111 國軍退除役轉任公務人員少將轉任 一般行政(轉任退輔會) 中華民國憲法與英文 考古題詳解
第 一 題25 分
憲法第 13 條規定:「人民有信仰宗教之自由。」又同法第 20 條規定:「人民有依法服兵役之義務。」試問人民可否以信仰宗教為理由拒服兵役?
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核心觀念
本題涉及「宗教信仰自由」與「服兵役之義務」之衝突衡量,核心考點與適用法規範如下(以命題當年民國 111 年法規與司法解釋為準;現行法兵役役期與替代役規定後續雖有修正,但憲法審查法理完全一致):
- 憲法第 13 條(宗教信仰自由之保障層次):
- 內在信仰自由:涉及個人內心思想、信念與良心之精神世界,享有絕對保障,國家在任何情況下皆不得侵犯或強迫改變。
- 外在宗教行為自由:包含宗教儀式、傳道及依宗教教義之具體行為,因涉及外部社會秩序與公共利益,僅受「相對保障」,國家得在符合憲法第 23 條比例原則及法律保留原則之前提下予以合理限制。
- 憲法第 20 條(依法服兵役義務):
- 服兵役係為保障國家生存、維護人民安全所不可或缺之義務,具有高度公共利益性與全體國民防衛負擔之平等性。
- 司法院釋字第 490 號解釋:
- 役男雖得因宗教信仰主張不願持槍戰鬥(良心拒服兵役),但服兵役義務係國家防衛之基礎,並未侵害其內在信仰自由;外在之不服兵役行為危害國防安全,立法者課予兵役義務合憲。
- 《替代役實施條例》(立法形成自由之寬容):
- 立法者為照顧少數宗教良心信仰者,得另設「宗教因素替代役」,惟此屬「履行法定義務方式之轉換」,而非「免除兵役義務」。
解題方法
本題為國家考試之申論題型,答題應採取「法學三段論法」與「基本權衝突審查架構」,切入點分為三層次論證:
- 層次一:基本權定性與保障範圍界定
- 區分憲法第 13 條之「內在信仰自由」(絕對保障)與「外在宗教行為」(相對保障)。
- 說明「拒絕履行法律義務(如服兵役)」屬於外在行為實踐,非屬絕對保障之範圍。
- 層次二:法益衝突與合憲性審查(援引司法院釋字第 490 號解釋)
- 檢驗憲法第 20 條課予人民服兵役義務之目的(維護國家生存與全民安全)屬於重大公共利益。
- 服兵役義務之履行,僅要求人民提供勞務與接受軍事訓練,並未強制人民放棄或改變其內在宗教信仰。若允許個人以宗教為由免除兵役,將破壞國民防衛負擔之平等性,並危及國家存亡。
- 層次三:制度調和與涵攝結論
- 原則上人民不得拒服兵役;若法律(如《替代役實施條例》)設有宗教因素替代役機制,人民得依法申請轉換履行形式,但本質上仍須服役,絕無「完全免除義務」之權利。
第 二 題25 分
司法院大法官組成憲法法庭。試依我國憲法等法規範之規定,說明司法院大法官掌理之職權為何?
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核心觀念
本題測驗核心為我國司法院大法官之憲法職權體系,以及民國 111 年 1 月 4 日正式施行之《憲法訴訟法》下,大法官組成「憲法法庭」行使職權之具體範疇。
- 法令適用基準:本題以命題當年(民國 111 年)法規為準(《憲法訴訟法》於民國 111 年 1 月 4 日施行,原《司法院大法官審理案件法》廢止;現行法迄今仍維持此六大職權架構)。
- 關鍵法條依據:
- 《中華民國憲法》第 78 條(解釋憲法、統一解釋法令)。
- 《中華民國憲法增修條文》第 5 條第 4 項(組成憲法法庭審理總統副總統彈劾及政黨違憲解散)。
- 《憲法訴訟法》第 1 條第 1 項(憲法法庭掌理之六大案件類型)。
解題方法
本題屬標準的「法制職權體系」申論題,答題切入點應採由上位法(憲法位階)導向具體實定法(憲法訴訟法)之層次鋪陳法:
- 確立憲法基礎:先引述《憲法》第 78 條及《憲法增修條文》第 5 條第 4 項,確立大法官職權的憲政根本依據。
- 開展法定職權(實定法具體化):緊扣題幹「司法院大法官組成憲法法庭」,直指《憲法訴訟法》第 1 條第 1 項,將大法官實質掌理之六大類審理權限依序條列並簡述內涵,展現對 111 年新制「司法訴訟化」與「裁判憲法審查」的掌握度。
選項分析(本題為申論題,依評分要點逐項剖析職權內涵)
依《憲法》、《憲法增修條文》及命題當年施行之《憲法訴訟法》第 1 條第 1 項規定,司法院大法官組成憲法法庭掌理之職權共計六大審理案件類型:
- 法規範憲法審查及裁判憲法審查案件(憲法訴訟法第三章)
- 法規範憲法審查:審查法律或命令是否牴觸憲法。國家最高機關、立法委員現額四分之一以上、各級法院法官於審理案件時,均得依法聲請。
- 裁判憲法審查:為民國 111 年《憲法訴訟法》引進之重大新制。人民於窮盡通常法律救濟途徑後,認確定終局裁判所適用之法規範或該裁判本身有牴觸憲法者,得聲請憲法法庭宣告違憲。
- 機關爭議案件(憲法訴訟法第四章)
- 國家最高機關因行使憲法上職權,與其他國家最高機關發生爭議,經協商未果者,得聲請憲法法庭裁判。
- 總統、副總統彈劾案件(憲法增修條文第 5 條第 4 項、憲法訴訟法第五章)
- 立法院依法提出總統、副總統彈劾案後,由司法院大法官組成憲法法庭審理;經宣告彈劾成立者,被彈劾人即行解職。
- 政黨違憲解散案件(憲法增修條文第 5 條第 4 項、憲法訴訟法第六章)
第 1 題2 分
Disaster relief missions demonstrate to all the allies the willingness to support a ____ in need.
