111 民航特考三等 飛航管制 英文 考古題詳解

Workplace procrastination is a phenomenon where people unnecessarily postpone dealing with work-related tasks, which can lead to serious issues both for the people who procrastinate, as well as for their employers. Write a 250-word essay on how to stop procrastinating at work.

Mourning for a deceased family member is totally understandable, but if you find yourself ____ on the past too long and too much, you had better seek professional help.

He needs to submit all his college ____ to be reviewed by the authorities to decide whether he could be admitted to the graduate program.

A ____ was brought in to fix the damage of the external walls of the school building caused by the salt air.

During the pandemic, many museums have made online exhibitions ____ to viewers around the world.

There are fears that this random shooting incident may become a ____ for more violence in the capital.

There has been a significant worldwide ____ in the delivery and effectiveness of education, so it is necessary to improve the outcomes and environment for education, especially about its equality.

A security firm tracking data ____ estimated that there were nearly 65,000 successful ransomware attacks in 2020.

Thousands of visitors make their trips to the top of Mt. Fuji every year as if it were an ____ volcano that no longer erupts.

Whoever persistently disregards this policy will be penalized with ____ associated with policy abuse.

Leaders, at the very minimum, require setting a direction and influencing their ____ in the company to move toward that direction.

After the food poisoning event, the restaurant owner decided to improve their ____ standards.

In later years of one’s life, coping with ____ physical abilities and facing the inevitability of death may lead to painful adjustments.

While ____ an unjustified war on a peaceful neighboring country, the dictator is also tightening his control over the protestors back at home.

A suspect of this murder has been ____ by the police for questioning.

Ex-communist governments that once ____ the costs of basic necessities such as food and electricity are now letting competition and other external factors determine their prices.

【題組共用題幹】

Crimes against humanity appeared for the first time in a treaty in the 1945 Nuremberg Charter at the end of the Second World War, albeit with a different definition than today. Since the 1990s, crimes against humanity have been codified in different international treaties such as the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993), the Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda (1994) and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998). The Rome Statute provides the most recent and most expansive list of specific criminal acts that may constitute crimes against humanity.

Unlike other human rights violations, war crimes do not engage state responsibility but individual criminal responsibility. This means that individuals can be tried and found personally responsible for such crimes as murder, extermination, enslavement/deportation or forcible transfer of population, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, execution against an identifiable group, enforced disappearance of persons, the crime of apartheid, and other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health. Governments around the world often deny that crimes against humanity have occurred on their territory, thus ignoring the suffering of their people. Thousands of desperate victims are still struggling to get long-waited justice, reparation and recognition.

TRIAL International, a non-governmental organization, helps victims to get their voice heard by bringing their cases before domestic courts, as well as before regional and international human rights mechanism like the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights. The organization provides free legal support to victims, from the preparation and submission of their case, to the proceedings and the implementation of the decisions on the ground. TRIAL International fights impunity by filing criminal and compensation claims against perpetrators of crimes against humanity. These complaints are brought before international bodies, and before national courts thanks to the principle of universal jurisdiction. TRIAL also pushes national justice systems to investigate situations and prosecute the perpetrators of mass atrocities.

Which of the following statements is true about TRIAL International?

【題組共用題幹】

Crimes against humanity appeared for the first time in a treaty in the 1945 Nuremberg Charter at the end of the Second World War, albeit with a different definition than today. Since the 1990s, crimes against humanity have been codified in different international treaties such as the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993), the Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda (1994) and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998). The Rome Statute provides the most recent and most expansive list of specific criminal acts that may constitute crimes against humanity.

Unlike other human rights violations, war crimes do not engage state responsibility but individual criminal responsibility. This means that individuals can be tried and found personally responsible for such crimes as murder, extermination, enslavement/deportation or forcible transfer of population, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, execution against an identifiable group, enforced disappearance of persons, the crime of apartheid, and other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health. Governments around the world often deny that crimes against humanity have occurred on their territory, thus ignoring the suffering of their people. Thousands of desperate victims are still struggling to get long-waited justice, reparation and recognition.

