108 國安局特考三等 資訊組(選試英文) 外國文（英文） 考古題詳解

英譯中：

History has shown that languages attached to power, wealth, and prestige have spread at the expense of those viewed less favorably. Therefore, as the power attached to Mandarin Chinese or Hindi grows, so too will the use of these languages in the global arena. While we do not deny a future shift in world power, it is unlikely that these languages will replace English immediately since the trade-off between languages is not a zero-sum game.

中譯英：

根據美國法律，如果一個人被告犯罪，那在他被證明有罪之前，法庭必須先假定他是清白的。換句話說，法庭有責任舉證說明一個人有罪，被告沒有責任去證明自己是無辜的。

英文作文：

American courts depend on the ability of the jurors, not the judges, to determine the accuracy of the eyewitness’s testimony. Do you think this jury system will work in Taiwan? State your reasons to agree or disagree with this system.

The scandals are creating political headaches for the new mayor, who has seen his support rate ____.

With this simple ____ digital luggage scale, travelers can know their luggage weight before checking in.

We hung the pots and pans and other kitchen ____ on hooks by the stove.

John’s parents were traders, buying and selling corn and other ____ products.

Ms. Jane Smith is ____ with classical lore. She has published six books about Greek and Roman mythology.

Tommy’s mother had to stay up late because he got very sick. His ____ fever particularly concerned her all night long because his high fever would come and go frequently.

Both the manager and the head coach of the basketball team were furious and embarrassed that their team played so ____ that it was defeated by its opponent’s team with a 30-point loss.

If you have books you do not want or need anymore, you may ____ them to the public library.

After the boys disclosed their traumatic experience in the boarding school, that teacher was under ____ for sexual harassment.

Immigrants have a tendency to specialize in manual-intensive jobs because they are less ____ in the local language.

【題組共用題幹】

Child custody disputes present problems from a variety of perspectives. Although most disputes are ____ out of court, high divorce rates and conflicts between unmarried parents make custody contests one of the most frequent sources of ____ in the United States. Thus, custody disputes are expensive from the perspective of public interest. The current standard of ____ custody according to children’s “best interests” is a vague principle which, from the perspective of judges, makes custody disputes almost impossible to decide. Fears about losing your children, legal expenses, public embarrassment, and the ____ of a court battle are some of the many problems with custody disputes from the perspective of parents. Finally, from the perspective of children, a custody dispute ____ perhaps the worst thing about divorce: Getting caught, or put, in the middle of a war between your parents.

【題組共用題幹】

Child custody disputes present problems from a variety of perspectives. Although most disputes are ____ out of court, high divorce rates and conflicts between unmarried parents make custody contests one of the most frequent sources of ____ in the United States. Thus, custody disputes are expensive from the perspective of public interest. The current standard of ____ custody according to children’s “best interests” is a vague principle which, from the perspective of judges, makes custody disputes almost impossible to decide. Fears about losing your children, legal expenses, public embarrassment, and the ____ of a court battle are some of the many problems with custody disputes from the perspective of parents. Finally, from the perspective of children, a custody dispute ____ perhaps the worst thing about divorce: Getting caught, or put, in the middle of a war between your parents.

【題組共用題幹】

Child custody disputes present problems from a variety of perspectives. Although most disputes are ____ out of court, high divorce rates and conflicts between unmarried parents make custody contests one of the most frequent sources of ____ in the United States. Thus, custody disputes are expensive from the perspective of public interest. The current standard of ____ custody according to children’s “best interests” is a vague principle which, from the perspective of judges, makes custody disputes almost impossible to decide. Fears about losing your children, legal expenses, public embarrassment, and the ____ of a court battle are some of the many problems with custody disputes from the perspective of parents. Finally, from the perspective of children, a custody dispute ____ perhaps the worst thing about divorce: Getting caught, or put, in the middle of a war between your parents.

【題組共用題幹】

Child custody disputes present problems from a variety of perspectives. Although most disputes are ____ out of court, high divorce rates and conflicts between unmarried parents make custody contests one of the most frequent sources of ____ in the United States. Thus, custody disputes are expensive from the perspective of public interest. The current standard of ____ custody according to children’s “best interests” is a vague principle which, from the perspective of judges, makes custody disputes almost impossible to decide. Fears about losing your children, legal expenses, public embarrassment, and the ____ of a court battle are some of the many problems with custody disputes from the perspective of parents. Finally, from the perspective of children, a custody dispute ____ perhaps the worst thing about divorce: Getting caught, or put, in the middle of a war between your parents.

