107 民航特考三等 飛航管制 英文 考古題詳解

請將下列英文翻譯成中文：

The meaning of innovation and entrepreneurship, and the policies made to promote them differ across groups of developing countries. On the one hand, there is a small group of countries such as Brazil and Mexico which has achieved a certain stage of capitalistic development that provides an institutional environment for encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship. On the other hand, there is a large group of countries in Africa and Asia as well as in Latin America which lacks the critical level of capital accumulation even for sustainable development, let alone for the growth of innovation and entrepreneurship.

請將下列中文翻譯成英文：

牽涉航空的恐怖主義早已行之有年。歷史上最具戲劇性的恐怖攻擊當屬阿爾蓋達組織在 2001 年 9 月 11 日所發動。我們研究恐怖主義和國際民航運作之間的關係就可以追溯出恐怖主義的發展，以及其戰術的革新。今日雖然恐怖主義從高度結構性組織轉變到自發性任務導向的基層小組，恐怖份子的首要目標仍然是航空。

英文短篇寫作：

The diplomatic culture of the 21st century is essentially different from that of the previous centuries. For example, the growing participation of celebrity actors and actresses in intergovernmental affairs, and international negotiations. In your opinion, do you agree that the new phenomenon is a plus to facilitate international diplomacy? Why? Or why not?

Write a short essay in English in response to the question above. Few things you need to know before you begin to write the essay. (1) Provide just ONE argument, and support it with reasons as specifically as possible; (2) you will post the essay online (Facebook, Blog, or Twitter, etc.), and since your target readers are most probably from all over the world, write in a way that most people have no difficulty in understanding the main points of your argument; (3) since people nowadays do not have too much time for long essays, make sure the length of your essay has to be within the limit of 200 words.

In the university, there is a world-renowned degree program in ____.

People have ____ for terrorists, and they also have a total lack of respect for nations that give them support.

【題組共用題幹】

Some of the most interesting words in English are the actual names of the people first involved in the activities suggested by the meanings of the words. The word boycott, for instance, ____ the case of Sir Charles Boycott (1832–97), a land agent in Ireland whose tenants ostracized him because he refused to lower their rents. Vidkun Quisling’s name quickly became an infamous addition to the English language during World War II. He was a Norwegian politician who ____ his country to the Nazis, and his name, quisling, is now synonymous with traitor. A more common example is Levis. These popular blue jeans ____ Levi Strauss, the man who first manufactured them in San Francisco in 1850. Perhaps the most omnipresent of all is the sandwich, named for the Fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718–92), who created this quick portable meal so that he ____ leave the gambling table to eat. Other words in this unique category include lynch, watt, davenport, and Zeppelin.

The word boycott, for instance, ____ the case of Sir Charles Boycott (1832–97), a land agent in Ireland whose tenants ostracized him because he refused to lower their rents.

【題組共用題幹】

Some of the most interesting words in English are the actual names of the people first involved in the activities suggested by the meanings of the words. The word boycott, for instance, ____ the case of Sir Charles Boycott (1832–97), a land agent in Ireland whose tenants ostracized him because he refused to lower their rents. Vidkun Quisling’s name quickly became an infamous addition to the English language during World War II. He was a Norwegian politician who ____ his country to the Nazis, and his name, quisling, is now synonymous with traitor. A more common example is Levis. These popular blue jeans ____ Levi Strauss, the man who first manufactured them in San Francisco in 1850. Perhaps the most omnipresent of all is the sandwich, named for the Fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718–92), who created this quick portable meal so that he ____ leave the gambling table to eat. Other words in this unique category include lynch, watt, davenport, and Zeppelin.

He was a Norwegian politician who ____ his country to the Nazis.

【題組共用題幹】

Some of the most interesting words in English are the actual names of the people first involved in the activities suggested by the meanings of the words. The word boycott, for instance, ____ the case of Sir Charles Boycott (1832–97), a land agent in Ireland whose tenants ostracized him because he refused to lower their rents. Vidkun Quisling’s name quickly became an infamous addition to the English language during World War II. He was a Norwegian politician who ____ his country to the Nazis, and his name, quisling, is now synonymous with traitor. A more common example is Levis. These popular blue jeans ____ Levi Strauss, the man who first manufactured them in San Francisco in 1850. Perhaps the most omnipresent of all is the sandwich, named for the Fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718–92), who created this quick portable meal so that he ____ leave the gambling table to eat. Other words in this unique category include lynch, watt, davenport, and Zeppelin.

These popular blue jeans ____ Levi Strauss, the man who first manufactured them in San Francisco in 1850.

【題組共用題幹】

Some of the most interesting words in English are the actual names of the people first involved in the activities suggested by the meanings of the words. The word boycott, for instance, ____ the case of Sir Charles Boycott (1832–97), a land agent in Ireland whose tenants ostracized him because he refused to lower their rents. Vidkun Quisling’s name quickly became an infamous addition to the English language during World War II. He was a Norwegian politician who ____ his country to the Nazis, and his name, quisling, is now synonymous with traitor. A more common example is Levis. These popular blue jeans ____ Levi Strauss, the man who first manufactured them in San Francisco in 1850. Perhaps the most omnipresent of all is the sandwich, named for the Fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718–92), who created this quick portable meal so that he ____ leave the gambling table to eat. Other words in this unique category include lynch, watt, davenport, and Zeppelin.

The Fourth Earl of Sandwich created this quick portable meal so that he ____ leave the gambling table to eat.

【題組共用題幹】

Do you have difficulties getting work done because computer games or online chatting occupy a great deal of your time? Do you value chat-room friends more than real friends because most of your friends are from online contacts? The habits you develop from your computer use may cause significant problems in your life. For instance, feeling irritable or depressed when not using the computer, losing jobs or failing courses due to the lack of productivity on work or school assignments, and finally, feeling socially inept, since you lose the ability to interact with people face to face.