核心觀念
本題考「語境判斷」與常見搭配 a friend in need,意為「有困難的朋友」。句中的 Disaster relief missions(災害救援任務)展現盟友願意支援陷入困境者的態度,因此空格應填能與 in need 自然搭配、且符合句意的名詞。
解題方法
先讀句意:災害救援任務向所有盟友展現了「願意支援一個有需要的__」的態度。接著判斷 in need 修飾的人物或對象,並選擇與語境及固定搭配都相符的字。a friend in need 是常見用法,意指需要幫助的朋友。
選項分析
- (A) friend(朋友)— 正確。 a friend in need 表示「有難的朋友」,符合災害救援與支援盟友的語境。全句意為:「災害救援任務向所有盟友展現了,願意支持有需要的朋友。」
第 2 題2 分
The potential lack of trust ____ in the group members led to the failure of the joint project.
核心觀念
本題考形容詞的字義與句子中的詞性。空格位於名詞片語 lack of trust ____ in the group members 中,應填入能修飾 trust,且語意符合上下文的形容詞。
inherent 表示「內在的、固有的」,常見搭配為 inherent in,意為「內含於……、……本身固有的」。
解題方法
先看句意:句子指出,團隊成員之間「缺乏信任」導致合作計畫失敗。空格後的 in the group members 可與 inherent 組成常見搭配 inherent in,描述這種缺乏信任是團隊成員間固有的問題。
句意為:「團隊成員之間固有的信任缺乏,導致了合作計畫失敗。」
選項分析
第 3 題2 分
There are always things waiting to be done; the physical and virtual piles of work never get any ____.
核心觀念
本題考固定搭配 get any + 比較級,意思是「變得更……」。句中的 piles of work 指「一堆堆待辦工作」,get smaller 即「減少、變少」。
解題方法
前句說「總有事情等著處理」,後句接著說「實體與虛擬的工作堆從未變得更少」。前後語意相連,因此空格應填表示「更小」的比較級 smaller。
選項分析
- (A) smaller:正確。get smaller 表示「變得更小」;用於工作堆,意指工作量減少,符合句意。
第 4 題2 分
Everything about the country seemed ____ different from what I’d experienced before.
核心觀念
本題考副詞修飾形容詞的用法,以及副詞語意與句意的搭配。句中的 different 是形容詞,空格需填入能修飾形容詞的副詞;句意是「這個國家的一切看起來都和我以前經歷過的截然不同」。
解題方法
先看空格後的 different,判斷空格要填副詞;再依句意選擇能表示「完全、極其」的副詞。utterly different 是常見搭配,表示「截然不同、完全不同」。
選項分析
- (A) utterly:副詞,意為「完全地、徹底地」。
utterly different表示「截然不同」,符合句意,正確。 - (B) vulnerably:副詞,意為「脆弱地、易受傷害地」,通常描述人或事物容易受到傷害的狀態,語意不適合修飾
different。
第 5 題2 分
Eye-witness accounts of the fighting differ ____ from police reports of what happened.
核心觀念
本題考副詞的語意與搭配。空格修飾動詞 differ(不同),要選出表示「差異很大、明顯不同」的副詞。句意是:目擊者對戰況的說法,與警方對事發經過的報告有明顯差異。
解題方法
先確認空格修飾 differ,再依上下文判斷所需語意:句子是在比較兩種對事件的描述,適合填入表示「顯著地、大幅地」的副詞 markedly。
選項分析
- (A) markedly:意為「顯著地、明顯地、大幅地」。常見搭配包括 differ markedly,表示「差異顯著」,符合句意。
第 6 題2 分
Pete Townshend, the legendary guitarist of the band The Who, has confessed on his website that he is ____ from a musician’s nightmare: he is deaf.
核心觀念
本題考「動詞+介系詞」的固定搭配,以及依上下文判斷字義。句意是:The Who 樂團的傳奇吉他手 Pete Townshend 在個人網站坦承,自己正因一名音樂家最害怕的狀況而受苦——他耳聾了。
解題方法
空格位於 is ____ from,後面接 a musician’s nightmare,而冒號後的 he is deaf 說明這個「音樂家的夢魘」就是耳聾。英文慣用搭配是 suffer from + 疾病、問題或不良狀況,意為「受……所苦、患有……」,因此應填 suffering,構成 is suffering from。
選項分析
- (A) refraining:refrain from + V-ing 表示「克制不做某事」,例如 refrain from smoking(避免吸菸)。此處後接的是名詞片語 a musician’s nightmare,語意也不是「克制不受夢魘影響」,不合句意。
第 7 題2 分
Even though the mistake was acknowledged, the travel agency refused to offer ____ for the consumer’s loss of time and money.