【題組共用題幹】

Child custody disputes present problems from a variety of perspectives. Although most disputes are ____ out of court, high divorce rates and conflicts between unmarried parents make custody contests one of the most frequent sources of ____ in the United States. Thus, custody disputes are expensive from the perspective of public interest. The current standard of ____ custody according to children’s “best interests” is a vague principle which, from the perspective of judges, makes custody disputes almost impossible to decide. Fears about losing your children, legal expenses, public embarrassment, and the ____ of a court battle are some of the many problems with custody disputes from the perspective of parents. Finally, from the perspective of children, a custody dispute ____ perhaps the worst thing about divorce: Getting caught, or put, in the middle of a war between your parents.

【題組共用題幹】

In an article entitled “The Lure of Technologies Past,” Nick Bilton says: “What I’ve come to realize is that while the new thing gets people excited, the old thing often doesn’t go away. And if it does, it takes a very long time to meet its demise.” Indeed, the old thing dies hard. Just take a look at film cameras. One would think they have been ____ by the digital camera, but millions of people still use them. And while Polaroid, the instant film camera, has filed for bankruptcy, the company is making a ____.

One of Polaroid’s largest growing ____ , surprisingly, is teenagers who want tangible photos but do not want to wait.

Other cases in point are vinyl records, print books and newspapers. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, 13 million vinyl records were sold in 2014, the highest count in 25 years. About 55 million newspapers still land on doorsteps every morning. And more than 571 million print books were sold in the United States in 2014.

So why does old technology ____ and, in some cases, undergo a revival? For some consumers, it’s about ____ (e.g., film cameras and record players), while for others, it’s about familiarity (e.g., newspapers and print books).

【題組共用題幹】

In an article entitled “The Lure of Technologies Past,” Nick Bilton says: “What I’ve come to realize is that while the new thing gets people excited, the old thing often doesn’t go away. And if it does, it takes a very long time to meet its demise.” Indeed, the old thing dies hard. Just take a look at film cameras. One would think they have been ____ by the digital camera, but millions of people still use them. And while Polaroid, the instant film camera, has filed for bankruptcy, the company is making a ____.

One of Polaroid’s largest growing ____ , surprisingly, is teenagers who want tangible photos but do not want to wait.

Other cases in point are vinyl records, print books and newspapers. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, 13 million vinyl records were sold in 2014, the highest count in 25 years. About 55 million newspapers still land on doorsteps every morning. And more than 571 million print books were sold in the United States in 2014.

So why does old technology ____ and, in some cases, undergo a revival? For some consumers, it’s about ____ (e.g., film cameras and record players), while for others, it’s about familiarity (e.g., newspapers and print books).

【題組共用題幹】

In an article entitled “The Lure of Technologies Past,” Nick Bilton says: “What I’ve come to realize is that while the new thing gets people excited, the old thing often doesn’t go away. And if it does, it takes a very long time to meet its demise.” Indeed, the old thing dies hard. Just take a look at film cameras. One would think they have been ____ by the digital camera, but millions of people still use them. And while Polaroid, the instant film camera, has filed for bankruptcy, the company is making a ____.

One of Polaroid’s largest growing ____ , surprisingly, is teenagers who want tangible photos but do not want to wait.

Other cases in point are vinyl records, print books and newspapers. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, 13 million vinyl records were sold in 2014, the highest count in 25 years. About 55 million newspapers still land on doorsteps every morning. And more than 571 million print books were sold in the United States in 2014.

So why does old technology ____ and, in some cases, undergo a revival? For some consumers, it’s about ____ (e.g., film cameras and record players), while for others, it’s about familiarity (e.g., newspapers and print books).

【題組共用題幹】

In an article entitled “The Lure of Technologies Past,” Nick Bilton says: “What I’ve come to realize is that while the new thing gets people excited, the old thing often doesn’t go away. And if it does, it takes a very long time to meet its demise.” Indeed, the old thing dies hard. Just take a look at film cameras. One would think they have been ____ by the digital camera, but millions of people still use them. And while Polaroid, the instant film camera, has filed for bankruptcy, the company is making a ____.

One of Polaroid’s largest growing ____ , surprisingly, is teenagers who want tangible photos but do not want to wait.

Other cases in point are vinyl records, print books and newspapers. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, 13 million vinyl records were sold in 2014, the highest count in 25 years. About 55 million newspapers still land on doorsteps every morning. And more than 571 million print books were sold in the United States in 2014.

So why does old technology ____ and, in some cases, undergo a revival? For some consumers, it’s about ____ (e.g., film cameras and record players), while for others, it’s about familiarity (e.g., newspapers and print books).

【題組共用題幹】

In an article entitled “The Lure of Technologies Past,” Nick Bilton says: “What I’ve come to realize is that while the new thing gets people excited, the old thing often doesn’t go away. And if it does, it takes a very long time to meet its demise.” Indeed, the old thing dies hard. Just take a look at film cameras. One would think they have been ____ by the digital camera, but millions of people still use them. And while Polaroid, the instant film camera, has filed for bankruptcy, the company is making a ____.