Symptoms, such as obsessively checking e-mail, losing track of time while on the computer, and neglecting family, work, friends, or even personal health and hygiene, are all indications of computer addiction. This addiction can be described as compulsive.

Not all people who spend hours each day on the computer, however, are considered addicted. That is, a person who spends 8 hours or more a day on the computer may not automatically be regarded as a computer addict while another person who spends less than 6 hours a day could suffer from an addition. It is important to note each case is distinct and, therefore, the number of hours spent on the computer is not considered to be the main factor in identifying computer addiction. Rather, the kinds of activities, the level of compulsion, and other ways of using the computer are the real determining factors.

A person who is obsessed with the computer is likely to have the following experiences or feelings: craving for the use of computer excessively; feeling anxious or gloomy when computer time is interrupted; telling lies to hide that you are actually playing games online; and neglecting friends, family, or responsibilities when online. Physical discomfort, such as back and neck aches, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, difficulty focusing your vision, dry eyes, and severe headaches may also be observed. Look out for these signs and get proper treatment, so you will regain control of your life.

What does “socially inept” mean?

【題組共用題幹】

Do you have difficulties getting work done because computer games or online chatting occupy a great deal of your time? Do you value chat-room friends more than real friends because most of your friends are from online contacts? The habits you develop from your computer use may cause significant problems in your life. For instance, feeling irritable or depressed when not using the computer, losing jobs or failing courses due to the lack of productivity on work or school assignments, and finally, feeling socially inept, since you lose the ability to interact with people face to face.

Symptoms, such as obsessively checking e-mail, losing track of time while on the computer, and neglecting family, work, friends, or even personal health and hygiene, are all indications of computer addiction. This addiction can be described as compulsive.

Not all people who spend hours each day on the computer, however, are considered addicted. That is, a person who spends 8 hours or more a day on the computer may not automatically be regarded as a computer addict while another person who spends less than 6 hours a day could suffer from an addition. It is important to note each case is distinct and, therefore, the number of hours spent on the computer is not considered to be the main factor in identifying computer addiction. Rather, the kinds of activities, the level of compulsion, and other ways of using the computer are the real determining factors.

A person who is obsessed with the computer is likely to have the following experiences or feelings: craving for the use of computer excessively; feeling anxious or gloomy when computer time is interrupted; telling lies to hide that you are actually playing games online; and neglecting friends, family, or responsibilities when online. Physical discomfort, such as back and neck aches, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, difficulty focusing your vision, dry eyes, and severe headaches may also be observed. Look out for these signs and get proper treatment, so you will regain control of your life.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to “compulsive”?

【題組共用題幹】

Do you have difficulties getting work done because computer games or online chatting occupy a great deal of your time? Do you value chat-room friends more than real friends because most of your friends are from online contacts? The habits you develop from your computer use may cause significant problems in your life. For instance, feeling irritable or depressed when not using the computer, losing jobs or failing courses due to the lack of productivity on work or school assignments, and finally, feeling socially inept, since you lose the ability to interact with people face to face.

Symptoms, such as obsessively checking e-mail, losing track of time while on the computer, and neglecting family, work, friends, or even personal health and hygiene, are all indications of computer addiction. This addiction can be described as compulsive.

Not all people who spend hours each day on the computer, however, are considered addicted. That is, a person who spends 8 hours or more a day on the computer may not automatically be regarded as a computer addict while another person who spends less than 6 hours a day could suffer from an addition. It is important to note each case is distinct and, therefore, the number of hours spent on the computer is not considered to be the main factor in identifying computer addiction. Rather, the kinds of activities, the level of compulsion, and other ways of using the computer are the real determining factors.

A person who is obsessed with the computer is likely to have the following experiences or feelings: craving for the use of computer excessively; feeling anxious or gloomy when computer time is interrupted; telling lies to hide that you are actually playing games online; and neglecting friends, family, or responsibilities when online. Physical discomfort, such as back and neck aches, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, difficulty focusing your vision, dry eyes, and severe headaches may also be observed. Look out for these signs and get proper treatment, so you will regain control of your life.

Which of the following is true about identifying computer addiction?

【題組共用題幹】

Do you have difficulties getting work done because computer games or online chatting occupy a great deal of your time? Do you value chat-room friends more than real friends because most of your friends are from online contacts? The habits you develop from your computer use may cause significant problems in your life. For instance, feeling irritable or depressed when not using the computer, losing jobs or failing courses due to the lack of productivity on work or school assignments, and finally, feeling socially inept, since you lose the ability to interact with people face to face.

Symptoms, such as obsessively checking e-mail, losing track of time while on the computer, and neglecting family, work, friends, or even personal health and hygiene, are all indications of computer addiction. This addiction can be described as compulsive.

Not all people who spend hours each day on the computer, however, are considered addicted. That is, a person who spends 8 hours or more a day on the computer may not automatically be regarded as a computer addict while another person who spends less than 6 hours a day could suffer from an addition. It is important to note each case is distinct and, therefore, the number of hours spent on the computer is not considered to be the main factor in identifying computer addiction. Rather, the kinds of activities, the level of compulsion, and other ways of using the computer are the real determining factors.

A person who is obsessed with the computer is likely to have the following experiences or feelings: craving for the use of computer excessively; feeling anxious or gloomy when computer time is interrupted; telling lies to hide that you are actually playing games online; and neglecting friends, family, or responsibilities when online. Physical discomfort, such as back and neck aches, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, difficulty focusing your vision, dry eyes, and severe headaches may also be observed. Look out for these signs and get proper treatment, so you will regain control of your life.

Which of the following is not the consequence of computer addiction?

【題組共用題幹】

Since 1970s, there has been a boom in such “international schools,” which teach in English in non-Anglophone countries, mostly offering British A-levels, American APs and SATs, or the International Baccalaureate. But nowadays international schools increasingly ____ their name. Though their clientele varies from place to place, four-fifths of the pupils they teach around the world are locals. Thirty years ago, just a fifth ____ . The main reason is increased ____ for schooling mostly or entirely in English, both in rich countries and even more from rich parents in developing countries who want their children to be able to go to university in Britain or North America.

