109 國軍退除役轉任公務人員中將轉任 一般行政(轉任退輔會) 中華民國憲法與英文 考古題詳解

憲法第 24 條規定：「凡公務員違法侵害人民之自由或權利者，除依法律受懲戒外，應負刑事及民事責任。被害人民就其所受損害，並得依法律向國家請求賠償。」

請問此一規定係「方針規定」或「憲法委託」？又本條係採國家「自己責任論」或「代位責任論」？請依司法院大法官的解釋說明。

憲法規定，針對立法院所通過的何種議案，行政院若認為窒礙難行，可以提起覆議？覆議程序為何？請說明之。

Cigarette filters can take up to 12 years to ____ and are harmful to marine life.

The complicated reality is hopelessly unknowable, especially in this age in which the superabundance of information at our ____ is the very enemy of clarity.

It is estimated that Britain will likely send more troops to join the US-led surge to ____ the Afghanistan regime against a new Taliban onslaught.

Having spent most of his 30-year career fighting terrorism and ____, Veteran Richard Kemp considered Iran the greatest threat to world peace.

David longed for his father’s ____ his career as a cook, but his father had always expected David to follow in his footsteps as a medical doctor.

There is a(n) ____ between the capacity of the airport and the large number of people wanting to fly from it.

He’s so clear and reasonable when he answers questions in interviews. I wish I could be that ____.

Each party is simply reinforcing the supporters’ ____ to the party during the election campaign.

Malnutrition in the region is ____—affecting up to 78 percent of children under the age of five.

So far there is no conclusive information as to the group responsible for the recent ____ attacks, seriously damaging five oil vessels in the Persian Gulf.

【題組共用題幹】

Criminal offenders make choices based on their perceptions of opportunities. Understanding how offenders see things is important to preventing crimes ____ almost all crime prevention involves changing offenders’ perceptions of crime opportunities. Some prevention programs work directly on offenders’ perceptions, as when police inform offenders that they are being closely ____ . But most prevention schemes work through one or more ____ steps before the ultimate goal is achieved, as in property marking schemes, for example, where supportive residents apply window stickers showing ____ . Changes in the environment change offender perceptions. These perceptions influence offenders’ behaviors that, ____ , alter crime patterns.

11. ____.

【題組共用題幹】

Criminal offenders make choices based on their perceptions of opportunities. Understanding how offenders see things is important to preventing crimes ____ almost all crime prevention involves changing offenders’ perceptions of crime opportunities. Some prevention programs work directly on offenders’ perceptions, as when police inform offenders that they are being closely ____ . But most prevention schemes work through one or more ____ steps before the ultimate goal is achieved, as in property marking schemes, for example, where supportive residents apply window stickers showing ____ . Changes in the environment change offender perceptions. These perceptions influence offenders’ behaviors that, ____ , alter crime patterns.

12. ____.

【題組共用題幹】

Criminal offenders make choices based on their perceptions of opportunities. Understanding how offenders see things is important to preventing crimes ____ almost all crime prevention involves changing offenders’ perceptions of crime opportunities. Some prevention programs work directly on offenders’ perceptions, as when police inform offenders that they are being closely ____ . But most prevention schemes work through one or more ____ steps before the ultimate goal is achieved, as in property marking schemes, for example, where supportive residents apply window stickers showing ____ . Changes in the environment change offender perceptions. These perceptions influence offenders’ behaviors that, ____ , alter crime patterns.

13. ____.

【題組共用題幹】

Criminal offenders make choices based on their perceptions of opportunities. Understanding how offenders see things is important to preventing crimes ____ almost all crime prevention involves changing offenders’ perceptions of crime opportunities. Some prevention programs work directly on offenders’ perceptions, as when police inform offenders that they are being closely ____ . But most prevention schemes work through one or more ____ steps before the ultimate goal is achieved, as in property marking schemes, for example, where supportive residents apply window stickers showing ____ . Changes in the environment change offender perceptions. These perceptions influence offenders’ behaviors that, ____ , alter crime patterns.

14. ____.