One of Polaroid’s largest growing ____ , surprisingly, is teenagers who want tangible photos but do not want to wait.

Other cases in point are vinyl records, print books and newspapers. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, 13 million vinyl records were sold in 2014, the highest count in 25 years. About 55 million newspapers still land on doorsteps every morning. And more than 571 million print books were sold in the United States in 2014.

So why does old technology ____ and, in some cases, undergo a revival? For some consumers, it’s about ____ (e.g., film cameras and record players), while for others, it’s about familiarity (e.g., newspapers and print books).

【題組共用題幹】

During a transabdominal ultrasound, a conductive gel is placed on the abdomen, and a hand-held wand which ____ sound waves is moved in a systematic pattern in an effort to examine the internal structures. This test requires a ____ bladder so that the organs in question are lifted out of the pelvis as the bladder fills. The patient may be asked to drink two to three glasses of water starting an hour ____ the test. This method works best for more advanced pregnancies when the fetus is well developed. The physician may have a vaginal scan performed during the first trimester to make sure the pregnancy is within the uterus and to rule out an ectopic pregnancy. It is also possible to visualize the fetal heartbeat and movement, and, thus, rule out a miscarriage. The vaginal scan can also determine if there is more than one pregnancy within the uterus. During the remainder of the pregnancy, scans may be used to look for problems, ____ the age and development of the fetus, check out its position within the uterus, and, between 16 and 20 weeks, determine the fetal sex. There is no risk to the woman or her developing fetus with ultrasound, and it is not uncomfortable. Ultrasound examinations aid doctors in establishing an accurate ____ date. The estimated date of delivery can now be predicted within two to four days if the initial ultrasound is performed early in pregnancy.

【題組共用題幹】

During a transabdominal ultrasound, a conductive gel is placed on the abdomen, and a hand-held wand which ____ sound waves is moved in a systematic pattern in an effort to examine the internal structures. This test requires a ____ bladder so that the organs in question are lifted out of the pelvis as the bladder fills. The patient may be asked to drink two to three glasses of water starting an hour ____ the test. This method works best for more advanced pregnancies when the fetus is well developed. The physician may have a vaginal scan performed during the first trimester to make sure the pregnancy is within the uterus and to rule out an ectopic pregnancy. It is also possible to visualize the fetal heartbeat and movement, and, thus, rule out a miscarriage. The vaginal scan can also determine if there is more than one pregnancy within the uterus. During the remainder of the pregnancy, scans may be used to look for problems, ____ the age and development of the fetus, check out its position within the uterus, and, between 16 and 20 weeks, determine the fetal sex. There is no risk to the woman or her developing fetus with ultrasound, and it is not uncomfortable. Ultrasound examinations aid doctors in establishing an accurate ____ date. The estimated date of delivery can now be predicted within two to four days if the initial ultrasound is performed early in pregnancy.

【題組共用題幹】

During a transabdominal ultrasound, a conductive gel is placed on the abdomen, and a hand-held wand which ____ sound waves is moved in a systematic pattern in an effort to examine the internal structures. This test requires a ____ bladder so that the organs in question are lifted out of the pelvis as the bladder fills. The patient may be asked to drink two to three glasses of water starting an hour ____ the test. This method works best for more advanced pregnancies when the fetus is well developed. The physician may have a vaginal scan performed during the first trimester to make sure the pregnancy is within the uterus and to rule out an ectopic pregnancy. It is also possible to visualize the fetal heartbeat and movement, and, thus, rule out a miscarriage. The vaginal scan can also determine if there is more than one pregnancy within the uterus. During the remainder of the pregnancy, scans may be used to look for problems, ____ the age and development of the fetus, check out its position within the uterus, and, between 16 and 20 weeks, determine the fetal sex. There is no risk to the woman or her developing fetus with ultrasound, and it is not uncomfortable. Ultrasound examinations aid doctors in establishing an accurate ____ date. The estimated date of delivery can now be predicted within two to four days if the initial ultrasound is performed early in pregnancy.

【題組共用題幹】

During a transabdominal ultrasound, a conductive gel is placed on the abdomen, and a hand-held wand which ____ sound waves is moved in a systematic pattern in an effort to examine the internal structures. This test requires a ____ bladder so that the organs in question are lifted out of the pelvis as the bladder fills. The patient may be asked to drink two to three glasses of water starting an hour ____ the test. This method works best for more advanced pregnancies when the fetus is well developed. The physician may have a vaginal scan performed during the first trimester to make sure the pregnancy is within the uterus and to rule out an ectopic pregnancy. It is also possible to visualize the fetal heartbeat and movement, and, thus, rule out a miscarriage. The vaginal scan can also determine if there is more than one pregnancy within the uterus. During the remainder of the pregnancy, scans may be used to look for problems, ____ the age and development of the fetus, check out its position within the uterus, and, between 16 and 20 weeks, determine the fetal sex. There is no risk to the woman or her developing fetus with ultrasound, and it is not uncomfortable. Ultrasound examinations aid doctors in establishing an accurate ____ date. The estimated date of delivery can now be predicted within two to four days if the initial ultrasound is performed early in pregnancy.

