111 國際經濟商務人員三等 國際經濟商務人員國際經貿法律組 英文（含國際貿易政策與法規命令之摘譯與論述） 考古題詳解

申論題部分

一、英譯中：請將下面這段英文譯成正確、流暢的中文（10 分）

International trade refers to economic transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, capital goods, and raw materials and food. International trade transactions are facilitated by international financial payments, in which the private banking system and the central banks of the trading nations play important roles.

二、中譯英：請將下面這段中文譯成正確、流暢的英文（10 分）

臺灣是一個治安很好的地方，也有完備的醫療制度跟公衛環境，對傳染病立即處理，預防的措施也迅速落實。因為臺灣列為全世界安全指數第二名，所以很明顯的有籌辦全球性會展活動的優勢。

三、英文作文：請根據下面的說明寫一篇約 200 字的英文作文（20 分）

The following is one of the headlines of news in March this year:

“Major cities across Taiwan including the capital Taipei have seen widespread power failures after a reported accident at a power plant.”

The above-mentioned outage affected not only households but also industries in Taiwan. Write a short essay of no more than 200 words to explain how power shortage might affect international investment and what officials should do to minimize the impact.

Because his application for a transfer to the marketing department had been rejected, Mark issued an ____ to the head office.

Paul’s carelessness has ____ the loss of millions of dollars of his company.

One common stereotype indicates that women are more nurturing than men, supposing they are less ____.

The commentator expressed his disapproval saying that the president’s decision to build his mansion with the charity money from abroad would be considered a ____.

Over-protective parents tend to ____ their kids from having too much contact with the outside world.

Many facts ____ as a result of the thorough investigation conducted by the local police.

The accountant was absent from work for a whole week under the ____ of illness.

Please refer to this benefit statement when you complete your income tax return to find out if your benefits are ____ to tax.

These breeding programs help zoos and national parks in the world ____ endangered species.

Someday when we find the absolute proof of this murder case, we will finally ____ the mystery of the case.

Surfactants are one of the most important ____ used to mix oil and water, creating effective dishwashing liquids.

Ocean cargo experts agree that supply chain ____, port congestion and rising shipping costs could continue to be challenges through the end of the year.

It was not exactly wrong to tell her a ____ at that moment, considering that she could not stop herself from crying.

Due to his serious liver cancer, Mr. Smith had just undergone a big surgery and got an ____ liver.

Under the ____ of taking a walk in the neighborhood, Terry went to find his son’s lost terrier so as not to alarm him.

【題組共用題幹】

As 1.2 million people flee, Ukraine’s refugee crisis is only just beginning. ____ the EU’s solidarity in helping those escaping war, aid agencies are overwhelmed with many people stuck at borders.

Just over a week after Russian rockets first began to slam into Ukraine, more than 1.2 million people have fled over the borders of neighbouring European countries into a ____ and uncertain future. What we are ____, the United Nations has warned, is the largest refugee crisis in a century.

All week, the world has watched families fighting to board trains in chaotic crowds, fathers kissing their children goodbye through car windows, and seen the shock and ____ on the faces of those who have made it to safety. Most Ukrainians leaving their country are ____ west into Poland, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania and Hungary, which have opened their borders to anyone trying to flee, although reports of pushbacks and racial discrimination against people of colour have emerged as the week has progressed.

16. ____ the EU’s solidarity in helping those escaping war, aid agencies are overwhelmed with many people stuck at borders.

【題組共用題幹】

As 1.2 million people flee, Ukraine’s refugee crisis is only just beginning. ____ the EU’s solidarity in helping those escaping war, aid agencies are overwhelmed with many people stuck at borders.

Just over a week after Russian rockets first began to slam into Ukraine, more than 1.2 million people have fled over the borders of neighbouring European countries into a ____ and uncertain future. What we are ____, the United Nations has warned, is the largest refugee crisis in a century.

All week, the world has watched families fighting to board trains in chaotic crowds, fathers kissing their children goodbye through car windows, and seen the shock and ____ on the faces of those who have made it to safety. Most Ukrainians leaving their country are ____ west into Poland, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania and Hungary, which have opened their borders to anyone trying to flee, although reports of pushbacks and racial discrimination against people of colour have emerged as the week has progressed.

17. More than 1.2 million people have fled over the borders of neighbouring European countries into a ____ and uncertain future.