TRIAL International, a non-governmental organization, helps victims to get their voice heard by bringing their cases before domestic courts, as well as before regional and international human rights mechanism like the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights. The organization provides free legal support to victims, from the preparation and submission of their case, to the proceedings and the implementation of the decisions on the ground. TRIAL International fights impunity by filing criminal and compensation claims against perpetrators of crimes against humanity. These complaints are brought before international bodies, and before national courts thanks to the principle of universal jurisdiction. TRIAL also pushes national justice systems to investigate situations and prosecute the perpetrators of mass atrocities.

Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Crimes against humanity appeared for the first time in a treaty in the 1945 Nuremberg Charter at the end of the Second World War, albeit with a different definition than today. Since the 1990s, crimes against humanity have been codified in different international treaties such as the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993), the Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda (1994) and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998). The Rome Statute provides the most recent and most expansive list of specific criminal acts that may constitute crimes against humanity.

Unlike other human rights violations, war crimes do not engage state responsibility but individual criminal responsibility. This means that individuals can be tried and found personally responsible for such crimes as murder, extermination, enslavement/deportation or forcible transfer of population, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, execution against an identifiable group, enforced disappearance of persons, the crime of apartheid, and other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health. Governments around the world often deny that crimes against humanity have occurred on their territory, thus ignoring the suffering of their people. Thousands of desperate victims are still struggling to get long-waited justice, reparation and recognition.

TRIAL International, a non-governmental organization, helps victims to get their voice heard by bringing their cases before domestic courts, as well as before regional and international human rights mechanism like the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights. The organization provides free legal support to victims, from the preparation and submission of their case, to the proceedings and the implementation of the decisions on the ground. TRIAL International fights impunity by filing criminal and compensation claims against perpetrators of crimes against humanity. These complaints are brought before international bodies, and before national courts thanks to the principle of universal jurisdiction. TRIAL also pushes national justice systems to investigate situations and prosecute the perpetrators of mass atrocities.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is true concerning the crimes against humanity?

【題組共用題幹】

Crimes against humanity appeared for the first time in a treaty in the 1945 Nuremberg Charter at the end of the Second World War, albeit with a different definition than today. Since the 1990s, crimes against humanity have been codified in different international treaties such as the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993), the Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda (1994) and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998). The Rome Statute provides the most recent and most expansive list of specific criminal acts that may constitute crimes against humanity.

Unlike other human rights violations, war crimes do not engage state responsibility but individual criminal responsibility. This means that individuals can be tried and found personally responsible for such crimes as murder, extermination, enslavement/deportation or forcible transfer of population, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, execution against an identifiable group, enforced disappearance of persons, the crime of apartheid, and other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health. Governments around the world often deny that crimes against humanity have occurred on their territory, thus ignoring the suffering of their people. Thousands of desperate victims are still struggling to get long-waited justice, reparation and recognition.

TRIAL International, a non-governmental organization, helps victims to get their voice heard by bringing their cases before domestic courts, as well as before regional and international human rights mechanism like the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights. The organization provides free legal support to victims, from the preparation and submission of their case, to the proceedings and the implementation of the decisions on the ground. TRIAL International fights impunity by filing criminal and compensation claims against perpetrators of crimes against humanity. These complaints are brought before international bodies, and before national courts thanks to the principle of universal jurisdiction. TRIAL also pushes national justice systems to investigate situations and prosecute the perpetrators of mass atrocities.

What is the meaning of the word “impunity” in the last paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

Crimes against humanity appeared for the first time in a treaty in the 1945 Nuremberg Charter at the end of the Second World War, albeit with a different definition than today. Since the 1990s, crimes against humanity have been codified in different international treaties such as the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993), the Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda (1994) and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998). The Rome Statute provides the most recent and most expansive list of specific criminal acts that may constitute crimes against humanity.