【題組共用題幹】

During a transabdominal ultrasound, a conductive gel is placed on the abdomen, and a hand-held wand which ____ sound waves is moved in a systematic pattern in an effort to examine the internal structures. This test requires a ____ bladder so that the organs in question are lifted out of the pelvis as the bladder fills. The patient may be asked to drink two to three glasses of water starting an hour ____ the test. This method works best for more advanced pregnancies when the fetus is well developed. The physician may have a vaginal scan performed during the first trimester to make sure the pregnancy is within the uterus and to rule out an ectopic pregnancy. It is also possible to visualize the fetal heartbeat and movement, and, thus, rule out a miscarriage. The vaginal scan can also determine if there is more than one pregnancy within the uterus. During the remainder of the pregnancy, scans may be used to look for problems, ____ the age and development of the fetus, check out its position within the uterus, and, between 16 and 20 weeks, determine the fetal sex. There is no risk to the woman or her developing fetus with ultrasound, and it is not uncomfortable. Ultrasound examinations aid doctors in establishing an accurate ____ date. The estimated date of delivery can now be predicted within two to four days if the initial ultrasound is performed early in pregnancy.

【題組共用題幹】

Extending health coverage to illegal immigrants is sound policy. The inclusion of the illegal-immigrant population may lower costs in numerous ways, including lower insurance premiums, lower emergency medical expenditures, and a switch from expensive late-stage treatments to cost-effective preventative and ambulatory care. Coverage will obviously benefit illegal immigrants, but the entire US population will also reap the rewards of a broader risk pool comprising individuals with comparatively low medical expenditures and usage trends. Extending coverage could also have important public health benefits. Ensuring treatment, especially of infectious disease, protects the health of the population as a whole, and this is particularly important considering the ease of travel and access to different parts of the globe. The public health is also served by prompt diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Allowing illegal immigrants to stay and pretending they’re not here doesn’t work for anyone. Prohibiting inclusion of illegal immigrants in the formal healthcare system and at the same time extending piecemeal benefits, emergency rooms, and some patchwork of state and local governments is a poor way to address the intractable problem of ever increasing health care costs. The federal government should meet this challenge head-on in the form of health coverage, recognizing the benefits that could accrue to it by instituting necessary health insurance reforms. Even if immigration reform does materialize, nothing will have been lost by providing coverage in the interim. As the illegal immigrant population declines, for instance, because of fewer economic opportunities in the United States or absorption into the lawful immigrant category, the system has enough fluidity to respond. Further tweaks may be necessary, but incremental improvement is a characteristic of any public benefits scheme. What is not acceptable is to tacitly ignore the problem while setting up additional barriers to coverage.

What is the first paragraph mainly about?

【題組共用題幹】

Extending health coverage to illegal immigrants is sound policy. The inclusion of the illegal-immigrant population may lower costs in numerous ways, including lower insurance premiums, lower emergency medical expenditures, and a switch from expensive late-stage treatments to cost-effective preventative and ambulatory care. Coverage will obviously benefit illegal immigrants, but the entire US population will also reap the rewards of a broader risk pool comprising individuals with comparatively low medical expenditures and usage trends. Extending coverage could also have important public health benefits. Ensuring treatment, especially of infectious disease, protects the health of the population as a whole, and this is particularly important considering the ease of travel and access to different parts of the globe. The public health is also served by prompt diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Allowing illegal immigrants to stay and pretending they’re not here doesn’t work for anyone. Prohibiting inclusion of illegal immigrants in the formal healthcare system and at the same time extending piecemeal benefits, emergency rooms, and some patchwork of state and local governments is a poor way to address the intractable problem of ever increasing health care costs. The federal government should meet this challenge head-on in the form of health coverage, recognizing the benefits that could accrue to it by instituting necessary health insurance reforms. Even if immigration reform does materialize, nothing will have been lost by providing coverage in the interim. As the illegal immigrant population declines, for instance, because of fewer economic opportunities in the United States or absorption into the lawful immigrant category, the system has enough fluidity to respond. Further tweaks may be necessary, but incremental improvement is a characteristic of any public benefits scheme. What is not acceptable is to tacitly ignore the problem while setting up additional barriers to coverage.