【題組共用題幹】

As 1.2 million people flee, Ukraine’s refugee crisis is only just beginning. ____ the EU’s solidarity in helping those escaping war, aid agencies are overwhelmed with many people stuck at borders.

Just over a week after Russian rockets first began to slam into Ukraine, more than 1.2 million people have fled over the borders of neighbouring European countries into a ____ and uncertain future. What we are ____, the United Nations has warned, is the largest refugee crisis in a century.

All week, the world has watched families fighting to board trains in chaotic crowds, fathers kissing their children goodbye through car windows, and seen the shock and ____ on the faces of those who have made it to safety. Most Ukrainians leaving their country are ____ west into Poland, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania and Hungary, which have opened their borders to anyone trying to flee, although reports of pushbacks and racial discrimination against people of colour have emerged as the week has progressed.

18. What we are ____, the United Nations has warned, is the largest refugee crisis in a century.

【題組共用題幹】

As 1.2 million people flee, Ukraine’s refugee crisis is only just beginning. ____ the EU’s solidarity in helping those escaping war, aid agencies are overwhelmed with many people stuck at borders.

Just over a week after Russian rockets first began to slam into Ukraine, more than 1.2 million people have fled over the borders of neighbouring European countries into a ____ and uncertain future. What we are ____, the United Nations has warned, is the largest refugee crisis in a century.

All week, the world has watched families fighting to board trains in chaotic crowds, fathers kissing their children goodbye through car windows, and seen the shock and ____ on the faces of those who have made it to safety. Most Ukrainians leaving their country are ____ west into Poland, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania and Hungary, which have opened their borders to anyone trying to flee, although reports of pushbacks and racial discrimination against people of colour have emerged as the week has progressed.

19. The world has watched families fighting to board trains in chaotic crowds, fathers kissing their children goodbye through car windows, and seen the shock and ____ on the faces of those who have made it to safety.

【題組共用題幹】

As 1.2 million people flee, Ukraine’s refugee crisis is only just beginning. ____ the EU’s solidarity in helping those escaping war, aid agencies are overwhelmed with many people stuck at borders.

Just over a week after Russian rockets first began to slam into Ukraine, more than 1.2 million people have fled over the borders of neighbouring European countries into a ____ and uncertain future. What we are ____, the United Nations has warned, is the largest refugee crisis in a century.

All week, the world has watched families fighting to board trains in chaotic crowds, fathers kissing their children goodbye through car windows, and seen the shock and ____ on the faces of those who have made it to safety. Most Ukrainians leaving their country are ____ west into Poland, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania and Hungary, which have opened their borders to anyone trying to flee, although reports of pushbacks and racial discrimination against people of colour have emerged as the week has progressed.

20. Most Ukrainians leaving their country are ____ west into Poland, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania and Hungary.

【題組共用題幹】

Many people incorrectly think that all frogs are alike. In fact, there are hundreds of varieties of these ____, which can live both on land and in water. The many types of frogs vary not only in sizes and colors but also in their abilities to survive in and ____ to different environments. For example, the green tree frog can change the color of its skin from tan to green to gray to yellow. This enables the frog to hide from its enemies wherever they are ____. Another interesting example is the poison arrow frog, which is very dangerous. This frog’s skin contains a poison powerful ____ to kill many larger animals that touch it. The frog also has a red stomach. When an enemy is near, the frog rolls ____ its back. The bright red color usually scares the enemies away. These two examples illustrate how different frogs can be.

21. There are hundreds of varieties of these ____, which can live both on land and in water.

【題組共用題幹】

Many people incorrectly think that all frogs are alike. In fact, there are hundreds of varieties of these ____, which can live both on land and in water. The many types of frogs vary not only in sizes and colors but also in their abilities to survive in and ____ to different environments. For example, the green tree frog can change the color of its skin from tan to green to gray to yellow. This enables the frog to hide from its enemies wherever they are ____. Another interesting example is the poison arrow frog, which is very dangerous. This frog’s skin contains a poison powerful ____ to kill many larger animals that touch it. The frog also has a red stomach. When an enemy is near, the frog rolls ____ its back. The bright red color usually scares the enemies away. These two examples illustrate how different frogs can be.

22. The many types of frogs vary not only in sizes and colors but also in their abilities to survive in and ____ to different environments.