核心觀念
本題考字彙辨義與語境判斷。句意是:「雖然旅行社承認了錯誤,卻拒絕就消費者所損失的時間與金錢提供__。」空格需要填入表示「補償、賠償」的名詞。
解題方法
先看搭配詞:offer compensation for ... 表示「就……提供補償」。句中的 loss of time and money(時間與金錢的損失)也符合「補償」的語意,因此選 compensation。
選項分析
第 8 題2 分
Many students found it extremely uncomfortable when the famous author showed overt ____ against women in his public address yesterday.
核心觀念
本題考字彙辨析,重點是理解 overt(公開的、明顯的)及 against women(針對女性)所提供的語意線索。句意是:許多學生對這位知名作家昨天在公開演講中明顯表現出「針對女性的某種態度或行為」感到非常不舒服。
解題方法
先看空格後面的 against women。四個選項中,最能與「針對女性」搭配、表示不公平對待的字是 discrimination,意為「歧視」。overt discrimination against women 即「公開的女性歧視」,符合句意。
選項分析
- (A) demonstration:示範、示威或表現。通常說 demonstration of something,不表示針對女性的不公平待遇,語意不合。
- (B) discrimination:歧視、不公平差別待遇。
第 9 題2 分
Many successful leaders believe that the beauty of ____ others is that their own power as leaders is not diminished in the process.
核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與動名詞片語。of 後接動名詞 empowering,形成 empowering others(賦予他人力量、使他人更有能力);整句談成功領導者相信,讓他人發揮能力,並不會削弱自己的領導權威。
解題方法
先看空格後的 others 是動詞的受詞,再依句意選出能呼應「領導者的權力不會因此減弱」的動詞。句意可譯為:
「許多成功的領導者相信,賦予他人力量的美好之處,在於這個過程不會削弱他們自身的領導權力。」
因此空格應填 empowering。
選項分析
- (A) empowering:正確。
empower表示「賦予……力量、權能或能力」。empowering others即「使他人更有能力」,與領導者扶植他人、又不因此失去自身權力的語意相符。 - (B) endangering:錯誤。
endanger表示「使……陷於危險、危及」。
第 10 題2 分
____ has been a very important part in Kevin’s life since he enjoys being alone and doing many things without company.
核心觀念
本題考單字語意與句意判讀。句中提到 Kevin 喜歡獨處,也喜歡不結伴做許多事情,因此空格需要填入表示「獨處、獨居」的名詞。
解題方法
先看線索 「enjoys being alone」(喜歡獨處)及 「doing many things without company」(不結伴做許多事情),再選出與「獨處」意思相符的選項。句意是:「獨處一直是 Kevin 生活中很重要的一部分,因為他喜歡獨自一人,也喜歡不結伴做許多事情。」
選項分析
第 11 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The British government has said that a third of the food the world produces is wasted. It said the high level of food waste in the UK is ____. Over 7 million tons of food is wasted in the UK every year. A British politician, Neil Parish, said: “One-third of food produced for human ____ is lost or wasted globally.” The government said there were many ____ to the problem of food waste. First, schools could ____ children’s awareness of food waste from a young age. Secondly, supermarkets could sell vegetables that are thrown away because they are the “wrong” shape. Finally, “sell-by” dates, “use-by” dates and “best before” labels need to change. Perfectly good food is thrown away because of these labels. Neil Parish added that: “Environmentally, it is a disaster, because energy and resources are wasted in production, only for the food to ____ rotting in landfills where it produces methane--a potent climate-changing gas.”
The high level of food waste in the UK is ____.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字的語意判斷。題目指出英國每年浪費超過 700 萬噸食物,並說明食物浪費會耗費生產所需的能源與資源,最後還會在垃圾掩埋場腐爛並產生甲烷。因此,空格應填入表達「不可接受」的形容詞。
解題方法
先看上下文的態度:題幹將食物浪費描述為嚴重問題,並指出其造成資源浪費與環境破壞。故「英國高水準的食物浪費」應受到負面評價,符合 unacceptable(不可接受的)。
選項分析
第 12 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The British government has said that a third of the food the world produces is wasted. It said the high level of food waste in the UK is ____. Over 7 million tons of food is wasted in the UK every year. A British politician, Neil Parish, said: “One-third of food produced for human ____ is lost or wasted globally.” The government said there were many ____ to the problem of food waste. First, schools could ____ children’s awareness of food waste from a young age. Secondly, supermarkets could sell vegetables that are thrown away because they are the “wrong” shape. Finally, “sell-by” dates, “use-by” dates and “best before” labels need to change. Perfectly good food is thrown away because of these labels. Neil Parish added that: “Environmentally, it is a disaster, because energy and resources are wasted in production, only for the food to ____ rotting in landfills where it produces methane--a potent climate-changing gas.”
