innately complex ____ currently on display as part of the 21 ICONS series at the Museum of African Design in Johannesburg. Through photographs and short films, 21 ICONS project offers a poignant insight into the lives of 21 celebrated South African personalities—from Mandela to Desmond Tutu. Intended to ____ 20 years of democracy in the country, the project has taken Steirn and his team a grueling seven years to complete. But the result is an impassioned visual production which inspires future generations of ____ can be achieved by a single individual.

Steirn notes, “Mandela was simply an independent thinker. He convinced the collective that perhaps there is another way.” To honor ____ an auspicious personality, Steirn captured the former leader in a way that he’d never been shot before. “The mirror was just literally this physical metaphor for reflection—reflection on him, reflection on his life, reflection on what we’ve all accomplished,” he explains.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考英文單字在語境中的搭配與語意。空格位於 Intended to ____ 20 years of democracy in the country,要判斷哪個動詞能表達「紀念該國民主歷程二十週年」。

解題方法

先抓住 20 years of democracy(民主歷程二十年)與 Intended to(旨在……)的語意關係。題幹指出,21 ICONS 計畫透過照片與短片呈現南非知名人物,並以民主發展為背景;此處需要表示「紀念、慶祝」的動詞,因此選 commemorate。

選項分析

  • (A) indoctrinate:灌輸(某種思想或信念)。常用於 indoctrinate someone with an ideology,不能說計畫要「灌輸民主二十年」。
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第 14 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A stark look of contemplation is etched across Nelson Mandela’s face. Holding up a simple, chaste hand mirror, the virtuous former South African president gazes quietly at his reflection. A gentle but indomitable power ____ from Mandela in what would become one of his final photos, captured by internationally-celebrated photographer Adrian Steirn. This is just one of the hauntingly beautiful yet innately complex ____ currently on display as part of the 21 ICONS series at the Museum of African Design in Johannesburg. Through photographs and short films, 21 ICONS project offers a poignant insight into the lives of 21 celebrated South African personalities—from Mandela to Desmond Tutu. Intended to ____ 20 years of democracy in the country, the project has taken Steirn and his team a grueling seven years to complete. But the result is an impassioned visual production which inspires future generations of ____ can be achieved by a single individual.

Steirn notes, “Mandela was simply an independent thinker. He convinced the collective that perhaps there is another way.” To honor ____ an auspicious personality, Steirn captured the former leader in a way that he’d never been shot before. “The mirror was just literally this physical metaphor for reflection—reflection on him, reflection on his life, reflection on what we’ve all accomplished,” he explains.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考名詞子句與疑問詞的用法。空格位於 inspires future generations of ____ can be achieved by a single individual,其中 of 後須接名詞性成分;空格後的 can be achieved by a single individual 缺少主詞,因此須選能在名詞子句中充當主詞的疑問代名詞。

解題方法

將空格後的子句獨立檢視:

____ can be achieved by a single individual ____ 能由一個人完成

子句缺主詞;what 可表示「所……的事物/事情」,並在子句中充當主詞。整段可理解為「激勵未來世代,讓他們看見單一個人所能成就的事」。

選項分析

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第 15 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A stark look of contemplation is etched across Nelson Mandela’s face. Holding up a simple, chaste hand mirror, the virtuous former South African president gazes quietly at his reflection. A gentle but indomitable power ____ from Mandela in what would become one of his final photos, captured by internationally-celebrated photographer Adrian Steirn. This is just one of the hauntingly beautiful yet innately complex ____ currently on display as part of the 21 ICONS series at the Museum of African Design in Johannesburg. Through photographs and short films, 21 ICONS project offers a poignant insight into the lives of 21 celebrated South African personalities—from Mandela to Desmond Tutu. Intended to ____ 20 years of democracy in the country, the project has taken Steirn and his team a grueling seven years to complete. But the result is an impassioned visual production which inspires future generations of ____ can be achieved by a single individual.