Which of the following arguments is supported by the author of the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Extending health coverage to illegal immigrants is sound policy. The inclusion of the illegal-immigrant population may lower costs in numerous ways, including lower insurance premiums, lower emergency medical expenditures, and a switch from expensive late-stage treatments to cost-effective preventative and ambulatory care. Coverage will obviously benefit illegal immigrants, but the entire US population will also reap the rewards of a broader risk pool comprising individuals with comparatively low medical expenditures and usage trends. Extending coverage could also have important public health benefits. Ensuring treatment, especially of infectious disease, protects the health of the population as a whole, and this is particularly important considering the ease of travel and access to different parts of the globe. The public health is also served by prompt diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Allowing illegal immigrants to stay and pretending they’re not here doesn’t work for anyone. Prohibiting inclusion of illegal immigrants in the formal healthcare system and at the same time extending piecemeal benefits, emergency rooms, and some patchwork of state and local governments is a poor way to address the intractable problem of ever increasing health care costs. The federal government should meet this challenge head-on in the form of health coverage, recognizing the benefits that could accrue to it by instituting necessary health insurance reforms. Even if immigration reform does materialize, nothing will have been lost by providing coverage in the interim. As the illegal immigrant population declines, for instance, because of fewer economic opportunities in the United States or absorption into the lawful immigrant category, the system has enough fluidity to respond. Further tweaks may be necessary, but incremental improvement is a characteristic of any public benefits scheme. What is not acceptable is to tacitly ignore the problem while setting up additional barriers to coverage.

What does the author mean by “Further tweaks may be necessary” in the second paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

Extending health coverage to illegal immigrants is sound policy. The inclusion of the illegal-immigrant population may lower costs in numerous ways, including lower insurance premiums, lower emergency medical expenditures, and a switch from expensive late-stage treatments to cost-effective preventative and ambulatory care. Coverage will obviously benefit illegal immigrants, but the entire US population will also reap the rewards of a broader risk pool comprising individuals with comparatively low medical expenditures and usage trends. Extending coverage could also have important public health benefits. Ensuring treatment, especially of infectious disease, protects the health of the population as a whole, and this is particularly important considering the ease of travel and access to different parts of the globe. The public health is also served by prompt diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Allowing illegal immigrants to stay and pretending they’re not here doesn’t work for anyone. Prohibiting inclusion of illegal immigrants in the formal healthcare system and at the same time extending piecemeal benefits, emergency rooms, and some patchwork of state and local governments is a poor way to address the intractable problem of ever increasing health care costs. The federal government should meet this challenge head-on in the form of health coverage, recognizing the benefits that could accrue to it by instituting necessary health insurance reforms. Even if immigration reform does materialize, nothing will have been lost by providing coverage in the interim. As the illegal immigrant population declines, for instance, because of fewer economic opportunities in the United States or absorption into the lawful immigrant category, the system has enough fluidity to respond. Further tweaks may be necessary, but incremental improvement is a characteristic of any public benefits scheme. What is not acceptable is to tacitly ignore the problem while setting up additional barriers to coverage.

What is the author’s opinion about the federal government’s role in health insurance?

【題組共用題幹】

Extending health coverage to illegal immigrants is sound policy. The inclusion of the illegal-immigrant population may lower costs in numerous ways, including lower insurance premiums, lower emergency medical expenditures, and a switch from expensive late-stage treatments to cost-effective preventative and ambulatory care. Coverage will obviously benefit illegal immigrants, but the entire US population will also reap the rewards of a broader risk pool comprising individuals with comparatively low medical expenditures and usage trends. Extending coverage could also have important public health benefits. Ensuring treatment, especially of infectious disease, protects the health of the population as a whole, and this is particularly important considering the ease of travel and access to different parts of the globe. The public health is also served by prompt diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Allowing illegal immigrants to stay and pretending they’re not here doesn’t work for anyone. Prohibiting inclusion of illegal immigrants in the formal healthcare system and at the same time extending piecemeal benefits, emergency rooms, and some patchwork of state and local governments is a poor way to address the intractable problem of ever increasing health care costs. The federal government should meet this challenge head-on in the form of health coverage, recognizing the benefits that could accrue to it by instituting necessary health insurance reforms. Even if immigration reform does materialize, nothing will have been lost by providing coverage in the interim. As the illegal immigrant population declines, for instance, because of fewer economic opportunities in the United States or absorption into the lawful immigrant category, the system has enough fluidity to respond. Further tweaks may be necessary, but incremental improvement is a characteristic of any public benefits scheme. What is not acceptable is to tacitly ignore the problem while setting up additional barriers to coverage.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true if health insurance is provided to illegal immigrants?

【題組共用題幹】

People become vegetarians for many reasons, including health, religious convictions, concerns about animal welfare or the use of antibiotics and hormones in livestock, or a desire to eat in a way that avoids excessive use of environmental resources. Becoming a vegetarian has become more appealing and accessible, thanks to the year-round availability of fresh produce, more vegetarian dining options, and the growing culinary influence of cultures with largely plant-based diets.