One-third of food produced for human ____ is lost or wasted globally.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字在上下文中的語意搭配。句子談的是「供人類使用而生產的食物,有三分之一在全球遭到損失或浪費」,空格需要填入表示「食用、消費」的名詞。
解題方法
先看空格前後的搭配:food produced for human ____,意為「為人類__而生產的食物」。食物供人類「食用、消費」,因此 human consumption 是符合語意的搭配。
選項分析
- (A) consumption:正確。 意為「消費、食用」,food for human consumption 表示「供人類食用的食物」,符合句意。
- **(B) digestion:錯誤。
第 13 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The British government has said that a third of the food the world produces is wasted. It said the high level of food waste in the UK is ____. Over 7 million tons of food is wasted in the UK every year. A British politician, Neil Parish, said: “One-third of food produced for human ____ is lost or wasted globally.” The government said there were many ____ to the problem of food waste. First, schools could ____ children’s awareness of food waste from a young age. Secondly, supermarkets could sell vegetables that are thrown away because they are the “wrong” shape. Finally, “sell-by” dates, “use-by” dates and “best before” labels need to change. Perfectly good food is thrown away because of these labels. Neil Parish added that: “Environmentally, it is a disaster, because energy and resources are wasted in production, only for the food to ____ rotting in landfills where it produces methane--a potent climate-changing gas.”
The government said there were many ____ to the problem of food waste.
核心觀念
本題考查字彙在上下文中的語意搭配。空格所在句為:
The government said there were many ____ to the problem of food waste. 政府表示,對於食物浪費問題有許多__。
應選擇能與 to the problem 搭配,且表示「解決方法」的名詞。
解題方法
先看上下文提供的線索:後文接著列出學校教育、超市販售外形不規則的蔬菜,以及調整食品日期標籤等作法。這些都是處理食物浪費的具體措施,因此空格應表示「解決方案」。
solutions to a problem 是常見搭配,意為「問題的解決方法」,與上下文完全吻合。
選項分析
第 14 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The British government has said that a third of the food the world produces is wasted. It said the high level of food waste in the UK is ____. Over 7 million tons of food is wasted in the UK every year. A British politician, Neil Parish, said: “One-third of food produced for human ____ is lost or wasted globally.” The government said there were many ____ to the problem of food waste. First, schools could ____ children’s awareness of food waste from a young age. Secondly, supermarkets could sell vegetables that are thrown away because they are the “wrong” shape. Finally, “sell-by” dates, “use-by” dates and “best before” labels need to change. Perfectly good food is thrown away because of these labels. Neil Parish added that: “Environmentally, it is a disaster, because energy and resources are wasted in production, only for the food to ____ rotting in landfills where it produces methane--a potent climate-changing gas.”
First, schools could ____ children’s awareness of food waste from a young age.
核心觀念
本題考英文動詞搭配與語意。句中片語 raise awareness 表示「提高、增進認知」,常用於提高大眾對某個議題的認識,例如 raise public awareness of climate change(提高大眾對氣候變遷的認識)。
解題方法
空格位於 could 之後,因此須填入原形動詞;受詞是 children’s awareness,後接 of food waste,整句意為「學校可以從孩子年幼時開始,增進他們對食物浪費的認知」。符合此語意與搭配的動詞是 raise。
選項分析
- (A) rise:表示「上升、增加」,通常作不及物動詞,後面不能直接接受詞 children’s awareness。
第 15 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The British government has said that a third of the food the world produces is wasted. It said the high level of food waste in the UK is ____. Over 7 million tons of food is wasted in the UK every year. A British politician, Neil Parish, said: “One-third of food produced for human ____ is lost or wasted globally.” The government said there were many ____ to the problem of food waste. First, schools could ____ children’s awareness of food waste from a young age. Secondly, supermarkets could sell vegetables that are thrown away because they are the “wrong” shape. Finally, “sell-by” dates, “use-by” dates and “best before” labels need to change. Perfectly good food is thrown away because of these labels. Neil Parish added that: “Environmentally, it is a disaster, because energy and resources are wasted in production, only for the food to ____ rotting in landfills where it produces methane--a potent climate-changing gas.”
Energy and resources are wasted in production, only for the food to ____ rotting in landfills.
核心觀念
本題考查片語 end up + V-ing,表示「最後落得……、結果……」。空格後接 rotting(腐爛),因此應選能與動名詞搭配、且符合語意的片語。
解題方法
句意是:「能源與資源在生產過程中遭到浪費,結果食物被丟進掩埋場腐爛,並產生甲烷。」 空格後的 rotting in landfills 描述食物最後的去向與結果,使用 end up rotting 最自然。
選項分析
- (A) end up:正確。 end up + V-ing 表示「最後變成……/結果……」。end up rotting in landfills 即「最後在掩埋場腐爛」。
- **(B) bring up:錯誤。
第 16 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It’s snowing, icy, and cold when you realize your gas tank in your car is empty. You stop at the gas station and face the elements while you watch the numbers on the pump slowly climb. It feels like ____ your tank is taking forever. In the meantime, you’re freezing and irritated. If you are old enough, you may be thinking back to and ____ the days of full-service gas stations and attendants who would pump the gas for you, leaving you toasty warm in the car.
Unfortunately, gas stations are just one industry that has abandoned full-service offerings to their customers. The term “full service” can ____ from company to company, but in general, full service business provides for all of the reasonable needs and wants of a customer within their particular industry. It means going beyond the basic expectations of providing a single service and offering greater options for your customers.
As a business owner or manager, understanding what services your customers ____ is critical. However, taking that level of service further and providing greater care for your customers will help build customer loyalty, strengthen your brand, and increase ____. When determining what services to offer, you must look at the added cost and figure out how those costs will be covered.
It feels like ____ your tank is taking forever.