Unlike other human rights violations, war crimes do not engage state responsibility but individual criminal responsibility. This means that individuals can be tried and found personally responsible for such crimes as murder, extermination, enslavement/deportation or forcible transfer of population, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, execution against an identifiable group, enforced disappearance of persons, the crime of apartheid, and other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health. Governments around the world often deny that crimes against humanity have occurred on their territory, thus ignoring the suffering of their people. Thousands of desperate victims are still struggling to get long-waited justice, reparation and recognition.

TRIAL International, a non-governmental organization, helps victims to get their voice heard by bringing their cases before domestic courts, as well as before regional and international human rights mechanism like the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights. The organization provides free legal support to victims, from the preparation and submission of their case, to the proceedings and the implementation of the decisions on the ground. TRIAL International fights impunity by filing criminal and compensation claims against perpetrators of crimes against humanity. These complaints are brought before international bodies, and before national courts thanks to the principle of universal jurisdiction. TRIAL also pushes national justice systems to investigate situations and prosecute the perpetrators of mass atrocities.

Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Recently economists looked at the relationship between pupils’ month of birth and their school performance. It was found that among fourth graders, the oldest children scored on math and reading somewhere between four and twelve percentile points better than the youngest children. That can be explained as a “huge effect.” It means that if you take two intellectually ____ fourth graders with birthdays at opposite ends of the cutoff date, the older student could score in the eightieth percentile, ____ the younger one could score in the sixty-eighth percentile. That’s the difference between ____ for a gifted program or not. The economists said, “We do ability grouping early on in childhood. We have advanced reading groups and advanced math groups. So, early on, if we look at young kids, in kindergarten and first grade, the teachers are ____ maturity with ability. And they put the old kids in the advanced stream, where they learn better skills; and the next year, because they are in the higher groups, they do even better; and in the next year, the same thing happens, and they do even better again. The only country we don’t see this going on is Denmark.” Denmark waits to make selection decisions until maturity differences by age have ____. This is because they have a national policy where they have no ability grouping until the age of ten.

【題組共用題幹】

Recently economists looked at the relationship between pupils’ month of birth and their school performance. It was found that among fourth graders, the oldest children scored on math and reading somewhere between four and twelve percentile points better than the youngest children. That can be explained as a “huge effect.” It means that if you take two intellectually ____ fourth graders with birthdays at opposite ends of the cutoff date, the older student could score in the eightieth percentile, ____ the younger one could score in the sixty-eighth percentile. That’s the difference between ____ for a gifted program or not. The economists said, “We do ability grouping early on in childhood. We have advanced reading groups and advanced math groups. So, early on, if we look at young kids, in kindergarten and first grade, the teachers are ____ maturity with ability. And they put the old kids in the advanced stream, where they learn better skills; and the next year, because they are in the higher groups, they do even better; and in the next year, the same thing happens, and they do even better again. The only country we don’t see this going on is Denmark.” Denmark waits to make selection decisions until maturity differences by age have ____. This is because they have a national policy where they have no ability grouping until the age of ten.

【題組共用題幹】

Recently economists looked at the relationship between pupils’ month of birth and their school performance. It was found that among fourth graders, the oldest children scored on math and reading somewhere between four and twelve percentile points better than the youngest children. That can be explained as a “huge effect.” It means that if you take two intellectually ____ fourth graders with birthdays at opposite ends of the cutoff date, the older student could score in the eightieth percentile, ____ the younger one could score in the sixty-eighth percentile. That’s the difference between ____ for a gifted program or not. The economists said, “We do ability grouping early on in childhood. We have advanced reading groups and advanced math groups. So, early on, if we look at young kids, in kindergarten and first grade, the teachers are ____ maturity with ability. And they put the old kids in the advanced stream, where they learn better skills; and the next year, because they are in the higher groups, they do even better; and in the next year, the same thing happens, and they do even better again. The only country we don’t see this going on is Denmark.” Denmark waits to make selection decisions until maturity differences by age have ____. This is because they have a national policy where they have no ability grouping until the age of ten.