This new elite can outspend even very highly paid foreign managers—and multinationals trying to cut costs are ever ____ willing to pay school fees. Locals are more appealing clients, too: their children tend to stay for their entire schooling, unlike “expat brats,” who are always moving on, leaving seats to be filled. And a parent-teacher ____ packed with the local elite is more helpful than one full of foreigners.

But nowadays international schools increasingly ____ their name.

【題組共用題幹】

Since 1970s, there has been a boom in such “international schools,” which teach in English in non-Anglophone countries, mostly offering British A-levels, American APs and SATs, or the International Baccalaureate. But nowadays international schools increasingly ____ their name. Though their clientele varies from place to place, four-fifths of the pupils they teach around the world are locals. Thirty years ago, just a fifth ____ . The main reason is increased ____ for schooling mostly or entirely in English, both in rich countries and even more from rich parents in developing countries who want their children to be able to go to university in Britain or North America.

This new elite can outspend even very highly paid foreign managers—and multinationals trying to cut costs are ever ____ willing to pay school fees. Locals are more appealing clients, too: their children tend to stay for their entire schooling, unlike “expat brats,” who are always moving on, leaving seats to be filled. And a parent-teacher ____ packed with the local elite is more helpful than one full of foreigners.

Thirty years ago, just a fifth ____ .

【題組共用題幹】

Since 1970s, there has been a boom in such “international schools,” which teach in English in non-Anglophone countries, mostly offering British A-levels, American APs and SATs, or the International Baccalaureate. But nowadays international schools increasingly ____ their name. Though their clientele varies from place to place, four-fifths of the pupils they teach around the world are locals. Thirty years ago, just a fifth ____ . The main reason is increased ____ for schooling mostly or entirely in English, both in rich countries and even more from rich parents in developing countries who want their children to be able to go to university in Britain or North America.

This new elite can outspend even very highly paid foreign managers—and multinationals trying to cut costs are ever ____ willing to pay school fees. Locals are more appealing clients, too: their children tend to stay for their entire schooling, unlike “expat brats,” who are always moving on, leaving seats to be filled. And a parent-teacher ____ packed with the local elite is more helpful than one full of foreigners.

The main reason is increased ____ for schooling mostly or entirely in English.

【題組共用題幹】

Since 1970s, there has been a boom in such “international schools,” which teach in English in non-Anglophone countries, mostly offering British A-levels, American APs and SATs, or the International Baccalaureate. But nowadays international schools increasingly ____ their name. Though their clientele varies from place to place, four-fifths of the pupils they teach around the world are locals. Thirty years ago, just a fifth ____ . The main reason is increased ____ for schooling mostly or entirely in English, both in rich countries and even more from rich parents in developing countries who want their children to be able to go to university in Britain or North America.

This new elite can outspend even very highly paid foreign managers—and multinationals trying to cut costs are ever ____ willing to pay school fees. Locals are more appealing clients, too: their children tend to stay for their entire schooling, unlike “expat brats,” who are always moving on, leaving seats to be filled. And a parent-teacher ____ packed with the local elite is more helpful than one full of foreigners.

Multinationals trying to cut costs are ever ____ willing to pay school fees.

【題組共用題幹】

Since 1970s, there has been a boom in such “international schools,” which teach in English in non-Anglophone countries, mostly offering British A-levels, American APs and SATs, or the International Baccalaureate. But nowadays international schools increasingly ____ their name. Though their clientele varies from place to place, four-fifths of the pupils they teach around the world are locals. Thirty years ago, just a fifth ____ . The main reason is increased ____ for schooling mostly or entirely in English, both in rich countries and even more from rich parents in developing countries who want their children to be able to go to university in Britain or North America.

This new elite can outspend even very highly paid foreign managers—and multinationals trying to cut costs are ever ____ willing to pay school fees. Locals are more appealing clients, too: their children tend to stay for their entire schooling, unlike “expat brats,” who are always moving on, leaving seats to be filled. And a parent-teacher ____ packed with the local elite is more helpful than one full of foreigners.

A parent-teacher ____ packed with the local elite is more helpful than one full of foreigners.

【題組共用題幹】

Today, Western wedding dresses are usually white. However, white did not become a popular option until 1840, after the marriage of Queen Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Victoria wore a white gown for the event to incorporate some lace she prized. The official wedding portrait photograph was widely published, and many other brides ____ white in accordance with the Queen’s choice. The tradition continues today in the form of a white wedding, though prior to the Victorian era, a bride was married ____ any color, black being especially popular in Scandinavia. Later, many people assumed that the color white was intended to ____ virginity, though this was not the original intention. The white gown is in fact a symbolic Christening gown. It is a ____ of the white surplice worn in the Western Catholic tradition by members of the clergy, church choirs and servers and the gowns worn by girls celebrating their first communion and at their confirmation and also by women making religious ____. Jews have gone to great lengths to follow these Western customs, whilst adhering to the laws of Tzniut. Today, the white dress is understood merely as the most traditional and popular choice for weddings.

Many other brides ____ white in accordance with the Queen’s choice.

【題組共用題幹】

Today, Western wedding dresses are usually white. However, white did not become a popular option until 1840, after the marriage of Queen Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Victoria wore a white gown for the event to incorporate some lace she prized. The official wedding portrait photograph was widely published, and many other brides ____ white in accordance with the Queen’s choice. The tradition continues today in the form of a white wedding, though prior to the Victorian era, a bride was married ____ any color, black being especially popular in Scandinavia. Later, many people assumed that the color white was intended to ____ virginity, though this was not the original intention. The white gown is in fact a symbolic Christening gown. It is a ____ of the white surplice worn in the Western Catholic tradition by members of the clergy, church choirs and servers and the gowns worn by girls celebrating their first communion and at their confirmation and also by women making religious ____. Jews have gone to great lengths to follow these Western customs, whilst adhering to the laws of Tzniut. Today, the white dress is understood merely as the most traditional and popular choice for weddings.