核心觀念
本題考查動詞的字義與搭配。句子描述人在加油站看著油槍上的數字緩慢增加,覺得「把油箱加滿」的過程花了很久。表示「加滿、填滿」時,使用 fill;此處以動名詞 filling 作為 like 的受詞。
解題方法
先看空格後的受詞 your tank(你的油箱),再依上下文判斷動作:油槍正在把汽油注入油箱,因此應選表示「填滿」的動詞。句意為:
感覺把油箱加滿似乎花了很久。
選項分析
- (A) swelling:swell 表示「膨脹、腫脹」,不表示替油箱加油;用在此處語意不合。
- (B) filling:fill 表示「填滿、裝滿」;
第 17 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It’s snowing, icy, and cold when you realize your gas tank in your car is empty. You stop at the gas station and face the elements while you watch the numbers on the pump slowly climb. It feels like ____ your tank is taking forever. In the meantime, you’re freezing and irritated. If you are old enough, you may be thinking back to and ____ the days of full-service gas stations and attendants who would pump the gas for you, leaving you toasty warm in the car.
Unfortunately, gas stations are just one industry that has abandoned full-service offerings to their customers. The term “full service” can ____ from company to company, but in general, full service business provides for all of the reasonable needs and wants of a customer within their particular industry. It means going beyond the basic expectations of providing a single service and offering greater options for your customers.
As a business owner or manager, understanding what services your customers ____ is critical. However, taking that level of service further and providing greater care for your customers will help build customer loyalty, strengthen your brand, and increase ____. When determining what services to offer, you must look at the added cost and figure out how those costs will be covered.
You may be thinking back to and ____ the days of full-service gas stations.
核心觀念
本題考查動詞片語與語境判讀。句子中的 wish for 表示「盼望、渴望得到某事物」;look back to 在此則是「回想起」。文意是:天冷時,考生可能會回想並懷念過去有加油站服務人員代為加油的日子。
解題方法
空格前為 and,前方已有 thinking back to,因此空格應填入能與「回想」並列、且符合懷念過往服務的動詞片語。句意是「回想並懷念那些日子」,故選 wishing for。
選項分析
- (A) looking for:意為「尋找」。looking for the days 是尋找那些日子,與回憶過往的語意不合。
第 18 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It’s snowing, icy, and cold when you realize your gas tank in your car is empty. You stop at the gas station and face the elements while you watch the numbers on the pump slowly climb. It feels like ____ your tank is taking forever. In the meantime, you’re freezing and irritated. If you are old enough, you may be thinking back to and ____ the days of full-service gas stations and attendants who would pump the gas for you, leaving you toasty warm in the car.
Unfortunately, gas stations are just one industry that has abandoned full-service offerings to their customers. The term “full service” can ____ from company to company, but in general, full service business provides for all of the reasonable needs and wants of a customer within their particular industry. It means going beyond the basic expectations of providing a single service and offering greater options for your customers.
As a business owner or manager, understanding what services your customers ____ is critical. However, taking that level of service further and providing greater care for your customers will help build customer loyalty, strengthen your brand, and increase ____. When determining what services to offer, you must look at the added cost and figure out how those costs will be covered.
The term “full service” can ____ from company to company.
核心觀念
本題考查動詞 vary 的語意,以及依上下文選擇符合句意的字詞。句子中的 from company to company 表示「不同公司之間」,因此空格應填入能表達「有所不同」的動詞。
解題方法
句意是:「『全方位服務』一詞在不同公司之間可能有所不同。」前文以加油站的服務為例,後文則說明「全方位服務」的概念,帶出各公司對這個詞的定義不盡相同。
vary from A to A 是常見搭配,意思是「因 A 不同而有所不同」。因此 vary from company to company 即「在不同公司之間有所不同」。
選項分析
第 19 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It’s snowing, icy, and cold when you realize your gas tank in your car is empty. You stop at the gas station and face the elements while you watch the numbers on the pump slowly climb. It feels like ____ your tank is taking forever. In the meantime, you’re freezing and irritated. If you are old enough, you may be thinking back to and ____ the days of full-service gas stations and attendants who would pump the gas for you, leaving you toasty warm in the car.
Unfortunately, gas stations are just one industry that has abandoned full-service offerings to their customers. The term “full service” can ____ from company to company, but in general, full service business provides for all of the reasonable needs and wants of a customer within their particular industry. It means going beyond the basic expectations of providing a single service and offering greater options for your customers.
As a business owner or manager, understanding what services your customers ____ is critical. However, taking that level of service further and providing greater care for your customers will help build customer loyalty, strengthen your brand, and increase ____. When determining what services to offer, you must look at the added cost and figure out how those costs will be covered.
Understanding what services your customers ____ is critical.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字在語境中的意思,以及動詞與受詞的語意搭配。句子要表達的是:了解顧客「需要」哪些服務至關重要,因此空格應填表示「需要、要求」的動詞。
解題方法
先看句意:
understanding what services your customers ____ is critical 了解顧客__哪些服務至關重要。
空格前的 what services 是動詞的受詞,句子要說明顧客對服務的需求,填入 require 後,意思是「了解顧客需要哪些服務至關重要」,也與文章前文討論提供符合顧客需求的服務相呼應。
選項分析
第 20 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It’s snowing, icy, and cold when you realize your gas tank in your car is empty. You stop at the gas station and face the elements while you watch the numbers on the pump slowly climb. It feels like ____ your tank is taking forever. In the meantime, you’re freezing and irritated. If you are old enough, you may be thinking back to and ____ the days of full-service gas stations and attendants who would pump the gas for you, leaving you toasty warm in the car.