【題組共用題幹】

Recently economists looked at the relationship between pupils’ month of birth and their school performance. It was found that among fourth graders, the oldest children scored on math and reading somewhere between four and twelve percentile points better than the youngest children. That can be explained as a “huge effect.” It means that if you take two intellectually ____ fourth graders with birthdays at opposite ends of the cutoff date, the older student could score in the eightieth percentile, ____ the younger one could score in the sixty-eighth percentile. That’s the difference between ____ for a gifted program or not. The economists said, “We do ability grouping early on in childhood. We have advanced reading groups and advanced math groups. So, early on, if we look at young kids, in kindergarten and first grade, the teachers are ____ maturity with ability. And they put the old kids in the advanced stream, where they learn better skills; and the next year, because they are in the higher groups, they do even better; and in the next year, the same thing happens, and they do even better again. The only country we don’t see this going on is Denmark.” Denmark waits to make selection decisions until maturity differences by age have ____. This is because they have a national policy where they have no ability grouping until the age of ten.

【題組共用題幹】

Recently economists looked at the relationship between pupils’ month of birth and their school performance. It was found that among fourth graders, the oldest children scored on math and reading somewhere between four and twelve percentile points better than the youngest children. That can be explained as a “huge effect.” It means that if you take two intellectually ____ fourth graders with birthdays at opposite ends of the cutoff date, the older student could score in the eightieth percentile, ____ the younger one could score in the sixty-eighth percentile. That’s the difference between ____ for a gifted program or not. The economists said, “We do ability grouping early on in childhood. We have advanced reading groups and advanced math groups. So, early on, if we look at young kids, in kindergarten and first grade, the teachers are ____ maturity with ability. And they put the old kids in the advanced stream, where they learn better skills; and the next year, because they are in the higher groups, they do even better; and in the next year, the same thing happens, and they do even better again. The only country we don’t see this going on is Denmark.” Denmark waits to make selection decisions until maturity differences by age have ____. This is because they have a national policy where they have no ability grouping until the age of ten.

【題組共用題幹】

Copyright law affects one’s right and ability to use another’s work. Its purpose is to ____ the creation of works by giving authors’ exclusive property rights. Copyright is one of several categories of intellectual property protection, designed to ____ the creator’s, owner’s, or holder’s right to claim an original work as their own. As soon as a work is written on paper, recorded digitally, or typed electronically—or anything that can be heard, seen, read, or touched—the work is ____ copyright protection, normally for a limited period of time. However, despite copyright law, which ____ individuals from copying, publishing, transmitting, exhibiting, distributing, modifying, displaying, or using (whether for profit or not) the original creative expressions of others, copyright ____—intentional and inadvertent—still can and does occur. Overall, we should respect the originality of an individual’s work.

【題組共用題幹】

Copyright law affects one’s right and ability to use another’s work. Its purpose is to ____ the creation of works by giving authors’ exclusive property rights. Copyright is one of several categories of intellectual property protection, designed to ____ the creator’s, owner’s, or holder’s right to claim an original work as their own. As soon as a work is written on paper, recorded digitally, or typed electronically—or anything that can be heard, seen, read, or touched—the work is ____ copyright protection, normally for a limited period of time. However, despite copyright law, which ____ individuals from copying, publishing, transmitting, exhibiting, distributing, modifying, displaying, or using (whether for profit or not) the original creative expressions of others, copyright ____—intentional and inadvertent—still can and does occur. Overall, we should respect the originality of an individual’s work.

【題組共用題幹】

Copyright law affects one’s right and ability to use another’s work. Its purpose is to ____ the creation of works by giving authors’ exclusive property rights. Copyright is one of several categories of intellectual property protection, designed to ____ the creator’s, owner’s, or holder’s right to claim an original work as their own. As soon as a work is written on paper, recorded digitally, or typed electronically—or anything that can be heard, seen, read, or touched—the work is ____ copyright protection, normally for a limited period of time. However, despite copyright law, which ____ individuals from copying, publishing, transmitting, exhibiting, distributing, modifying, displaying, or using (whether for profit or not) the original creative expressions of others, copyright ____—intentional and inadvertent—still can and does occur. Overall, we should respect the originality of an individual’s work.