Steirn notes, “Mandela was simply an independent thinker. He convinced the collective that perhaps there is another way.” To honor ____ an auspicious personality, Steirn captured the former leader in a way that he’d never been shot before. “The mirror was just literally this physical metaphor for reflection—reflection on him, reflection on his life, reflection on what we’ve all accomplished,” he explains.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考 such、so、as、thus 的用法,關鍵在於空格後的名詞片語:

To honor ____ an auspicious personality

空格後是「冠詞 + 形容詞 + 名詞」的片語 an auspicious personality。表示「如此一位……的人物」時,句型是 such + a/an + 形容詞 + 單數可數名詞。

解題方法

先辨認空格後的結構:an auspicious personality 是單數可數名詞片語,且已有不定冠詞 an。因此應選能放在冠詞前、修飾整個名詞片語的 such:

To honor such an auspicious personality, Steirn captured the former leader in a way that he’d never been shot before. 為了向如此一位傑出的人物致敬,Steirn 以他從未入鏡過的方式拍攝這位前領導人。

句中 such 強調這位人物的非凡程度。

選項分析

  • (A) as:錯誤。 as 可表示「作為」或用於比較、搭配句型,例如 as a teacher(作為一名教師),但不能構成「如此一位傑出的人物」的 **as an
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第 16 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In the UK, the government protects its population from risk in a number of areas. It makes it ____ to wear a seatbelt or helmet while on the roads, and manages risk of disease by taxing or prohibiting unhealthy foods or cigarettes. It prevents the spread of disease by investing in ____ programmes and health education. Workers are protected from harm through government-implemented health and safety regulations and companies and managers are ____ employee death or injury. This has resulted in 800 fewer deaths per year in the British workplace. ____ financial protection, the UK government gives those in poverty access to healthcare, food and shelter. It also tries to prevent ____ and other financial crime, while encouraging economic prudence through methods such as saving.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考英文單字的語意與詞性搭配。空格所在句為:「政府使民眾在道路上繫安全帶或戴安全帽成為__。」句意指政府以法律或規定要求民眾遵守,因此應選表示「強制的、必須的」的形容詞 compulsory。

解題方法

先看句型:make it + 形容詞 + to V,表示「使做某事變得……」。再依上下文判斷,政府透過安全規定管理道路風險,繫安全帶或戴安全帽是法律要求,而非僅僅完整、當代或易燃。因此空格應填入表示「強制的」的形容詞。

make it compulsory to wear ... 即「強制要求穿戴……」。

選項分析

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第 17 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In the UK, the government protects its population from risk in a number of areas. It makes it ____ to wear a seatbelt or helmet while on the roads, and manages risk of disease by taxing or prohibiting unhealthy foods or cigarettes. It prevents the spread of disease by investing in ____ programmes and health education. Workers are protected from harm through government-implemented health and safety regulations and companies and managers are ____ employee death or injury. This has resulted in 800 fewer deaths per year in the British workplace. ____ financial protection, the UK government gives those in poverty access to healthcare, food and shelter. It also tries to prevent ____ and other financial crime, while encouraging economic prudence through methods such as saving.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文單字辨義與上下文判讀。空格位於「預防疾病」的語境中,後接 programmes and health education(計畫與健康教育);英國政府透過相關計畫和衛生教育預防疾病傳播。此處應填入表示「疫苗接種」的 vaccination,構成 vaccination programmes(疫苗接種計畫)。

解題方法

先看空格所在句子的主旨:政府藉由投入某種計畫及健康教育,防止疾病傳播。再比較選項詞義:

  • vaccination 是「疫苗接種」,與疾病預防直接相關。
  • 其餘選項分別指空缺、職業或變化,都不能自然搭配「預防疾病」的語意。

選項分析

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第 18 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In the UK, the government protects its population from risk in a number of areas. It makes it ____ to wear a seatbelt or helmet while on the roads, and manages risk of disease by taxing or prohibiting unhealthy foods or cigarettes. It prevents the spread of disease by investing in ____ programmes and health education. Workers are protected from harm through government-implemented health and safety regulations and companies and managers are ____ employee death or injury. This has resulted in 800 fewer deaths per year in the British workplace. ____ financial protection, the UK government gives those in poverty access to healthcare, food and shelter. It also tries to prevent ____ and other financial crime, while encouraging economic prudence through methods such as saving.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文形容詞與介系詞的固定搭配,以及根據前後文判斷語意。句子描述英國政府透過法規保護勞工,並要求公司與管理者對員工的死亡或受傷負責。

be liable for 表示「對……負有責任;須為……負責」,符合文意。

解題方法

先看空格所在句:

Workers are protected from harm through government-implemented health and safety regulations and companies and managers are ____ employee death or injury.

句中提到政府以職安衛規範保護勞工,並接著說「公司與管理者對員工死亡或受傷……」。前後的保護措施與「每年減少 800 件職場死亡」相呼應,因此空格應表達公司與管理者須為員工傷亡負責。

搭配句型為:

companies and managers are liable for employee death or injury 公司與管理者須對員工死亡或受傷負責

選項分析

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第 19 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In the UK, the government protects its population from risk in a number of areas. It makes it ____ to wear a seatbelt or helmet while on the roads, and manages risk of disease by taxing or prohibiting unhealthy foods or cigarettes. It prevents the spread of disease by investing in ____ programmes and health education. Workers are protected from harm through government-implemented health and safety regulations and companies and managers are ____ employee death or injury. This has resulted in 800 fewer deaths per year in the British workplace. ____ financial protection, the UK government gives those in poverty access to healthcare, food and shelter. It also tries to prevent ____ and other financial crime, while encouraging economic prudence through methods such as saving.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文片語 in terms of 的語意與上下文判讀。它常表示「就……而言」、「在……方面」,用來引出討論的角度或範圍。

解題方法

空格後接 financial protection,後一句列舉政府提供的措施:讓貧困者取得醫療照護、食物與住所。因此,這裡是在說「在財務保障方面,英國政府……」,語意與 In terms of 相符。

選項分析

  • (A) On behalf of:意為「代表……」、「為了……的利益」。例如 on behalf of the government(代表政府),不能用來引出「財務保障」這個討論面向。
  • (B) On the verge of:意為「即將……」、「瀕臨……」。
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第 20 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In the UK, the government protects its population from risk in a number of areas. It makes it ____ to wear a seatbelt or helmet while on the roads, and manages risk of disease by taxing or prohibiting unhealthy foods or cigarettes. It prevents the spread of disease by investing in ____ programmes and health education. Workers are protected from harm through government-implemented health and safety regulations and companies and managers are ____ employee death or injury. This has resulted in 800 fewer deaths per year in the British workplace. ____ financial protection, the UK government gives those in poverty access to healthcare, food and shelter. It also tries to prevent ____ and other financial crime, while encouraging economic prudence through methods such as saving.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考英文單字辨義與語境判讀。空格位於 prevent ____ and other financial crime(防止____及其他金融犯罪),應選能與 financial crime(金融犯罪)搭配、且符合「防止」語意的名詞。

解題方法

先看空格後的 and other financial crime:other 表示空格中的詞也屬於犯罪或不法行為。再依上下文,文章談政府如何保護民眾、預防風險,並鼓勵謹慎理財,因此「防止詐欺及其他金融犯罪」語意完整,應填 fraud。

選項分析

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第 21 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Everyone has his or her own story. Below is a memoir of a flight attendant’s life in the skies, and a behind-the-scenes look at the social ____ on the plane.

There is often the misconception that a flight attendant’s job environment is a brainless one, a lifestyle ____ with gossip, complaining, afternoon tea, shopping, and eating lots and lots of good food....

Yet, from the countless passengers she has served over her flying ____, Vivian Lee has learned valuable lessons that were never taught in school.