Prior to the Victorian era, a bride was married ____ any color.

【題組共用題幹】

Today, Western wedding dresses are usually white. However, white did not become a popular option until 1840, after the marriage of Queen Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Victoria wore a white gown for the event to incorporate some lace she prized. The official wedding portrait photograph was widely published, and many other brides ____ white in accordance with the Queen’s choice. The tradition continues today in the form of a white wedding, though prior to the Victorian era, a bride was married ____ any color, black being especially popular in Scandinavia. Later, many people assumed that the color white was intended to ____ virginity, though this was not the original intention. The white gown is in fact a symbolic Christening gown. It is a ____ of the white surplice worn in the Western Catholic tradition by members of the clergy, church choirs and servers and the gowns worn by girls celebrating their first communion and at their confirmation and also by women making religious ____. Jews have gone to great lengths to follow these Western customs, whilst adhering to the laws of Tzniut. Today, the white dress is understood merely as the most traditional and popular choice for weddings.

Many people assumed that the color white was intended to ____ virginity.

【題組共用題幹】

Today, Western wedding dresses are usually white. However, white did not become a popular option until 1840, after the marriage of Queen Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Victoria wore a white gown for the event to incorporate some lace she prized. The official wedding portrait photograph was widely published, and many other brides ____ white in accordance with the Queen’s choice. The tradition continues today in the form of a white wedding, though prior to the Victorian era, a bride was married ____ any color, black being especially popular in Scandinavia. Later, many people assumed that the color white was intended to ____ virginity, though this was not the original intention. The white gown is in fact a symbolic Christening gown. It is a ____ of the white surplice worn in the Western Catholic tradition by members of the clergy, church choirs and servers and the gowns worn by girls celebrating their first communion and at their confirmation and also by women making religious ____. Jews have gone to great lengths to follow these Western customs, whilst adhering to the laws of Tzniut. Today, the white dress is understood merely as the most traditional and popular choice for weddings.

The white gown is in fact a symbolic Christening gown. It is a ____ of the white surplice worn in the Western Catholic tradition.

【題組共用題幹】

Today, Western wedding dresses are usually white. However, white did not become a popular option until 1840, after the marriage of Queen Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Victoria wore a white gown for the event to incorporate some lace she prized. The official wedding portrait photograph was widely published, and many other brides ____ white in accordance with the Queen’s choice. The tradition continues today in the form of a white wedding, though prior to the Victorian era, a bride was married ____ any color, black being especially popular in Scandinavia. Later, many people assumed that the color white was intended to ____ virginity, though this was not the original intention. The white gown is in fact a symbolic Christening gown. It is a ____ of the white surplice worn in the Western Catholic tradition by members of the clergy, church choirs and servers and the gowns worn by girls celebrating their first communion and at their confirmation and also by women making religious ____. Jews have gone to great lengths to follow these Western customs, whilst adhering to the laws of Tzniut. Today, the white dress is understood merely as the most traditional and popular choice for weddings.

Women making religious ____.

【題組共用題幹】

Are you one of those so-called “armchair athletes” who follow your favorite sports team’s every game cheering along but do not physically play the game? Although a recent study suggests that watching sport can make you fitter, it is time to stop staying on the sidelines and ____.

According to research, viewing other people exercise increases heart rate and other physiological measures as if you were working out yourself. However, if you are truly health ____, it is even better and more effective to put it into practice. Playing a sport is not only fun but also boosts fitness and improves self-confidence. Learning a new sport can be tough and challenging. ____ your body and mind to follow the rules and specific movements might be a challenge at first, but regular practice will make this easier. For example, swimming has been known to be beneficial to those who suffer from asthma. Swimming improves good lung capacity and learning to swim can help asthmatics develop ____ as well.

The key to finding a sport you like is to try your hand at something you think you might like to do. Since you spend lots of time watching your favorite sports, why not try one of them first. This will increase your appreciation of that particular sport and also give you ____ experience of what your favorite athletes are going through out there. If you feel that it is not for you, then try your next choice. Repeat until you find something that you like. After all, cheering on your favorite team is great, but playing and experiencing some of it yourself is deeply satisfying.

Although a recent study suggests that watching sport can make you fitter, it is time to stop staying on the sidelines and ____.

【題組共用題幹】

Are you one of those so-called “armchair athletes” who follow your favorite sports team’s every game cheering along but do not physically play the game? Although a recent study suggests that watching sport can make you fitter, it is time to stop staying on the sidelines and ____.

According to research, viewing other people exercise increases heart rate and other physiological measures as if you were working out yourself. However, if you are truly health ____, it is even better and more effective to put it into practice. Playing a sport is not only fun but also boosts fitness and improves self-confidence. Learning a new sport can be tough and challenging. ____ your body and mind to follow the rules and specific movements might be a challenge at first, but regular practice will make this easier. For example, swimming has been known to be beneficial to those who suffer from asthma. Swimming improves good lung capacity and learning to swim can help asthmatics develop ____ as well.

The key to finding a sport you like is to try your hand at something you think you might like to do. Since you spend lots of time watching your favorite sports, why not try one of them first. This will increase your appreciation of that particular sport and also give you ____ experience of what your favorite athletes are going through out there. If you feel that it is not for you, then try your next choice. Repeat until you find something that you like. After all, cheering on your favorite team is great, but playing and experiencing some of it yourself is deeply satisfying.

If you are truly health ____, it is even better and more effective to put it into practice.

【題組共用題幹】

Are you one of those so-called “armchair athletes” who follow your favorite sports team’s every game cheering along but do not physically play the game? Although a recent study suggests that watching sport can make you fitter, it is time to stop staying on the sidelines and ____.

According to research, viewing other people exercise increases heart rate and other physiological measures as if you were working out yourself. However, if you are truly health ____, it is even better and more effective to put it into practice. Playing a sport is not only fun but also boosts fitness and improves self-confidence. Learning a new sport can be tough and challenging. ____ your body and mind to follow the rules and specific movements might be a challenge at first, but regular practice will make this easier. For example, swimming has been known to be beneficial to those who suffer from asthma. Swimming improves good lung capacity and learning to swim can help asthmatics develop ____ as well.