Approximately six to eight million adults in the United States eat no meat, fish, or poultry. Several million more have eliminated red meat but still eat chicken or fish. About two million have become vegans, forgoing not only animal flesh but also animal-based products such as milk, cheese, eggs, and gelatin.

Traditionally, research into vegetarianism focused mainly on potential nutritional deficiencies, but in recent years, the pendulum has swung the other way, and studies are confirming the health benefits of meat-free eating. Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many chronic illnesses. According to the American Dietetic Association, “appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.”

You can get many of the health benefits of being vegetarian without going all the way. For example, a Mediterranean eating pattern — known to be associated with longer life and reduced risk of several chronic illnesses — features an emphasis on plant foods with a sparing use of meat. Even if you don’t want to become a complete vegetarian, you can steer your diet in that direction with a few simple substitutions, such as plant-based sources of protein — beans or tofu, for example — or fish instead of meat a couple of times a week. Only you can decide whether a vegetarian diet is right for you.

What is the best title of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

People become vegetarians for many reasons, including health, religious convictions, concerns about animal welfare or the use of antibiotics and hormones in livestock, or a desire to eat in a way that avoids excessive use of environmental resources. Becoming a vegetarian has become more appealing and accessible, thanks to the year-round availability of fresh produce, more vegetarian dining options, and the growing culinary influence of cultures with largely plant-based diets.

Approximately six to eight million adults in the United States eat no meat, fish, or poultry. Several million more have eliminated red meat but still eat chicken or fish. About two million have become vegans, forgoing not only animal flesh but also animal-based products such as milk, cheese, eggs, and gelatin.

Traditionally, research into vegetarianism focused mainly on potential nutritional deficiencies, but in recent years, the pendulum has swung the other way, and studies are confirming the health benefits of meat-free eating. Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many chronic illnesses. According to the American Dietetic Association, “appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.”

You can get many of the health benefits of being vegetarian without going all the way. For example, a Mediterranean eating pattern — known to be associated with longer life and reduced risk of several chronic illnesses — features an emphasis on plant foods with a sparing use of meat. Even if you don’t want to become a complete vegetarian, you can steer your diet in that direction with a few simple substitutions, such as plant-based sources of protein — beans or tofu, for example — or fish instead of meat a couple of times a week. Only you can decide whether a vegetarian diet is right for you.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of the rise in vegan eating?

【題組共用題幹】

People become vegetarians for many reasons, including health, religious convictions, concerns about animal welfare or the use of antibiotics and hormones in livestock, or a desire to eat in a way that avoids excessive use of environmental resources. Becoming a vegetarian has become more appealing and accessible, thanks to the year-round availability of fresh produce, more vegetarian dining options, and the growing culinary influence of cultures with largely plant-based diets.

Approximately six to eight million adults in the United States eat no meat, fish, or poultry. Several million more have eliminated red meat but still eat chicken or fish. About two million have become vegans, forgoing not only animal flesh but also animal-based products such as milk, cheese, eggs, and gelatin.

Traditionally, research into vegetarianism focused mainly on potential nutritional deficiencies, but in recent years, the pendulum has swung the other way, and studies are confirming the health benefits of meat-free eating. Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many chronic illnesses. According to the American Dietetic Association, “appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.”

You can get many of the health benefits of being vegetarian without going all the way. For example, a Mediterranean eating pattern — known to be associated with longer life and reduced risk of several chronic illnesses — features an emphasis on plant foods with a sparing use of meat. Even if you don’t want to become a complete vegetarian, you can steer your diet in that direction with a few simple substitutions, such as plant-based sources of protein — beans or tofu, for example — or fish instead of meat a couple of times a week. Only you can decide whether a vegetarian diet is right for you.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to “forgoing” in the second paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

People become vegetarians for many reasons, including health, religious convictions, concerns about animal welfare or the use of antibiotics and hormones in livestock, or a desire to eat in a way that avoids excessive use of environmental resources. Becoming a vegetarian has become more appealing and accessible, thanks to the year-round availability of fresh produce, more vegetarian dining options, and the growing culinary influence of cultures with largely plant-based diets.

Approximately six to eight million adults in the United States eat no meat, fish, or poultry. Several million more have eliminated red meat but still eat chicken or fish. About two million have become vegans, forgoing not only animal flesh but also animal-based products such as milk, cheese, eggs, and gelatin.

Traditionally, research into vegetarianism focused mainly on potential nutritional deficiencies, but in recent years, the pendulum has swung the other way, and studies are confirming the health benefits of meat-free eating. Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many chronic illnesses. According to the American Dietetic Association, “appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.”

You can get many of the health benefits of being vegetarian without going all the way. For example, a Mediterranean eating pattern — known to be associated with longer life and reduced risk of several chronic illnesses — features an emphasis on plant foods with a sparing use of meat. Even if you don’t want to become a complete vegetarian, you can steer your diet in that direction with a few simple substitutions, such as plant-based sources of protein — beans or tofu, for example — or fish instead of meat a couple of times a week. Only you can decide whether a vegetarian diet is right for you.