Lee ____ her experiences and the many fascinating things she observed on the plane above 35,000 feet. The stories, the lives, human nature, from takeoff to landing, each passenger she has served, the people she has come across, and the places she has traveled to have all ____ her life and her understanding of the world. Her stories offer us a glimpse of this private world up in the skies.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗「進階名詞語意辨析」與「名詞慣用搭配詞(Collocation)」。

  • social dynamics:為社會學與日常進階英語之高頻固定搭配,意指「社交動態」、「人際互動關係」或「群體互動模式」。其中名詞 dynamics(恆用複數)指「(特定群體或系統內相互作用、影響的)動態機制、互動關係」(the forces or processes that produce change inside a group or system)。

解題方法

  1. 分析空格語境與句意結構: 空格所在句為:...and a behind-the-scenes look at the social ____ on the plane.(……以及深入幕後一窺機艙內的社交______)。此處需填入一個可與形容詞 social 搭配,且能概括後文所描述之機上情境的抽象名詞。
  2. 對照下文語境線索(Context Clues): 後續段落具體闡述了空服員在高空所見證的百態,包含:human nature(人性)、each passenger she has served(所服務的每一位乘客)、the people she has come across(萍水相逢的人們)。這些內容均指向「封閉機艙空間中,人與人之間的相處、互動與人際動態」,與「社交/人際互動(social dynamics)」之概念完全吻合。

選項分析

  • (A) aggression(名詞)
  • 字義:侵略、攻擊性、挑釁行為。
  • 辨析:通常指具敵意或暴力的舉動(如 physical aggression 肢體攻擊)。本文主軸在於空服員閱歷各色旅客所獲得的人生感悟與人性觀察,並非探討機上暴力衝突或飛安攻擊事件,語意偏狹且不符文旨,故不選。
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第 22 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Everyone has his or her own story. Below is a memoir of a flight attendant’s life in the skies, and a behind-the-scenes look at the social ____ on the plane.

There is often the misconception that a flight attendant’s job environment is a brainless one, a lifestyle ____ with gossip, complaining, afternoon tea, shopping, and eating lots and lots of good food....

Yet, from the countless passengers she has served over her flying ____, Vivian Lee has learned valuable lessons that were never taught in school.

Lee ____ her experiences and the many fascinating things she observed on the plane above 35,000 feet. The stories, the lives, human nature, from takeoff to landing, each passenger she has served, the people she has come across, and the places she has traveled to have all ____ her life and her understanding of the world. Her stories offer us a glimpse of this private world up in the skies.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  1. 分詞片語之後位修飾:名詞後方接續過去分詞(V-edV\text{-ed})片語,為「關係代名詞主格 + be 動詞」的省略省略結構(即原句為 a lifestyle [which is] filled with...\text{a lifestyle [which is] filled with...}),用以修飾前方名詞。
  2. 動詞與介系詞固定搭配(Collocation):主動結構為 fill A with B\text{fill A with B}(以 B 填滿 A),轉為被動修飾語時為 (be) filled with B\text{(be) filled with B}(充滿著 B)。

解題方法

  1. 句構剖析:
  • 句型結構為同位語延伸: ...a misconception that a flight attendant’s job environment is a brainless one, a lifestyle [22‾ with gossip, complaining, ...]...\text{...a misconception that a flight attendant’s job environment is a brainless one, a lifestyle [}\underline{\quad\text{22}\quad}\text{ with gossip, complaining, ...]...}
  • 空格處與後方的介系詞片語 with gossip, complaining...\text{with gossip, complaining...} 共同構成形容詞片語,後位修飾前方的先行名詞 a lifestyle\text{a lifestyle}。
  1. 語意與搭配詞判斷:
  • 空格後方緊接介系詞 with\text{with},且隨後列舉了五項具體事物(八卦、抱怨、下午茶、購物與享用美食)。
  • 句意表示外界普遍存在一種誤解,認為空服員的工作是不需要動腦的,是一種「充滿著八卦、抱怨、下午茶、血拚與大啖美食的生活型態」。
  • 四個選項中,唯有 filled\text{filled} 能與介系詞 with\text{with} 搭配表示「充斥、充滿(某種氛圍或事物)」,語意與文法完全契合。