The key to finding a sport you like is to try your hand at something you think you might like to do. Since you spend lots of time watching your favorite sports, why not try one of them first. This will increase your appreciation of that particular sport and also give you ____ experience of what your favorite athletes are going through out there. If you feel that it is not for you, then try your next choice. Repeat until you find something that you like. After all, cheering on your favorite team is great, but playing and experiencing some of it yourself is deeply satisfying.

____ your body and mind to follow the rules and specific movements might be a challenge at first.

【題組共用題幹】

Are you one of those so-called “armchair athletes” who follow your favorite sports team’s every game cheering along but do not physically play the game? Although a recent study suggests that watching sport can make you fitter, it is time to stop staying on the sidelines and ____.

According to research, viewing other people exercise increases heart rate and other physiological measures as if you were working out yourself. However, if you are truly health ____, it is even better and more effective to put it into practice. Playing a sport is not only fun but also boosts fitness and improves self-confidence. Learning a new sport can be tough and challenging. ____ your body and mind to follow the rules and specific movements might be a challenge at first, but regular practice will make this easier. For example, swimming has been known to be beneficial to those who suffer from asthma. Swimming improves good lung capacity and learning to swim can help asthmatics develop ____ as well.

The key to finding a sport you like is to try your hand at something you think you might like to do. Since you spend lots of time watching your favorite sports, why not try one of them first. This will increase your appreciation of that particular sport and also give you ____ experience of what your favorite athletes are going through out there. If you feel that it is not for you, then try your next choice. Repeat until you find something that you like. After all, cheering on your favorite team is great, but playing and experiencing some of it yourself is deeply satisfying.

Learning to swim can help asthmatics develop ____ as well.

【題組共用題幹】

Are you one of those so-called “armchair athletes” who follow your favorite sports team’s every game cheering along but do not physically play the game? Although a recent study suggests that watching sport can make you fitter, it is time to stop staying on the sidelines and ____.

According to research, viewing other people exercise increases heart rate and other physiological measures as if you were working out yourself. However, if you are truly health ____, it is even better and more effective to put it into practice. Playing a sport is not only fun but also boosts fitness and improves self-confidence. Learning a new sport can be tough and challenging. ____ your body and mind to follow the rules and specific movements might be a challenge at first, but regular practice will make this easier. For example, swimming has been known to be beneficial to those who suffer from asthma. Swimming improves good lung capacity and learning to swim can help asthmatics develop ____ as well.

The key to finding a sport you like is to try your hand at something you think you might like to do. Since you spend lots of time watching your favorite sports, why not try one of them first. This will increase your appreciation of that particular sport and also give you ____ experience of what your favorite athletes are going through out there. If you feel that it is not for you, then try your next choice. Repeat until you find something that you like. After all, cheering on your favorite team is great, but playing and experiencing some of it yourself is deeply satisfying.

This will increase your appreciation of that particular sport and also give you ____ experience of what your favorite athletes are going through out there.

【題組共用題幹】

It seemed like a curse. The summer of 821 was wet, cold and yielded a poor harvest. Then winter came. Temperatures plunged. Blizzards smothered towns and villages. The Danube, the Rhine and the Seine—rivers that never froze—froze so hard that the ice covering them could be crossed not just on foot but by horse and cart. Nor did spring bring respite. Terrible hailstorms followed the snow. Plague and famine followed the storms. The next few winters were worse. Fear stalked the land. Paschasius Radbertus, a monk of Corbie, in what is now northern France, wrote that God Himself was angry. Yet it was not God that wrought this destruction, according to Ulf Büntgen of the University of Cambridge, but rather a volcano now called Katla, on what was then an unknown island, now called Iceland.

At the moment Katla, one of Iceland’s largest volcanoes, located near the island’s southern tip, sleeps beneath 700 metres of ice. It has so slept, albeit fitfully, for almost 100 years. Its last eruption big enough to break through the ice was in 1918. A score of such ice-breaking awakenings have been recorded by Icelanders since the first Norsemen settled there in 870. In 821, however, Iceland was not on the Norsemen’s horizon. They were concentrating their activities on the lootable monasteries and villages of coastal Europe. There is thus no man-made record of what Katla was up to then. But Dr. Büntgen thinks he has found a natural one. A memorandum of an eruption that coincides with the events described by Radbertus is, he believes, written in a prehistoric forest.

Large volcanic eruptions can affect the weather. In particular they eject sulphur dioxide, which reacts with atmospheric gases to form sulphate aerosols that reflect sunlight back into the space, cooling the air beneath. That is well known. So the suspicion that what happened in the early 820s was precipitated by such an eruption has been around for a long time.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the winter of 821 in Europe in the first paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

It seemed like a curse. The summer of 821 was wet, cold and yielded a poor harvest. Then winter came. Temperatures plunged. Blizzards smothered towns and villages. The Danube, the Rhine and the Seine—rivers that never froze—froze so hard that the ice covering them could be crossed not just on foot but by horse and cart. Nor did spring bring respite. Terrible hailstorms followed the snow. Plague and famine followed the storms. The next few winters were worse. Fear stalked the land. Paschasius Radbertus, a monk of Corbie, in what is now northern France, wrote that God Himself was angry. Yet it was not God that wrought this destruction, according to Ulf Büntgen of the University of Cambridge, but rather a volcano now called Katla, on what was then an unknown island, now called Iceland.

At the moment Katla, one of Iceland’s largest volcanoes, located near the island’s southern tip, sleeps beneath 700 metres of ice. It has so slept, albeit fitfully, for almost 100 years. Its last eruption big enough to break through the ice was in 1918. A score of such ice-breaking awakenings have been recorded by Icelanders since the first Norsemen settled there in 870. In 821, however, Iceland was not on the Norsemen’s horizon. They were concentrating their activities on the lootable monasteries and villages of coastal Europe. There is thus no man-made record of what Katla was up to then. But Dr. Büntgen thinks he has found a natural one. A memorandum of an eruption that coincides with the events described by Radbertus is, he believes, written in a prehistoric forest.