What is the purpose of the third paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

People become vegetarians for many reasons, including health, religious convictions, concerns about animal welfare or the use of antibiotics and hormones in livestock, or a desire to eat in a way that avoids excessive use of environmental resources. Becoming a vegetarian has become more appealing and accessible, thanks to the year-round availability of fresh produce, more vegetarian dining options, and the growing culinary influence of cultures with largely plant-based diets.

Approximately six to eight million adults in the United States eat no meat, fish, or poultry. Several million more have eliminated red meat but still eat chicken or fish. About two million have become vegans, forgoing not only animal flesh but also animal-based products such as milk, cheese, eggs, and gelatin.

Traditionally, research into vegetarianism focused mainly on potential nutritional deficiencies, but in recent years, the pendulum has swung the other way, and studies are confirming the health benefits of meat-free eating. Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many chronic illnesses. According to the American Dietetic Association, “appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.”

You can get many of the health benefits of being vegetarian without going all the way. For example, a Mediterranean eating pattern — known to be associated with longer life and reduced risk of several chronic illnesses — features an emphasis on plant foods with a sparing use of meat. Even if you don’t want to become a complete vegetarian, you can steer your diet in that direction with a few simple substitutions, such as plant-based sources of protein — beans or tofu, for example — or fish instead of meat a couple of times a week. Only you can decide whether a vegetarian diet is right for you.

What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

One of the biggest ideas to hit the political world in recent years is that politics is increasingly defined by the division between open and closed, rather than left and right. Openness means support for both economic openness (welcoming immigration and free trade) and the cultural sort (embracing ethnic and sexual minorities). Closedness means the opposite.

The most obvious problem with the open-closed theory is that the divide is so slippery. Few people support entirely open societies—it would be unreasonable to allow Ebola victims to cross borders unimpeded. By the same token, few people advocate becoming a hermit kingdom like North Korea. Nor are open and closed necessarily opposites. Having a strong border can make people more open, by giving them a sense that they can manage openness. Historically, most of the world’s great centers of commerce have been walled cities. Constantinople, the crossroads between east and west, boasted not just a formidable wall but an outer and inner harbor.

There is a better explanation of political polarization than the open-closed split. It is the gap between exam-passers and exam-flunkers. Qualifications grant access to a world that is protected from the downside of globalization. You can get a job with a superstar company that has constructed moats and drawbridges to protect itself, or with a middle-class guild that provides job security, or with the state bureaucracy. Failing exams casts you down into an unpredictable world of cut-throat competition.

Exam-passers combine a common ability to manage the downside of globalization with a common outlook that binds them together and legitimizes their disdain for rival tribes. Exam-flunkers, meanwhile, are united by anger at the elitists who claim to be open as long as their jobs are protected. They are increasingly willing to bring the system crashing down. Talking about open v closed is a double error. It obscures the deeper forces dividing the world, and spares winners by playing down the legitimate concerns of losers.

What is the main purpose of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

One of the biggest ideas to hit the political world in recent years is that politics is increasingly defined by the division between open and closed, rather than left and right. Openness means support for both economic openness (welcoming immigration and free trade) and the cultural sort (embracing ethnic and sexual minorities). Closedness means the opposite.

The most obvious problem with the open-closed theory is that the divide is so slippery. Few people support entirely open societies—it would be unreasonable to allow Ebola victims to cross borders unimpeded. By the same token, few people advocate becoming a hermit kingdom like North Korea. Nor are open and closed necessarily opposites. Having a strong border can make people more open, by giving them a sense that they can manage openness. Historically, most of the world’s great centers of commerce have been walled cities. Constantinople, the crossroads between east and west, boasted not just a formidable wall but an outer and inner harbor.

There is a better explanation of political polarization than the open-closed split. It is the gap between exam-passers and exam-flunkers. Qualifications grant access to a world that is protected from the downside of globalization. You can get a job with a superstar company that has constructed moats and drawbridges to protect itself, or with a middle-class guild that provides job security, or with the state bureaucracy. Failing exams casts you down into an unpredictable world of cut-throat competition.

Exam-passers combine a common ability to manage the downside of globalization with a common outlook that binds them together and legitimizes their disdain for rival tribes. Exam-flunkers, meanwhile, are united by anger at the elitists who claim to be open as long as their jobs are protected. They are increasingly willing to bring the system crashing down. Talking about open v closed is a double error. It obscures the deeper forces dividing the world, and spares winners by playing down the legitimate concerns of losers.

Why does the author use the phrase “by the same token” in Paragraph 2?