選項分析

  • (A) assisted:錯誤。 動詞 assist\text{assist} 的過去分詞,意為「被協助的;受輔助的」。雖然可與介系詞 with\text{with} 搭配表示「在某事上獲得協助」(例如:be assisted with household chores\text{be assisted with household chores}),但代入本句修飾 lifestyle\text{lifestyle} 會形成「生活型態在八卦與抱怨中被協助」,語意毫無邏輯。
  • (B) entitled:錯誤。
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第 23 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Everyone has his or her own story. Below is a memoir of a flight attendant’s life in the skies, and a behind-the-scenes look at the social ____ on the plane.

There is often the misconception that a flight attendant’s job environment is a brainless one, a lifestyle ____ with gossip, complaining, afternoon tea, shopping, and eating lots and lots of good food....

Yet, from the countless passengers she has served over her flying ____, Vivian Lee has learned valuable lessons that were never taught in school.

Lee ____ her experiences and the many fascinating things she observed on the plane above 35,000 feet. The stories, the lives, human nature, from takeoff to landing, each passenger she has served, the people she has come across, and the places she has traveled to have all ____ her life and her understanding of the world. Her stories offer us a glimpse of this private world up in the skies.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念 本題測驗「克漏字名詞語意辨析」與「名詞慣用語搭配(Collocation)」。考點著重於空服員職涯語境中,名詞詞組與介系詞的搭配關係,特別是介系詞 over 表達「歷經某段時間/生涯歷程」之用法。


解題方法

  1. 文法與語義結構切入: 觀察空格所在子句:...from the countless passengers she has served over her flying ____, Vivian Lee has learned valuable lessons... 介系詞 over 在此處引導時間或歷程的跨度(意為「在……期間、歷經……的過程」)。能與 over her ... 搭配且代表一段人生累積時間的名詞,必須具備「歷程、時期」的性質。
  2. 前後文篇章脈絡切入: 前文破題指出這是一篇空服員在空中的回憶錄(memoir of a flight attendant's life in the skies),並探討空服員的工作環境(job environment)。空格後方接續主角 Vivian Lee 在這段期間「服務過無數乘客(countless passengers she has served)」,並「學到學校沒教的寶貴人生課題(valuable lessons)」。因此,空格處需填入代表「工作歷程/從業生涯」的詞彙,以名詞 career 組成 flying career(飛行生涯/空勤職業生涯),最符合邏輯與文意。

選項分析

  • (A) career(正確): 名詞,指「職業、生涯、事業」。片語 flying career 為固定搭配,意為「飛行生涯/空服員職業生涯」;
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第 24 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Everyone has his or her own story. Below is a memoir of a flight attendant’s life in the skies, and a behind-the-scenes look at the social ____ on the plane.

There is often the misconception that a flight attendant’s job environment is a brainless one, a lifestyle ____ with gossip, complaining, afternoon tea, shopping, and eating lots and lots of good food....

Yet, from the countless passengers she has served over her flying ____, Vivian Lee has learned valuable lessons that were never taught in school.

Lee ____ her experiences and the many fascinating things she observed on the plane above 35,000 feet. The stories, the lives, human nature, from takeoff to landing, each passenger she has served, the people she has come across, and the places she has traveled to have all ____ her life and her understanding of the world. Her stories offer us a glimpse of this private world up in the skies.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗「克漏字篇章語境理解」與「高階動詞語意與受詞搭配(Collocation)」,特別著重於「名詞轉品為及物動詞」的常見用法。

  1. 文體與動詞選用:文章開篇已提示本文為回憶錄(memoir),主角 Vivian Lee 為作者。回憶錄的本質是記錄、描繪個人經歷,因此動詞必須符合「敘述、記載」的語境。
  2. 及物動詞的詞義辨析:空格後方接名詞片語作為受詞(her experiences and the many fascinating things...),需選取能與「經歷」及「觀察所得的事物」產生合理搭配的及物動詞。