【題組共用題幹】

Criminal offenders make choices based on their perceptions of opportunities. Understanding how offenders see things is important to preventing crimes ____ almost all crime prevention involves changing offenders’ perceptions of crime opportunities. Some prevention programs work directly on offenders’ perceptions, as when police inform offenders that they are being closely ____ . But most prevention schemes work through one or more ____ steps before the ultimate goal is achieved, as in property marking schemes, for example, where supportive residents apply window stickers showing ____ . Changes in the environment change offender perceptions. These perceptions influence offenders’ behaviors that, ____ , alter crime patterns.

15. ____.

【題組共用題幹】

A German World War I hand grenade was found among a ____ of French potatoes imported for a Hong Kong potato chip factory. Police detonated it on site with a police video showing bomb disposal officers packing the grenade in a drainage channel at the factory before ____ . The grenade is believed to ____ in a trench during World War I and ____ gathered up with potatoes planted a century later in the former battlefield. Hong Kong police ____ dealing with old munitions, though more usually US bombs dropped on the territory after it fell to the Japanese during World War II.

16. ____.

【題組共用題幹】

A German World War I hand grenade was found among a ____ of French potatoes imported for a Hong Kong potato chip factory. Police detonated it on site with a police video showing bomb disposal officers packing the grenade in a drainage channel at the factory before ____ . The grenade is believed to ____ in a trench during World War I and ____ gathered up with potatoes planted a century later in the former battlefield. Hong Kong police ____ dealing with old munitions, though more usually US bombs dropped on the territory after it fell to the Japanese during World War II.

17. ____.

【題組共用題幹】

A German World War I hand grenade was found among a ____ of French potatoes imported for a Hong Kong potato chip factory. Police detonated it on site with a police video showing bomb disposal officers packing the grenade in a drainage channel at the factory before ____ . The grenade is believed to ____ in a trench during World War I and ____ gathered up with potatoes planted a century later in the former battlefield. Hong Kong police ____ dealing with old munitions, though more usually US bombs dropped on the territory after it fell to the Japanese during World War II.

18. ____.

【題組共用題幹】

A German World War I hand grenade was found among a ____ of French potatoes imported for a Hong Kong potato chip factory. Police detonated it on site with a police video showing bomb disposal officers packing the grenade in a drainage channel at the factory before ____ . The grenade is believed to ____ in a trench during World War I and ____ gathered up with potatoes planted a century later in the former battlefield. Hong Kong police ____ dealing with old munitions, though more usually US bombs dropped on the territory after it fell to the Japanese during World War II.

19. ____.

【題組共用題幹】

A German World War I hand grenade was found among a ____ of French potatoes imported for a Hong Kong potato chip factory. Police detonated it on site with a police video showing bomb disposal officers packing the grenade in a drainage channel at the factory before ____ . The grenade is believed to ____ in a trench during World War I and ____ gathered up with potatoes planted a century later in the former battlefield. Hong Kong police ____ dealing with old munitions, though more usually US bombs dropped on the territory after it fell to the Japanese during World War II.

20. ____.

【題組共用題幹】

Mercantilism is the term commonly used to describe the body of opinion that prevailed in economic thought from the sixteenth through to the mid-eighteenth centuries. The mercantilists believed that the affluence of a nation depended on its ability to achieve and maintain a positive trade surplus, and it was seen as of vital importance that a nation kept down the price of its exports. At the time when the mercantilists wrote, labor was the chief input into production and hence also the major cost of production. Consequently, there was a keen focus on the level of wages. It was argued that wages should be kept as low as possible not just to minimize direct labor costs and hence also export prices, but also to maximize the supply of labor.

The mercantilists believed that low wages were necessary to ensure that workers worked on a regular and continuous basis. The above ideas formed the basis of the so-called “utility of poverty” thesis: the argument that the wealth of the nation was greatest where those who labored were poor. The paradox in mercantilist labor doctrine was that, while the laborer was seen to provide the source of the nation’s wealth, he or she was argued to have no right to any greater share of economic wealth than was necessary to meet his or her most basic material needs.