【題組共用題幹】

Many people incorrectly think that all frogs are alike. In fact, there are hundreds of varieties of these ____, which can live both on land and in water. The many types of frogs vary not only in sizes and colors but also in their abilities to survive in and ____ to different environments. For example, the green tree frog can change the color of its skin from tan to green to gray to yellow. This enables the frog to hide from its enemies wherever they are ____. Another interesting example is the poison arrow frog, which is very dangerous. This frog’s skin contains a poison powerful ____ to kill many larger animals that touch it. The frog also has a red stomach. When an enemy is near, the frog rolls ____ its back. The bright red color usually scares the enemies away. These two examples illustrate how different frogs can be.

23. This enables the frog to hide from its enemies wherever they are ____.

【題組共用題幹】

Many people incorrectly think that all frogs are alike. In fact, there are hundreds of varieties of these ____, which can live both on land and in water. The many types of frogs vary not only in sizes and colors but also in their abilities to survive in and ____ to different environments. For example, the green tree frog can change the color of its skin from tan to green to gray to yellow. This enables the frog to hide from its enemies wherever they are ____. Another interesting example is the poison arrow frog, which is very dangerous. This frog’s skin contains a poison powerful ____ to kill many larger animals that touch it. The frog also has a red stomach. When an enemy is near, the frog rolls ____ its back. The bright red color usually scares the enemies away. These two examples illustrate how different frogs can be.

24. This frog’s skin contains a poison powerful ____ to kill many larger animals that touch it.

【題組共用題幹】

Many people incorrectly think that all frogs are alike. In fact, there are hundreds of varieties of these ____, which can live both on land and in water. The many types of frogs vary not only in sizes and colors but also in their abilities to survive in and ____ to different environments. For example, the green tree frog can change the color of its skin from tan to green to gray to yellow. This enables the frog to hide from its enemies wherever they are ____. Another interesting example is the poison arrow frog, which is very dangerous. This frog’s skin contains a poison powerful ____ to kill many larger animals that touch it. The frog also has a red stomach. When an enemy is near, the frog rolls ____ its back. The bright red color usually scares the enemies away. These two examples illustrate how different frogs can be.

25. When an enemy is near, the frog rolls ____ its back.

【題組共用題幹】

The phrase “seeing is believing” may soon be an anachronism. Videos and photographs have been edited and ____ for practically as long as they have existed. However, it will be increasingly difficult to tell whether or not a video or an audio recording is ____. Deepfake is a recent technological development used to create videos or audio clips purporting to feature an individual doing something that they never did and/or saying something they never said. Deepfake content is created in such a ____ way that to the naked eye it may look completely real. Even though experts are employing “deepfake detectors,” which are ____ as advanced as the technology they are designed to detect, the detectors are unable to determine with one-hundred percent ____ whether a video is genuine or not. The government has started responding to the real and perceived threats posed by deepfake technology.

26. Videos and photographs have been edited and ____ for practically as long as they have existed.

【題組共用題幹】

The phrase “seeing is believing” may soon be an anachronism. Videos and photographs have been edited and ____ for practically as long as they have existed. However, it will be increasingly difficult to tell whether or not a video or an audio recording is ____. Deepfake is a recent technological development used to create videos or audio clips purporting to feature an individual doing something that they never did and/or saying something they never said. Deepfake content is created in such a ____ way that to the naked eye it may look completely real. Even though experts are employing “deepfake detectors,” which are ____ as advanced as the technology they are designed to detect, the detectors are unable to determine with one-hundred percent ____ whether a video is genuine or not. The government has started responding to the real and perceived threats posed by deepfake technology.

27. It will be increasingly difficult to tell whether or not a video or an audio recording is ____.

【題組共用題幹】

The phrase “seeing is believing” may soon be an anachronism. Videos and photographs have been edited and ____ for practically as long as they have existed. However, it will be increasingly difficult to tell whether or not a video or an audio recording is ____. Deepfake is a recent technological development used to create videos or audio clips purporting to feature an individual doing something that they never did and/or saying something they never said. Deepfake content is created in such a ____ way that to the naked eye it may look completely real. Even though experts are employing “deepfake detectors,” which are ____ as advanced as the technology they are designed to detect, the detectors are unable to determine with one-hundred percent ____ whether a video is genuine or not. The government has started responding to the real and perceived threats posed by deepfake technology.