【題組共用題幹】

Copyright law affects one’s right and ability to use another’s work. Its purpose is to ____ the creation of works by giving authors’ exclusive property rights. Copyright is one of several categories of intellectual property protection, designed to ____ the creator’s, owner’s, or holder’s right to claim an original work as their own. As soon as a work is written on paper, recorded digitally, or typed electronically—or anything that can be heard, seen, read, or touched—the work is ____ copyright protection, normally for a limited period of time. However, despite copyright law, which ____ individuals from copying, publishing, transmitting, exhibiting, distributing, modifying, displaying, or using (whether for profit or not) the original creative expressions of others, copyright ____—intentional and inadvertent—still can and does occur. Overall, we should respect the originality of an individual’s work.

【題組共用題幹】

Copyright law affects one’s right and ability to use another’s work. Its purpose is to ____ the creation of works by giving authors’ exclusive property rights. Copyright is one of several categories of intellectual property protection, designed to ____ the creator’s, owner’s, or holder’s right to claim an original work as their own. As soon as a work is written on paper, recorded digitally, or typed electronically—or anything that can be heard, seen, read, or touched—the work is ____ copyright protection, normally for a limited period of time. However, despite copyright law, which ____ individuals from copying, publishing, transmitting, exhibiting, distributing, modifying, displaying, or using (whether for profit or not) the original creative expressions of others, copyright ____—intentional and inadvertent—still can and does occur. Overall, we should respect the originality of an individual’s work.

【題組共用題幹】

The process for awarding host city honors came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Olympic Games. Soon after the host city had been announced, it was discovered that the organizers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to ____ with IOC (International Olympic Committee) officials. Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City’s bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member’s son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles ____ $2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member.

The subsequent investigation has uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics (both Summer and Winter) since 1988. ____, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organizing Committee for Nagano’s bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as “astronomical.” Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent ____ advertisers would begin to pull their support.

The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ____ imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities.

【題組共用題幹】

The process for awarding host city honors came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Olympic Games. Soon after the host city had been announced, it was discovered that the organizers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to ____ with IOC (International Olympic Committee) officials. Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City’s bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member’s son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles ____ $2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member.

The subsequent investigation has uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics (both Summer and Winter) since 1988. ____, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organizing Committee for Nagano’s bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as “astronomical.” Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent ____ advertisers would begin to pull their support.

The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ____ imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities.

【題組共用題幹】

The process for awarding host city honors came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Olympic Games. Soon after the host city had been announced, it was discovered that the organizers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to ____ with IOC (International Olympic Committee) officials. Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City’s bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member’s son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles ____ $2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member.

The subsequent investigation has uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics (both Summer and Winter) since 1988. ____, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organizing Committee for Nagano’s bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as “astronomical.” Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent ____ advertisers would begin to pull their support.

The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ____ imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities.

【題組共用題幹】

The process for awarding host city honors came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Olympic Games. Soon after the host city had been announced, it was discovered that the organizers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to ____ with IOC (International Olympic Committee) officials. Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City’s bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member’s son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles ____ $2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member.

The subsequent investigation has uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics (both Summer and Winter) since 1988. ____, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organizing Committee for Nagano’s bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as “astronomical.” Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent ____ advertisers would begin to pull their support.

The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ____ imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities.

【題組共用題幹】

The process for awarding host city honors came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Olympic Games. Soon after the host city had been announced, it was discovered that the organizers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to ____ with IOC (International Olympic Committee) officials. Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City’s bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member’s son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles ____ $2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member.

The subsequent investigation has uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics (both Summer and Winter) since 1988. ____, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organizing Committee for Nagano’s bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as “astronomical.” Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent ____ advertisers would begin to pull their support.

The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ____ imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities.

【題組共用題幹】

Some economists have pointed out that in a knowledge-based economy, the most valuable commodity is not information, but attention. Michael Goldhaber (1997) proposed that we are not so much living in an information economy, as in an attention economy, where value is created from the exchange of attention and “[w]hat matters is seeking, obtaining and paying attention.” Digital media and the internet facilitate participation in this economy, by creating new channels for distributing attention. In order to get attention, you have to give attention; otherwise, your audience will lose interest and take their attention elsewhere. This is an important point for advertisers, especially those launching social media campaigns. The emphasis is on developing new kinds of relationships with customers, and in many cases, moving towards engaging customers in the design of products for themselves.