【題組共用題幹】

One of the biggest ideas to hit the political world in recent years is that politics is increasingly defined by the division between open and closed, rather than left and right. Openness means support for both economic openness (welcoming immigration and free trade) and the cultural sort (embracing ethnic and sexual minorities). Closedness means the opposite.

The most obvious problem with the open-closed theory is that the divide is so slippery. Few people support entirely open societies—it would be unreasonable to allow Ebola victims to cross borders unimpeded. By the same token, few people advocate becoming a hermit kingdom like North Korea. Nor are open and closed necessarily opposites. Having a strong border can make people more open, by giving them a sense that they can manage openness. Historically, most of the world’s great centers of commerce have been walled cities. Constantinople, the crossroads between east and west, boasted not just a formidable wall but an outer and inner harbor.

There is a better explanation of political polarization than the open-closed split. It is the gap between exam-passers and exam-flunkers. Qualifications grant access to a world that is protected from the downside of globalization. You can get a job with a superstar company that has constructed moats and drawbridges to protect itself, or with a middle-class guild that provides job security, or with the state bureaucracy. Failing exams casts you down into an unpredictable world of cut-throat competition.

Exam-passers combine a common ability to manage the downside of globalization with a common outlook that binds them together and legitimizes their disdain for rival tribes. Exam-flunkers, meanwhile, are united by anger at the elitists who claim to be open as long as their jobs are protected. They are increasingly willing to bring the system crashing down. Talking about open v closed is a double error. It obscures the deeper forces dividing the world, and spares winners by playing down the legitimate concerns of losers.

Why does the gap between exam-passers and exam-flunkers offer a better explanation of political polarization than the open-closed split?

【題組共用題幹】

One of the biggest ideas to hit the political world in recent years is that politics is increasingly defined by the division between open and closed, rather than left and right. Openness means support for both economic openness (welcoming immigration and free trade) and the cultural sort (embracing ethnic and sexual minorities). Closedness means the opposite.

The most obvious problem with the open-closed theory is that the divide is so slippery. Few people support entirely open societies—it would be unreasonable to allow Ebola victims to cross borders unimpeded. By the same token, few people advocate becoming a hermit kingdom like North Korea. Nor are open and closed necessarily opposites. Having a strong border can make people more open, by giving them a sense that they can manage openness. Historically, most of the world’s great centers of commerce have been walled cities. Constantinople, the crossroads between east and west, boasted not just a formidable wall but an outer and inner harbor.

There is a better explanation of political polarization than the open-closed split. It is the gap between exam-passers and exam-flunkers. Qualifications grant access to a world that is protected from the downside of globalization. You can get a job with a superstar company that has constructed moats and drawbridges to protect itself, or with a middle-class guild that provides job security, or with the state bureaucracy. Failing exams casts you down into an unpredictable world of cut-throat competition.

Exam-passers combine a common ability to manage the downside of globalization with a common outlook that binds them together and legitimizes their disdain for rival tribes. Exam-flunkers, meanwhile, are united by anger at the elitists who claim to be open as long as their jobs are protected. They are increasingly willing to bring the system crashing down. Talking about open v closed is a double error. It obscures the deeper forces dividing the world, and spares winners by playing down the legitimate concerns of losers.

Why does the author mention “Constantinople” in Paragraph 2?

【題組共用題幹】

One of the biggest ideas to hit the political world in recent years is that politics is increasingly defined by the division between open and closed, rather than left and right. Openness means support for both economic openness (welcoming immigration and free trade) and the cultural sort (embracing ethnic and sexual minorities). Closedness means the opposite.

The most obvious problem with the open-closed theory is that the divide is so slippery. Few people support entirely open societies—it would be unreasonable to allow Ebola victims to cross borders unimpeded. By the same token, few people advocate becoming a hermit kingdom like North Korea. Nor are open and closed necessarily opposites. Having a strong border can make people more open, by giving them a sense that they can manage openness. Historically, most of the world’s great centers of commerce have been walled cities. Constantinople, the crossroads between east and west, boasted not just a formidable wall but an outer and inner harbor.

There is a better explanation of political polarization than the open-closed split. It is the gap between exam-passers and exam-flunkers. Qualifications grant access to a world that is protected from the downside of globalization. You can get a job with a superstar company that has constructed moats and drawbridges to protect itself, or with a middle-class guild that provides job security, or with the state bureaucracy. Failing exams casts you down into an unpredictable world of cut-throat competition.

Exam-passers combine a common ability to manage the downside of globalization with a common outlook that binds them together and legitimizes their disdain for rival tribes. Exam-flunkers, meanwhile, are united by anger at the elitists who claim to be open as long as their jobs are protected. They are increasingly willing to bring the system crashing down. Talking about open v closed is a double error. It obscures the deeper forces dividing the world, and spares winners by playing down the legitimate concerns of losers.

According to the last two paragraphs, which of the following statements is true about people failing exams?