Unfortunately, gas stations are just one industry that has abandoned full-service offerings to their customers. The term “full service” can ____ from company to company, but in general, full service business provides for all of the reasonable needs and wants of a customer within their particular industry. It means going beyond the basic expectations of providing a single service and offering greater options for your customers.
As a business owner or manager, understanding what services your customers ____ is critical. However, taking that level of service further and providing greater care for your customers will help build customer loyalty, strengthen your brand, and increase ____. When determining what services to offer, you must look at the added cost and figure out how those costs will be covered.
Taking that level of service further and providing greater care for your customers will help build customer loyalty, strengthen your brand, and increase ____.
核心觀念
本題考商業服務與顧客忠誠度的語意理解。文中指出,提供更周到的顧客服務,能培養顧客忠誠、強化品牌,並增加某種業績成果。空格應填入表示「回頭消費、生意回流」的詞組。
解題方法
先看句意關係:商家提供更多照顧與服務,顧客較願意再次光顧,因此能增加 repeat business,也就是顧客重複消費所帶來的生意。這和前文談顧客需求、顧客忠誠及服務成本的脈絡一致。
選項分析
- (A) repeat business:正確。 意為「回頭客帶來的生意、重複消費的業績」。周到服務有助於顧客再次光顧,故能增加 repeat business。
- **(B) cut-throat business:錯誤。
第 21 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Some people have a sense of the market and some people don’t. Steven Spielberg has it. Lee Iacocca of Chrysler has it, and so does Judith Krantz in her way. Woody Allen has it, for the audience he cares about reaching, and so does Sylvester Stallone, at the other end of the ____. Some people criticize Stallone, but you’ve got to give him ____. I mean, here’s a man who already created two of the all-time-great characters, Rocky and Rambo.
I like to think I have the ____. That’s why I don’t hire a lot of number-crunchers, and I don’t trust fancy marketing surveys. I do my own surveys and draw my own conclusions. I’m a great believer in asking everyone for an opinion before I make a decision. It’s a natural ____. If I’m thinking a piece of property, I’ll ask the people who live nearby about the area--what they think of the schools and crime and the shops. When I’m in another city and I take a cab, I’ll always make it a point to ask the cabdriver questions. I ask and I ask and I ask, until I begin to get a gut feeling about something. And that’s when I make a decision.
I don’t take critics too seriously—except when they stand in the way of my projects. In my opinion, they mostly write to impress each other, and they’re just as ____ by fashions as anyone else. One week it is spare glass towers they are praising to the skies. The next week, they’ve rediscovered old, and they’re celebrating detail and ornamentation. What very few of them have is any feeling for what the public wants. Which is why, if these critics ever try to become developers, they’d be terrible failures.
Sylvester Stallone is at the other end of the ____.
核心觀念
本題考查上下文對比修辭與英文慣用片語搭配:
- 名詞引申義與固定搭配:
spectrum原意為物理學上的「光譜」,引申為「連續的範圍、幅度、系列或評量區間」。片語at the other end of the spectrum(或at the opposite end of the spectrum)為極高頻的慣用語,意為「在(特定範圍/特質/風格)光譜的另一端」,用以凸顯兩者處於截然相反的極端。 - 對比邏輯分析(Contrast):前句提到文藝片導演伍迪·艾倫(Woody Allen)精準掌握「他所重視的特定受眾」(多為小眾、知性、紐約知識分子群體);後句以 Sylvester Stallone(席維斯·史特龍,以《洛基》、《第一滴血》等大眾主流商業動作硬漢形象聞名)作為對比,指出兩者在受眾定位上分屬「市場光譜的兩個不同極端」。
解題方法
- 文意邏輯切入:
題幹敘述:「Woody Allen has it, for the audience he cares about reaching, and so does Sylvester Stallone, at the other end of the ____.」
句中以
and so does...連結兩位風格迥異的影視創作者,說明兩者皆具備市場敏銳度(a sense of the market),但鎖定的觀眾群體完全不同。空格需填入能與「at the other end of the...」搭配、且能表達「受眾類型區間/風格分佈」的抽象概念名詞。 - 片語搭配檢驗:
英文中表達「在某一範疇或風格的另一極端」時,標準搭配為
at the other end of the spectrum。四個選項中僅有spectrum符合此修辭與文意。
第 22 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Some people have a sense of the market and some people don’t. Steven Spielberg has it. Lee Iacocca of Chrysler has it, and so does Judith Krantz in her way. Woody Allen has it, for the audience he cares about reaching, and so does Sylvester Stallone, at the other end of the ____. Some people criticize Stallone, but you’ve got to give him ____. I mean, here’s a man who already created two of the all-time-great characters, Rocky and Rambo.
I like to think I have the ____. That’s why I don’t hire a lot of number-crunchers, and I don’t trust fancy marketing surveys. I do my own surveys and draw my own conclusions. I’m a great believer in asking everyone for an opinion before I make a decision. It’s a natural ____. If I’m thinking a piece of property, I’ll ask the people who live nearby about the area--what they think of the schools and crime and the shops. When I’m in another city and I take a cab, I’ll always make it a point to ask the cabdriver questions. I ask and I ask and I ask, until I begin to get a gut feeling about something. And that’s when I make a decision.