Goldhaber notes that some people (he calls them “stars”) are better at attracting attention than others (he calls them “fans”). Stars are able to command more attention partly because they pay illusory attention to fans; that is, they give the illusion of personal attention even though they are addressing a large audience. Goldhaber illustrates this concept with the example of a presenter at a conference, who, while talking to a large crowd, makes eye contact with individuals in that crowd. In digital media, social media tools like Twitter and Facebook provide opportunities to pay illusory attention.

If you accept the idea of an attention economy with attention as the valued commodity, then you have to adjust your ways of thinking about certain concepts. For example, our traditional way of thinking of privacy as freedom from the public gaze is not especially appropriate for people participating in an attention economy. People have to be “out there” in order to attract attention. In addition, intellectual property laws that forbid people from copying and distributing a creator’s work also seem out of place. This kind of copying and distributing draws attention to the creator, thus increasing their “wealth” in the attention economy. In other words, wealth comes not from the exchange of “intellectual property,” but from the exchange of attention.

Which of the following statements is true about information economy?

【題組共用題幹】

Some economists have pointed out that in a knowledge-based economy, the most valuable commodity is not information, but attention. Michael Goldhaber (1997) proposed that we are not so much living in an information economy, as in an attention economy, where value is created from the exchange of attention and “[w]hat matters is seeking, obtaining and paying attention.” Digital media and the internet facilitate participation in this economy, by creating new channels for distributing attention. In order to get attention, you have to give attention; otherwise, your audience will lose interest and take their attention elsewhere. This is an important point for advertisers, especially those launching social media campaigns. The emphasis is on developing new kinds of relationships with customers, and in many cases, moving towards engaging customers in the design of products for themselves.

Goldhaber notes that some people (he calls them “stars”) are better at attracting attention than others (he calls them “fans”). Stars are able to command more attention partly because they pay illusory attention to fans; that is, they give the illusion of personal attention even though they are addressing a large audience. Goldhaber illustrates this concept with the example of a presenter at a conference, who, while talking to a large crowd, makes eye contact with individuals in that crowd. In digital media, social media tools like Twitter and Facebook provide opportunities to pay illusory attention.

If you accept the idea of an attention economy with attention as the valued commodity, then you have to adjust your ways of thinking about certain concepts. For example, our traditional way of thinking of privacy as freedom from the public gaze is not especially appropriate for people participating in an attention economy. People have to be “out there” in order to attract attention. In addition, intellectual property laws that forbid people from copying and distributing a creator’s work also seem out of place. This kind of copying and distributing draws attention to the creator, thus increasing their “wealth” in the attention economy. In other words, wealth comes not from the exchange of “intellectual property,” but from the exchange of attention.

Which of the following is mentioned as a traditional practice that needs to be questioned in the attention economy?

【題組共用題幹】

Some economists have pointed out that in a knowledge-based economy, the most valuable commodity is not information, but attention. Michael Goldhaber (1997) proposed that we are not so much living in an information economy, as in an attention economy, where value is created from the exchange of attention and “[w]hat matters is seeking, obtaining and paying attention.” Digital media and the internet facilitate participation in this economy, by creating new channels for distributing attention. In order to get attention, you have to give attention; otherwise, your audience will lose interest and take their attention elsewhere. This is an important point for advertisers, especially those launching social media campaigns. The emphasis is on developing new kinds of relationships with customers, and in many cases, moving towards engaging customers in the design of products for themselves.

Goldhaber notes that some people (he calls them “stars”) are better at attracting attention than others (he calls them “fans”). Stars are able to command more attention partly because they pay illusory attention to fans; that is, they give the illusion of personal attention even though they are addressing a large audience. Goldhaber illustrates this concept with the example of a presenter at a conference, who, while talking to a large crowd, makes eye contact with individuals in that crowd. In digital media, social media tools like Twitter and Facebook provide opportunities to pay illusory attention.