Large volcanic eruptions can affect the weather. In particular they eject sulphur dioxide, which reacts with atmospheric gases to form sulphate aerosols that reflect sunlight back into the space, cooling the air beneath. That is well known. So the suspicion that what happened in the early 820s was precipitated by such an eruption has been around for a long time.

In the 820s, what would NOT be recognized by Paschasius Radbertus, a monk of Corbie?

【題組共用題幹】

It seemed like a curse. The summer of 821 was wet, cold and yielded a poor harvest. Then winter came. Temperatures plunged. Blizzards smothered towns and villages. The Danube, the Rhine and the Seine—rivers that never froze—froze so hard that the ice covering them could be crossed not just on foot but by horse and cart. Nor did spring bring respite. Terrible hailstorms followed the snow. Plague and famine followed the storms. The next few winters were worse. Fear stalked the land. Paschasius Radbertus, a monk of Corbie, in what is now northern France, wrote that God Himself was angry. Yet it was not God that wrought this destruction, according to Ulf Büntgen of the University of Cambridge, but rather a volcano now called Katla, on what was then an unknown island, now called Iceland.

At the moment Katla, one of Iceland’s largest volcanoes, located near the island’s southern tip, sleeps beneath 700 metres of ice. It has so slept, albeit fitfully, for almost 100 years. Its last eruption big enough to break through the ice was in 1918. A score of such ice-breaking awakenings have been recorded by Icelanders since the first Norsemen settled there in 870. In 821, however, Iceland was not on the Norsemen’s horizon. They were concentrating their activities on the lootable monasteries and villages of coastal Europe. There is thus no man-made record of what Katla was up to then. But Dr. Büntgen thinks he has found a natural one. A memorandum of an eruption that coincides with the events described by Radbertus is, he believes, written in a prehistoric forest.

Large volcanic eruptions can affect the weather. In particular they eject sulphur dioxide, which reacts with atmospheric gases to form sulphate aerosols that reflect sunlight back into the space, cooling the air beneath. That is well known. So the suspicion that what happened in the early 820s was precipitated by such an eruption has been around for a long time.

What can we know about the volcano Katla from this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

It seemed like a curse. The summer of 821 was wet, cold and yielded a poor harvest. Then winter came. Temperatures plunged. Blizzards smothered towns and villages. The Danube, the Rhine and the Seine—rivers that never froze—froze so hard that the ice covering them could be crossed not just on foot but by horse and cart. Nor did spring bring respite. Terrible hailstorms followed the snow. Plague and famine followed the storms. The next few winters were worse. Fear stalked the land. Paschasius Radbertus, a monk of Corbie, in what is now northern France, wrote that God Himself was angry. Yet it was not God that wrought this destruction, according to Ulf Büntgen of the University of Cambridge, but rather a volcano now called Katla, on what was then an unknown island, now called Iceland.

At the moment Katla, one of Iceland’s largest volcanoes, located near the island’s southern tip, sleeps beneath 700 metres of ice. It has so slept, albeit fitfully, for almost 100 years. Its last eruption big enough to break through the ice was in 1918. A score of such ice-breaking awakenings have been recorded by Icelanders since the first Norsemen settled there in 870. In 821, however, Iceland was not on the Norsemen’s horizon. They were concentrating their activities on the lootable monasteries and villages of coastal Europe. There is thus no man-made record of what Katla was up to then. But Dr. Büntgen thinks he has found a natural one. A memorandum of an eruption that coincides with the events described by Radbertus is, he believes, written in a prehistoric forest.

Large volcanic eruptions can affect the weather. In particular they eject sulphur dioxide, which reacts with atmospheric gases to form sulphate aerosols that reflect sunlight back into the space, cooling the air beneath. That is well known. So the suspicion that what happened in the early 820s was precipitated by such an eruption has been around for a long time.

What does “one” in the second paragraph refer to?

【題組共用題幹】

It seemed like a curse. The summer of 821 was wet, cold and yielded a poor harvest. Then winter came. Temperatures plunged. Blizzards smothered towns and villages. The Danube, the Rhine and the Seine—rivers that never froze—froze so hard that the ice covering them could be crossed not just on foot but by horse and cart. Nor did spring bring respite. Terrible hailstorms followed the snow. Plague and famine followed the storms. The next few winters were worse. Fear stalked the land. Paschasius Radbertus, a monk of Corbie, in what is now northern France, wrote that God Himself was angry. Yet it was not God that wrought this destruction, according to Ulf Büntgen of the University of Cambridge, but rather a volcano now called Katla, on what was then an unknown island, now called Iceland.

At the moment Katla, one of Iceland’s largest volcanoes, located near the island’s southern tip, sleeps beneath 700 metres of ice. It has so slept, albeit fitfully, for almost 100 years. Its last eruption big enough to break through the ice was in 1918. A score of such ice-breaking awakenings have been recorded by Icelanders since the first Norsemen settled there in 870. In 821, however, Iceland was not on the Norsemen’s horizon. They were concentrating their activities on the lootable monasteries and villages of coastal Europe. There is thus no man-made record of what Katla was up to then. But Dr. Büntgen thinks he has found a natural one. A memorandum of an eruption that coincides with the events described by Radbertus is, he believes, written in a prehistoric forest.

Large volcanic eruptions can affect the weather. In particular they eject sulphur dioxide, which reacts with atmospheric gases to form sulphate aerosols that reflect sunlight back into the space, cooling the air beneath. That is well known. So the suspicion that what happened in the early 820s was precipitated by such an eruption has been around for a long time.

According to this passage, which piece of information is NOT true about volcanic eruptions?