Many opinions informed the case put forward by the mercantilists in support of low wages. First, the view was taken that the English laborer was innately opposed to work. In the absence of poverty, workers would be certain to remain idle and higher wages were to be avoided as a means of enforcing a regular pattern of work that was required to increase national wealth. Alongside low wages, the workhouse was to act as a “school of industry” to instill in the poor the habit of regular and diligent work. Second, workers were claimed to have very low material horizons, and would be unresponsive to wage incentives. High wages were seen to result in increased idleness, with a negligible effect on consumption levels, and low wages and high prices were recommended as a means to coerce the workforce into working long hours. Third, workers in England were condemned for drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and for leading debauched lives. It was argued that if wages were allowed to rise, then workers were sure to indulge their passion for “vice.” Fourth, there was a fear that a rise in the living standards of the laborer would lead to disorder and sedition in society.

21. What is the passage mainly about?

【題組共用題幹】

Mercantilism is the term commonly used to describe the body of opinion that prevailed in economic thought from the sixteenth through to the mid-eighteenth centuries. The mercantilists believed that the affluence of a nation depended on its ability to achieve and maintain a positive trade surplus, and it was seen as of vital importance that a nation kept down the price of its exports. At the time when the mercantilists wrote, labor was the chief input into production and hence also the major cost of production. Consequently, there was a keen focus on the level of wages. It was argued that wages should be kept as low as possible not just to minimize direct labor costs and hence also export prices, but also to maximize the supply of labor.

The mercantilists believed that low wages were necessary to ensure that workers worked on a regular and continuous basis. The above ideas formed the basis of the so-called “utility of poverty” thesis: the argument that the wealth of the nation was greatest where those who labored were poor. The paradox in mercantilist labor doctrine was that, while the laborer was seen to provide the source of the nation’s wealth, he or she was argued to have no right to any greater share of economic wealth than was necessary to meet his or her most basic material needs.

Many opinions informed the case put forward by the mercantilists in support of low wages. First, the view was taken that the English laborer was innately opposed to work. In the absence of poverty, workers would be certain to remain idle and higher wages were to be avoided as a means of enforcing a regular pattern of work that was required to increase national wealth. Alongside low wages, the workhouse was to act as a “school of industry” to instill in the poor the habit of regular and diligent work. Second, workers were claimed to have very low material horizons, and would be unresponsive to wage incentives. High wages were seen to result in increased idleness, with a negligible effect on consumption levels, and low wages and high prices were recommended as a means to coerce the workforce into working long hours. Third, workers in England were condemned for drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and for leading debauched lives. It was argued that if wages were allowed to rise, then workers were sure to indulge their passion for “vice.” Fourth, there was a fear that a rise in the living standards of the laborer would lead to disorder and sedition in society.

22. According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the economic thought of mercantilism?

【題組共用題幹】

Mercantilism is the term commonly used to describe the body of opinion that prevailed in economic thought from the sixteenth through to the mid-eighteenth centuries. The mercantilists believed that the affluence of a nation depended on its ability to achieve and maintain a positive trade surplus, and it was seen as of vital importance that a nation kept down the price of its exports. At the time when the mercantilists wrote, labor was the chief input into production and hence also the major cost of production. Consequently, there was a keen focus on the level of wages. It was argued that wages should be kept as low as possible not just to minimize direct labor costs and hence also export prices, but also to maximize the supply of labor.

The mercantilists believed that low wages were necessary to ensure that workers worked on a regular and continuous basis. The above ideas formed the basis of the so-called “utility of poverty” thesis: the argument that the wealth of the nation was greatest where those who labored were poor. The paradox in mercantilist labor doctrine was that, while the laborer was seen to provide the source of the nation’s wealth, he or she was argued to have no right to any greater share of economic wealth than was necessary to meet his or her most basic material needs.

Many opinions informed the case put forward by the mercantilists in support of low wages. First, the view was taken that the English laborer was innately opposed to work. In the absence of poverty, workers would be certain to remain idle and higher wages were to be avoided as a means of enforcing a regular pattern of work that was required to increase national wealth. Alongside low wages, the workhouse was to act as a “school of industry” to instill in the poor the habit of regular and diligent work. Second, workers were claimed to have very low material horizons, and would be unresponsive to wage incentives. High wages were seen to result in increased idleness, with a negligible effect on consumption levels, and low wages and high prices were recommended as a means to coerce the workforce into working long hours. Third, workers in England were condemned for drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and for leading debauched lives. It was argued that if wages were allowed to rise, then workers were sure to indulge their passion for “vice.” Fourth, there was a fear that a rise in the living standards of the laborer would lead to disorder and sedition in society.