解題方法

  1. 句構剖析:
  • 句子結構為:Lee (主詞)+‾ (及物動詞)+her experiences and the many fascinating things [she observed on the plane above 35,000 feet] (受詞與關係代名詞子句修飾)\text{Lee (主詞)} + \underline{\hspace{1cm}} \text{ (及物動詞)} + \text{her experiences and the many fascinating things [she observed on the plane above 35,000 feet] (受詞與關係代名詞子句修飾)}。
  • 主詞 "Lee" 為第三人稱單數,空格處須填入第三人稱單數現在式的及物動詞。
  1. 語境線索與搭配分析:
  • 承受該動詞動作的受詞是「她的個人經驗(experiences)」以及「她在三萬五千英呎高空所觀察到的許多迷人事物(fascinating things she observed)」。
  • 作為回憶錄的作者,李小姐在此所做的動作是將這些歷練與見聞「詳細記錄、具體描繪」給讀者,四個選項中僅 (A) 能表達「詳細記錄/敘述」之意。

選項分析

  • (A) details(正確): detail 常見為名詞(細節),但在此處轉為及物動詞使用,意為「詳細說明、詳細列舉、具體記述(to describe or list something fully, giving all the facts)」。帶入句中為「李小姐詳細記述了她的經驗,以及她在三萬五千英呎高空所觀察到的許多迷人事物」,完全符合回憶錄文體的書寫動作與受詞搭配。
  • (B) devises(錯誤):
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第 25 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Everyone has his or her own story. Below is a memoir of a flight attendant’s life in the skies, and a behind-the-scenes look at the social ____ on the plane.

There is often the misconception that a flight attendant’s job environment is a brainless one, a lifestyle ____ with gossip, complaining, afternoon tea, shopping, and eating lots and lots of good food....

Yet, from the countless passengers she has served over her flying ____, Vivian Lee has learned valuable lessons that were never taught in school.

Lee ____ her experiences and the many fascinating things she observed on the plane above 35,000 feet. The stories, the lives, human nature, from takeoff to landing, each passenger she has served, the people she has come across, and the places she has traveled to have all ____ her life and her understanding of the world. Her stories offer us a glimpse of this private world up in the skies.

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗「克漏字之動詞語意辨析與搭配詞(Collocation)」,核心考點包含:

  1. 動詞的及物性(Transitivity):空格位於現在完成式助動詞 have all 之後,後方緊接著名詞片語 her life and her understanding of the world 作為受詞,空格必須填入能夠接直接受詞的及物動詞過去分詞(V-edV\text{-}ed)。
  2. 動賓語意搭配(Verb-Object Collocation):觀察受詞「人生(life)」與「對世界的理解(understanding)」,必須選擇在文意與慣用法上皆能合理修飾、充實這兩者的動詞。

解題方法

  1. 句法結構剖析:
  • 主詞群(Subject):由多個並列的名詞片語與關係子句構成長主詞:The stories, the lives, human nature, from takeoff to landing, each passenger she has served, the people she has come across, and the places she has traveled to(這些故事、生命、人性、從起飛到降落、每一位她服務過的乘客、她遇見的人們,以及她旅行過的各個地方)。
  • 動詞與受詞(Verb & Object):have all [ ____ ](動詞片語)+ her life and her understanding of the world(受詞:她的人生與對世界的理解)。
  1. 語意邏輯推導: 前文提及空服員 Vivian Lee 在飛行生涯中服務無數旅客,學到了學校從未教過的寶貴經驗。本句總結上述各種經歷「充實、豐富了」她的人生與世界觀,語意呈正向昇華,唯有表示「使豐富、充實」的動詞符合語境。

選項分析

  • (A) enriched(正確): enrich 為及物動詞,意為「使豐富、充實、增進」。
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其他考古題

109 年廉政(轉任退輔會)的其他科目

廉政(轉任退輔會)《中華民國憲法與英文》其他年度

109 年國軍退除役轉任公務人員上校轉任・其他類科的《中華民國憲法與英文》