【題組共用題幹】

Experiments that go according to plan can be useful. But the biggest scientific advances often emerge from those that do not. Such is the case with a study just reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. When they began it, Hector DeLuca of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and his colleagues had been intending to examine the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on mice suffering from a rodent version of multiple sclerosis (MS). By the project’s end, however, they had in their hands two substances which may prove valuable drugs against the illness.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. This means it is caused by a victim’s immune system turning on and destroying parts of his own body. In the case of MS the targets of these attacks, which may continue for years, are the fatty sheaths that insulate nerve cells and thus help nervous impulses to propagate. People suffering from MS are often weakened, and sometimes physically disabled by it, and may also become blind.

What drives the immune system to behave in this way remains mysterious, but in the 1970s researchers uncovered a promising clue when they noticed that MS is rarer near the equator than it is at high latitudes. The first hypothesis proposed to explain this observation was that vitamin D (a substance created by sunlight’s action on precursor molecules in the skin) might be helping to prevent MS. That made sense, since those living in the tropics receive more sunlight than those in temperate zones. Sadly, follow-up experiments failed to support the notion. Those experiments did, though, lead Dr. DeLuca to discover that the preventive effect is associated with a particular sort of sunlight—UV with a wavelength of between 300 and 315 nanometres (billionths of a metre). His latest experiment was intended to dig deeper into this observation, by using this type of light to irradiate mice that had been injected with chemicals known to cause the rodent equivalent of MS.

According to the passage, what can we know of Dr. DeLuca’s project?

【題組共用題幹】

Experiments that go according to plan can be useful. But the biggest scientific advances often emerge from those that do not. Such is the case with a study just reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. When they began it, Hector DeLuca of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and his colleagues had been intending to examine the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on mice suffering from a rodent version of multiple sclerosis (MS). By the project’s end, however, they had in their hands two substances which may prove valuable drugs against the illness.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. This means it is caused by a victim’s immune system turning on and destroying parts of his own body. In the case of MS the targets of these attacks, which may continue for years, are the fatty sheaths that insulate nerve cells and thus help nervous impulses to propagate. People suffering from MS are often weakened, and sometimes physically disabled by it, and may also become blind.

What drives the immune system to behave in this way remains mysterious, but in the 1970s researchers uncovered a promising clue when they noticed that MS is rarer near the equator than it is at high latitudes. The first hypothesis proposed to explain this observation was that vitamin D (a substance created by sunlight’s action on precursor molecules in the skin) might be helping to prevent MS. That made sense, since those living in the tropics receive more sunlight than those in temperate zones. Sadly, follow-up experiments failed to support the notion. Those experiments did, though, lead Dr. DeLuca to discover that the preventive effect is associated with a particular sort of sunlight—UV with a wavelength of between 300 and 315 nanometres (billionths of a metre). His latest experiment was intended to dig deeper into this observation, by using this type of light to irradiate mice that had been injected with chemicals known to cause the rodent equivalent of MS.

Which of the following is NOT true about MS (multiple sclerosis)?

【題組共用題幹】

Experiments that go according to plan can be useful. But the biggest scientific advances often emerge from those that do not. Such is the case with a study just reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. When they began it, Hector DeLuca of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and his colleagues had been intending to examine the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on mice suffering from a rodent version of multiple sclerosis (MS). By the project’s end, however, they had in their hands two substances which may prove valuable drugs against the illness.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. This means it is caused by a victim’s immune system turning on and destroying parts of his own body. In the case of MS the targets of these attacks, which may continue for years, are the fatty sheaths that insulate nerve cells and thus help nervous impulses to propagate. People suffering from MS are often weakened, and sometimes physically disabled by it, and may also become blind.

What drives the immune system to behave in this way remains mysterious, but in the 1970s researchers uncovered a promising clue when they noticed that MS is rarer near the equator than it is at high latitudes. The first hypothesis proposed to explain this observation was that vitamin D (a substance created by sunlight’s action on precursor molecules in the skin) might be helping to prevent MS. That made sense, since those living in the tropics receive more sunlight than those in temperate zones. Sadly, follow-up experiments failed to support the notion. Those experiments did, though, lead Dr. DeLuca to discover that the preventive effect is associated with a particular sort of sunlight—UV with a wavelength of between 300 and 315 nanometres (billionths of a metre). His latest experiment was intended to dig deeper into this observation, by using this type of light to irradiate mice that had been injected with chemicals known to cause the rodent equivalent of MS.

What led to the 1970s’ hypothesis that vitamin D might be helping to prevent MS?

【題組共用題幹】

Experiments that go according to plan can be useful. But the biggest scientific advances often emerge from those that do not. Such is the case with a study just reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. When they began it, Hector DeLuca of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and his colleagues had been intending to examine the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on mice suffering from a rodent version of multiple sclerosis (MS). By the project’s end, however, they had in their hands two substances which may prove valuable drugs against the illness.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. This means it is caused by a victim’s immune system turning on and destroying parts of his own body. In the case of MS the targets of these attacks, which may continue for years, are the fatty sheaths that insulate nerve cells and thus help nervous impulses to propagate. People suffering from MS are often weakened, and sometimes physically disabled by it, and may also become blind.

What drives the immune system to behave in this way remains mysterious, but in the 1970s researchers uncovered a promising clue when they noticed that MS is rarer near the equator than it is at high latitudes. The first hypothesis proposed to explain this observation was that vitamin D (a substance created by sunlight’s action on precursor molecules in the skin) might be helping to prevent MS. That made sense, since those living in the tropics receive more sunlight than those in temperate zones. Sadly, follow-up experiments failed to support the notion. Those experiments did, though, lead Dr. DeLuca to discover that the preventive effect is associated with a particular sort of sunlight—UV with a wavelength of between 300 and 315 nanometres (billionths of a metre). His latest experiment was intended to dig deeper into this observation, by using this type of light to irradiate mice that had been injected with chemicals known to cause the rodent equivalent of MS.

What does “Proceedings” mean in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences?