I don’t take critics too seriously—except when they stand in the way of my projects. In my opinion, they mostly write to impress each other, and they’re just as ____ by fashions as anyone else. One week it is spare glass towers they are praising to the skies. The next week, they’ve rediscovered old, and they’re celebrating detail and ornamentation. What very few of them have is any feeling for what the public wants. Which is why, if these critics ever try to become developers, they’d be terrible failures.
Some people criticize Stallone, but you’ve got to give him ____.
核心觀念
- 慣用動詞片語(Collocation):
give someone credit為英語高頻片語,意為「承認某人的功勞/成就」、「給予某人應得的讚賞與肯定」(源自片語 give credit where credit is due)。 - 語意邏輯轉折(Contrast and Support):題幹透過對比連接詞
but形成「批評(負面) 肯定(正面)」的語氣轉折,後文並以具體成就佐證應給予該人物肯定。
解題方法
- 判斷語氣轉折與正負評價:
前句指出「Some people criticize Stallone(有些人批評史特龍)」,動詞 criticize 帶有負面評價;緊接著以轉折連接詞
but引導,顯示後續子句必須轉為「正面肯定」的態度。 - 檢視後文實據與語意支持: 後句接續說明「I mean, here’s a man who already created two of the all-time-great characters, Rocky and Rambo.(我是說,這個人可是創造了影史最偉大的兩個角色:洛基與藍波)」,明確指出史特龍在電影創作上的巨大成就,是用來佐證為何「必須肯定他」。
- 搭配片語結構確認答案:
英語中表達「承認某人的才華/給予某人成就應有的認可」,標準搭配為不可數名詞
credit,構成give someone credit。
選項分析
- (A) credit:正確。 在此作為不可數名詞,表「讚許、認可、功勞」。
第 23 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Some people have a sense of the market and some people don’t. Steven Spielberg has it. Lee Iacocca of Chrysler has it, and so does Judith Krantz in her way. Woody Allen has it, for the audience he cares about reaching, and so does Sylvester Stallone, at the other end of the ____. Some people criticize Stallone, but you’ve got to give him ____. I mean, here’s a man who already created two of the all-time-great characters, Rocky and Rambo.
I like to think I have the ____. That’s why I don’t hire a lot of number-crunchers, and I don’t trust fancy marketing surveys. I do my own surveys and draw my own conclusions. I’m a great believer in asking everyone for an opinion before I make a decision. It’s a natural ____. If I’m thinking a piece of property, I’ll ask the people who live nearby about the area--what they think of the schools and crime and the shops. When I’m in another city and I take a cab, I’ll always make it a point to ask the cabdriver questions. I ask and I ask and I ask, until I begin to get a gut feeling about something. And that’s when I make a decision.
I don’t take critics too seriously—except when they stand in the way of my projects. In my opinion, they mostly write to impress each other, and they’re just as ____ by fashions as anyone else. One week it is spare glass towers they are praising to the skies. The next week, they’ve rediscovered old, and they’re celebrating detail and ornamentation. What very few of them have is any feeling for what the public wants. Which is why, if these critics ever try to become developers, they’d be terrible failures.
I like to think I have the ____.
核心觀念
本題測驗克漏字測驗的核心能力:篇章脈絡同義呼應(Contextual Synonym Association)與商務領導情境之核心名詞辨析。 解題關鍵在於掌握文章前後語意的鏈結,辨識作者在談論「市場決策能力」時所使用的核心概念,並從上下文尋找語意對等詞(semantic equivalents)。
解題方法
- 掌握段落主旨與承上啟下結構:
- 第一段首句破題指出:「Some people have a sense of the market and some people don’t.」(有些人對市場有敏銳的嗅覺,有些人則沒有。)整段列舉了名導史蒂芬·史匹柏、汽車巨頭李·艾科卡等人作為具備「市場嗅覺」的代表。
- 第二段首句「I like to think I have the ____.」正是作者將話題轉向自身,表示自己也具備這項特質。空格所填入的名詞,必須承接第一段的「a sense of the market」(市場敏感度/市場嗅覺)。
- 鎖定下文線索與對比關係:
- 反向線索:「That’s why I don’t hire a lot of number-crunchers, and I don’t trust fancy marketing surveys.」(那就是為什麼我不雇用一堆數字精算人員,也不相信花俏的市場調查。)作者明確抗拒純粹依賴數據與統計報告的決策模式。
- 正向線索:「I ask and I ask and I ask, until I begin to get a gut feeling about something. And that’s when I make a decision.」(我不斷詢問、到處打聽,直到我對事情產生某種直覺。那就是我做決策的時候。)
- 句中的「gut feeling」(直覺、第六感)與首段的「sense of the market」,在語意上完全指向「直覺、本能感應」,因此空格處應填入與其同義的 instinct。
第 24 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Some people have a sense of the market and some people don’t. Steven Spielberg has it. Lee Iacocca of Chrysler has it, and so does Judith Krantz in her way. Woody Allen has it, for the audience he cares about reaching, and so does Sylvester Stallone, at the other end of the ____. Some people criticize Stallone, but you’ve got to give him ____. I mean, here’s a man who already created two of the all-time-great characters, Rocky and Rambo.