If you accept the idea of an attention economy with attention as the valued commodity, then you have to adjust your ways of thinking about certain concepts. For example, our traditional way of thinking of privacy as freedom from the public gaze is not especially appropriate for people participating in an attention economy. People have to be “out there” in order to attract attention. In addition, intellectual property laws that forbid people from copying and distributing a creator’s work also seem out of place. This kind of copying and distributing draws attention to the creator, thus increasing their “wealth” in the attention economy. In other words, wealth comes not from the exchange of “intellectual property,” but from the exchange of attention.

Which of the following is recommended as a new campaign for social media to develop relationships with customers?

【題組共用題幹】

Some economists have pointed out that in a knowledge-based economy, the most valuable commodity is not information, but attention. Michael Goldhaber (1997) proposed that we are not so much living in an information economy, as in an attention economy, where value is created from the exchange of attention and “[w]hat matters is seeking, obtaining and paying attention.” Digital media and the internet facilitate participation in this economy, by creating new channels for distributing attention. In order to get attention, you have to give attention; otherwise, your audience will lose interest and take their attention elsewhere. This is an important point for advertisers, especially those launching social media campaigns. The emphasis is on developing new kinds of relationships with customers, and in many cases, moving towards engaging customers in the design of products for themselves.

Goldhaber notes that some people (he calls them “stars”) are better at attracting attention than others (he calls them “fans”). Stars are able to command more attention partly because they pay illusory attention to fans; that is, they give the illusion of personal attention even though they are addressing a large audience. Goldhaber illustrates this concept with the example of a presenter at a conference, who, while talking to a large crowd, makes eye contact with individuals in that crowd. In digital media, social media tools like Twitter and Facebook provide opportunities to pay illusory attention.

If you accept the idea of an attention economy with attention as the valued commodity, then you have to adjust your ways of thinking about certain concepts. For example, our traditional way of thinking of privacy as freedom from the public gaze is not especially appropriate for people participating in an attention economy. People have to be “out there” in order to attract attention. In addition, intellectual property laws that forbid people from copying and distributing a creator’s work also seem out of place. This kind of copying and distributing draws attention to the creator, thus increasing their “wealth” in the attention economy. In other words, wealth comes not from the exchange of “intellectual property,” but from the exchange of attention.

Which of the following can be considered a good example of paying illusory attention?

【題組共用題幹】

Some economists have pointed out that in a knowledge-based economy, the most valuable commodity is not information, but attention. Michael Goldhaber (1997) proposed that we are not so much living in an information economy, as in an attention economy, where value is created from the exchange of attention and “[w]hat matters is seeking, obtaining and paying attention.” Digital media and the internet facilitate participation in this economy, by creating new channels for distributing attention. In order to get attention, you have to give attention; otherwise, your audience will lose interest and take their attention elsewhere. This is an important point for advertisers, especially those launching social media campaigns. The emphasis is on developing new kinds of relationships with customers, and in many cases, moving towards engaging customers in the design of products for themselves.

Goldhaber notes that some people (he calls them “stars”) are better at attracting attention than others (he calls them “fans”). Stars are able to command more attention partly because they pay illusory attention to fans; that is, they give the illusion of personal attention even though they are addressing a large audience. Goldhaber illustrates this concept with the example of a presenter at a conference, who, while talking to a large crowd, makes eye contact with individuals in that crowd. In digital media, social media tools like Twitter and Facebook provide opportunities to pay illusory attention.

If you accept the idea of an attention economy with attention as the valued commodity, then you have to adjust your ways of thinking about certain concepts. For example, our traditional way of thinking of privacy as freedom from the public gaze is not especially appropriate for people participating in an attention economy. People have to be “out there” in order to attract attention. In addition, intellectual property laws that forbid people from copying and distributing a creator’s work also seem out of place. This kind of copying and distributing draws attention to the creator, thus increasing their “wealth” in the attention economy. In other words, wealth comes not from the exchange of “intellectual property,” but from the exchange of attention.

Which of the following can be the main idea of the passage?