【題組共用題幹】

Experiments that go according to plan can be useful. But the biggest scientific advances often emerge from those that do not. Such is the case with a study just reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. When they began it, Hector DeLuca of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and his colleagues had been intending to examine the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on mice suffering from a rodent version of multiple sclerosis (MS). By the project’s end, however, they had in their hands two substances which may prove valuable drugs against the illness.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. This means it is caused by a victim’s immune system turning on and destroying parts of his own body. In the case of MS the targets of these attacks, which may continue for years, are the fatty sheaths that insulate nerve cells and thus help nervous impulses to propagate. People suffering from MS are often weakened, and sometimes physically disabled by it, and may also become blind.

What drives the immune system to behave in this way remains mysterious, but in the 1970s researchers uncovered a promising clue when they noticed that MS is rarer near the equator than it is at high latitudes. The first hypothesis proposed to explain this observation was that vitamin D (a substance created by sunlight’s action on precursor molecules in the skin) might be helping to prevent MS. That made sense, since those living in the tropics receive more sunlight than those in temperate zones. Sadly, follow-up experiments failed to support the notion. Those experiments did, though, lead Dr. DeLuca to discover that the preventive effect is associated with a particular sort of sunlight—UV with a wavelength of between 300 and 315 nanometres (billionths of a metre). His latest experiment was intended to dig deeper into this observation, by using this type of light to irradiate mice that had been injected with chemicals known to cause the rodent equivalent of MS.

What is the unintended result of Dr. DeLuca’s experiment?

【題組共用題幹】

By about age 12, students who feel threatened by mathematics start to avoid math courses, do poorly in the few math classes they do take, and earn low scores on math-achievement tests. Some scientists have theorized that kids having little math aptitude in the first place justifiably dread grappling with numbers. However, it is not that simple, at least for college students, according to a study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology. According to the study, people’s intrusive worries about math temporarily disrupt mental processes needed for doing arithmetic and drag down math competence, report Mark H. Ashcraft and Elizabeth P. Kirk, both psychologists at Cleveland (Ohio) State University. Math anxiety exerts this effect by making it difficult to hold new information in mind while simultaneously manipulating it, the researchers hold. Psychologists regard this capacity, known as working memory, as crucial for dealing with numbers. “Math anxiety soaks up working memory resources and makes it harder to learn mathematics, probably beginning in middle school,” Ashcraft says.

What did psychologists Ashcraft and Kirk report?

【題組共用題幹】

By about age 12, students who feel threatened by mathematics start to avoid math courses, do poorly in the few math classes they do take, and earn low scores on math-achievement tests. Some scientists have theorized that kids having little math aptitude in the first place justifiably dread grappling with numbers. However, it is not that simple, at least for college students, according to a study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology. According to the study, people’s intrusive worries about math temporarily disrupt mental processes needed for doing arithmetic and drag down math competence, report Mark H. Ashcraft and Elizabeth P. Kirk, both psychologists at Cleveland (Ohio) State University. Math anxiety exerts this effect by making it difficult to hold new information in mind while simultaneously manipulating it, the researchers hold. Psychologists regard this capacity, known as working memory, as crucial for dealing with numbers. “Math anxiety soaks up working memory resources and makes it harder to learn mathematics, probably beginning in middle school,” Ashcraft says.

Which of the following describes the process of remembering new information while using it?

【題組共用題幹】

By about age 12, students who feel threatened by mathematics start to avoid math courses, do poorly in the few math classes they do take, and earn low scores on math-achievement tests. Some scientists have theorized that kids having little math aptitude in the first place justifiably dread grappling with numbers. However, it is not that simple, at least for college students, according to a study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology. According to the study, people’s intrusive worries about math temporarily disrupt mental processes needed for doing arithmetic and drag down math competence, report Mark H. Ashcraft and Elizabeth P. Kirk, both psychologists at Cleveland (Ohio) State University. Math anxiety exerts this effect by making it difficult to hold new information in mind while simultaneously manipulating it, the researchers hold. Psychologists regard this capacity, known as working memory, as crucial for dealing with numbers. “Math anxiety soaks up working memory resources and makes it harder to learn mathematics, probably beginning in middle school,” Ashcraft says.

What theory does the Ashcraft and Kirk study challenge?

【題組共用題幹】

By about age 12, students who feel threatened by mathematics start to avoid math courses, do poorly in the few math classes they do take, and earn low scores on math-achievement tests. Some scientists have theorized that kids having little math aptitude in the first place justifiably dread grappling with numbers. However, it is not that simple, at least for college students, according to a study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology. According to the study, people’s intrusive worries about math temporarily disrupt mental processes needed for doing arithmetic and drag down math competence, report Mark H. Ashcraft and Elizabeth P. Kirk, both psychologists at Cleveland (Ohio) State University. Math anxiety exerts this effect by making it difficult to hold new information in mind while simultaneously manipulating it, the researchers hold. Psychologists regard this capacity, known as working memory, as crucial for dealing with numbers. “Math anxiety soaks up working memory resources and makes it harder to learn mathematics, probably beginning in middle school,” Ashcraft says.

What is the purpose of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

By about age 12, students who feel threatened by mathematics start to avoid math courses, do poorly in the few math classes they do take, and earn low scores on math-achievement tests. Some scientists have theorized that kids having little math aptitude in the first place justifiably dread grappling with numbers. However, it is not that simple, at least for college students, according to a study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology. According to the study, people’s intrusive worries about math temporarily disrupt mental processes needed for doing arithmetic and drag down math competence, report Mark H. Ashcraft and Elizabeth P. Kirk, both psychologists at Cleveland (Ohio) State University. Math anxiety exerts this effect by making it difficult to hold new information in mind while simultaneously manipulating it, the researchers hold. Psychologists regard this capacity, known as working memory, as crucial for dealing with numbers. “Math anxiety soaks up working memory resources and makes it harder to learn mathematics, probably beginning in middle school,” Ashcraft says.

What can be inferred from this passage?