23. Which rationale is NOT suggested in the last paragraph for keeping wages low?

【題組共用題幹】

Mercantilism is the term commonly used to describe the body of opinion that prevailed in economic thought from the sixteenth through to the mid-eighteenth centuries. The mercantilists believed that the affluence of a nation depended on its ability to achieve and maintain a positive trade surplus, and it was seen as of vital importance that a nation kept down the price of its exports. At the time when the mercantilists wrote, labor was the chief input into production and hence also the major cost of production. Consequently, there was a keen focus on the level of wages. It was argued that wages should be kept as low as possible not just to minimize direct labor costs and hence also export prices, but also to maximize the supply of labor.

The mercantilists believed that low wages were necessary to ensure that workers worked on a regular and continuous basis. The above ideas formed the basis of the so-called “utility of poverty” thesis: the argument that the wealth of the nation was greatest where those who labored were poor. The paradox in mercantilist labor doctrine was that, while the laborer was seen to provide the source of the nation’s wealth, he or she was argued to have no right to any greater share of economic wealth than was necessary to meet his or her most basic material needs.

Many opinions informed the case put forward by the mercantilists in support of low wages. First, the view was taken that the English laborer was innately opposed to work. In the absence of poverty, workers would be certain to remain idle and higher wages were to be avoided as a means of enforcing a regular pattern of work that was required to increase national wealth. Alongside low wages, the workhouse was to act as a “school of industry” to instill in the poor the habit of regular and diligent work. Second, workers were claimed to have very low material horizons, and would be unresponsive to wage incentives. High wages were seen to result in increased idleness, with a negligible effect on consumption levels, and low wages and high prices were recommended as a means to coerce the workforce into working long hours. Third, workers in England were condemned for drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and for leading debauched lives. It was argued that if wages were allowed to rise, then workers were sure to indulge their passion for “vice.” Fourth, there was a fear that a rise in the living standards of the laborer would lead to disorder and sedition in society.

24. Which of the following words is closest in meaning to “condemned” in the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Mercantilism is the term commonly used to describe the body of opinion that prevailed in economic thought from the sixteenth through to the mid-eighteenth centuries. The mercantilists believed that the affluence of a nation depended on its ability to achieve and maintain a positive trade surplus, and it was seen as of vital importance that a nation kept down the price of its exports. At the time when the mercantilists wrote, labor was the chief input into production and hence also the major cost of production. Consequently, there was a keen focus on the level of wages. It was argued that wages should be kept as low as possible not just to minimize direct labor costs and hence also export prices, but also to maximize the supply of labor.

The mercantilists believed that low wages were necessary to ensure that workers worked on a regular and continuous basis. The above ideas formed the basis of the so-called “utility of poverty” thesis: the argument that the wealth of the nation was greatest where those who labored were poor. The paradox in mercantilist labor doctrine was that, while the laborer was seen to provide the source of the nation’s wealth, he or she was argued to have no right to any greater share of economic wealth than was necessary to meet his or her most basic material needs.

Many opinions informed the case put forward by the mercantilists in support of low wages. First, the view was taken that the English laborer was innately opposed to work. In the absence of poverty, workers would be certain to remain idle and higher wages were to be avoided as a means of enforcing a regular pattern of work that was required to increase national wealth. Alongside low wages, the workhouse was to act as a “school of industry” to instill in the poor the habit of regular and diligent work. Second, workers were claimed to have very low material horizons, and would be unresponsive to wage incentives. High wages were seen to result in increased idleness, with a negligible effect on consumption levels, and low wages and high prices were recommended as a means to coerce the workforce into working long hours. Third, workers in England were condemned for drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and for leading debauched lives. It was argued that if wages were allowed to rise, then workers were sure to indulge their passion for “vice.” Fourth, there was a fear that a rise in the living standards of the laborer would lead to disorder and sedition in society.

25. What is the paradox in mercantilist labor doctrine?