I like to think I have the ____. That’s why I don’t hire a lot of number-crunchers, and I don’t trust fancy marketing surveys. I do my own surveys and draw my own conclusions. I’m a great believer in asking everyone for an opinion before I make a decision. It’s a natural ____. If I’m thinking a piece of property, I’ll ask the people who live nearby about the area--what they think of the schools and crime and the shops. When I’m in another city and I take a cab, I’ll always make it a point to ask the cabdriver questions. I ask and I ask and I ask, until I begin to get a gut feeling about something. And that’s when I make a decision.
I don’t take critics too seriously—except when they stand in the way of my projects. In my opinion, they mostly write to impress each other, and they’re just as ____ by fashions as anyone else. One week it is spare glass towers they are praising to the skies. The next week, they’ve rediscovered old, and they’re celebrating detail and ornamentation. What very few of them have is any feeling for what the public wants. Which is why, if these critics ever try to become developers, they’d be terrible failures.
Asking everyone for an opinion before making a decision is a natural ____.
核心觀念
本題考查篇章細節理解與名詞字彙於語境中的精確搭配(Vocabulary in Context)。解題關鍵在於掌握段落脈絡中「不依賴複雜數據,改以個人自發性、直覺性習慣行事」的邏輯關係,並正確辨析名詞詞義及其與形容詞 natural 的修飾關係。
解題方法
- 定位原文線索: 題幹「Asking everyone for an opinion before making a decision is a natural ____.」直接改寫自第二段第 4 至 5 句:
"I’m a great believer in asking everyone for an opinion before I make a decision. It’s a natural ____." 此處的「It」即指代前句的「在做決定前詢問每個人的意見」這一行為。
- 分析上下文邏輯與語境:
- 前文指出作者不信任精密的市場調查與數據分析師(number-crunchers),偏好親力親為獲取第一手資訊。
- 後文緊接著舉例說明:考慮某筆房地產就詢問鄰近居民看法、搭計程車就主動詢問司機,不斷提問直到自己產生「直覺」(gut feeling)為止。
- 綜上可知,「做決定前四處問人」對作者而言是一種未經刻意算計、不假思索的自發性習慣與本能反射動作,與後文的「gut feeling」形成強烈呼應。
- 篩選最適詞彙: 名詞 reflex 表示「反射動作、本能反應」,搭配形成「a natural reflex」,指「自然而然的直覺/反射反應」,最切合句意與作者行事風格。
選項分析
- (A) ingredient(錯誤)
- 字義:名詞,指「成分、原料、(成功的)要素」。常見搭配如 an essential ingredient for success。
第 25 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Some people have a sense of the market and some people don’t. Steven Spielberg has it. Lee Iacocca of Chrysler has it, and so does Judith Krantz in her way. Woody Allen has it, for the audience he cares about reaching, and so does Sylvester Stallone, at the other end of the ____. Some people criticize Stallone, but you’ve got to give him ____. I mean, here’s a man who already created two of the all-time-great characters, Rocky and Rambo.
I like to think I have the ____. That’s why I don’t hire a lot of number-crunchers, and I don’t trust fancy marketing surveys. I do my own surveys and draw my own conclusions. I’m a great believer in asking everyone for an opinion before I make a decision. It’s a natural ____. If I’m thinking a piece of property, I’ll ask the people who live nearby about the area--what they think of the schools and crime and the shops. When I’m in another city and I take a cab, I’ll always make it a point to ask the cabdriver questions. I ask and I ask and I ask, until I begin to get a gut feeling about something. And that’s when I make a decision.
I don’t take critics too seriously—except when they stand in the way of my projects. In my opinion, they mostly write to impress each other, and they’re just as ____ by fashions as anyone else. One week it is spare glass towers they are praising to the skies. The next week, they’ve rediscovered old, and they’re celebrating detail and ornamentation. What very few of them have is any feeling for what the public wants. Which is why, if these critics ever try to become developers, they’d be terrible failures.
They’re just as ____ by fashions as anyone else.
核心觀念
本題測驗「動詞字彙語意」、「被動語態搭配詞(Collocation)」以及「上下文邏輯推論(Context Clues)」。考生須掌握片語 be swayed by...(受到……影響/動搖/左右)的用法,並藉由後文對評論家立場反覆無常的舉例描寫,推論出最符合文意的動詞。
解題方法
-
文法結構剖析: 原句為:They’re just as ____ by fashions as anyone else. 句子結構為「主詞(They,指評論家 critics)+ be 動詞(are)+ as + 過去分詞(表被動/形容詞)+ by + 受詞(fashions,流行、風尚)+ as anyone else(與其他人一樣)」。空格需填入能與介系詞
by搭配,且語意上能接受「流行風尚」作為施事者(影響源)的及物動詞過去分詞。 -
語境線索與邏輯推論:
- 前文提到評論家寫文章只是為了彼此吹捧互抬身價(write to impress each other)。
- 空格後方緊接著提供具體例證:「這星期把簡約玻璃帷幕大樓捧上天(One week it is spare glass towers they are praising to the skies),下一星期又重新擁抱傳統古典,盛讚細節與裝飾(The next week, they’ve rediscovered old, and they’re celebrating detail and ornamentation)」。
- 由「這週如此……下週卻截然相反」的立場反覆可知,作者批評這些評論家缺乏堅定信念與專業定見,極容易「隨潮流起舞、被流行風尚左右」。