28. Deepfake content is created in such a ____ way that to the naked eye it may look completely real.

【題組共用題幹】

The phrase “seeing is believing” may soon be an anachronism. Videos and photographs have been edited and ____ for practically as long as they have existed. However, it will be increasingly difficult to tell whether or not a video or an audio recording is ____. Deepfake is a recent technological development used to create videos or audio clips purporting to feature an individual doing something that they never did and/or saying something they never said. Deepfake content is created in such a ____ way that to the naked eye it may look completely real. Even though experts are employing “deepfake detectors,” which are ____ as advanced as the technology they are designed to detect, the detectors are unable to determine with one-hundred percent ____ whether a video is genuine or not. The government has started responding to the real and perceived threats posed by deepfake technology.

29. Experts are employing “deepfake detectors,” which are ____ as advanced as the technology they are designed to detect.

【題組共用題幹】

The phrase “seeing is believing” may soon be an anachronism. Videos and photographs have been edited and ____ for practically as long as they have existed. However, it will be increasingly difficult to tell whether or not a video or an audio recording is ____. Deepfake is a recent technological development used to create videos or audio clips purporting to feature an individual doing something that they never did and/or saying something they never said. Deepfake content is created in such a ____ way that to the naked eye it may look completely real. Even though experts are employing “deepfake detectors,” which are ____ as advanced as the technology they are designed to detect, the detectors are unable to determine with one-hundred percent ____ whether a video is genuine or not. The government has started responding to the real and perceived threats posed by deepfake technology.

30. The detectors are unable to determine with one-hundred percent ____ whether a video is genuine or not.

【題組共用題幹】

The misinformation effect is a term used in the cognitive psychological literature. It describes both experimental and real-world instances in which misleading information is ____ into an account of an historical event. In many real-world situations, it is not possible to identify a distinct source of misinformation, and it appears that the witness may have inferred a ____ memory by integrating information from a variety of sources. In a stimulus equivalence task, a small number of trained relations between some members of a class of arbitrary stimuli ____ a large number of untrained, or emergent, relations between all members of the class. Misleading information was ____ into a simple memory task between a learning phase and a recognition test by means of a match-to-sample stimulus equivalence task that included both stimuli from the original learning task and novel stimuli. At the recognition test, participants ____ equivalence training were more likely to misidentify patterns than those who were not given such training. The misinformation effect was distinct from the effects of prior stimulus exposure, or partial stimulus control. In summary, stimulus equivalence processes may underlie some real-world manifestations of the misinformation effect.

31. Misleading information is ____ into an account of an historical event.

【題組共用題幹】

The misinformation effect is a term used in the cognitive psychological literature. It describes both experimental and real-world instances in which misleading information is ____ into an account of an historical event. In many real-world situations, it is not possible to identify a distinct source of misinformation, and it appears that the witness may have inferred a ____ memory by integrating information from a variety of sources. In a stimulus equivalence task, a small number of trained relations between some members of a class of arbitrary stimuli ____ a large number of untrained, or emergent, relations between all members of the class. Misleading information was ____ into a simple memory task between a learning phase and a recognition test by means of a match-to-sample stimulus equivalence task that included both stimuli from the original learning task and novel stimuli. At the recognition test, participants ____ equivalence training were more likely to misidentify patterns than those who were not given such training. The misinformation effect was distinct from the effects of prior stimulus exposure, or partial stimulus control. In summary, stimulus equivalence processes may underlie some real-world manifestations of the misinformation effect.

32. The witness may have inferred a ____ memory by integrating information from a variety of sources.

【題組共用題幹】

The misinformation effect is a term used in the cognitive psychological literature. It describes both experimental and real-world instances in which misleading information is ____ into an account of an historical event. In many real-world situations, it is not possible to identify a distinct source of misinformation, and it appears that the witness may have inferred a ____ memory by integrating information from a variety of sources. In a stimulus equivalence task, a small number of trained relations between some members of a class of arbitrary stimuli ____ a large number of untrained, or emergent, relations between all members of the class. Misleading information was ____ into a simple memory task between a learning phase and a recognition test by means of a match-to-sample stimulus equivalence task that included both stimuli from the original learning task and novel stimuli. At the recognition test, participants ____ equivalence training were more likely to misidentify patterns than those who were not given such training. The misinformation effect was distinct from the effects of prior stimulus exposure, or partial stimulus control. In summary, stimulus equivalence processes may underlie some real-world manifestations of the misinformation effect.

33. A small number of trained relations between some members of a class of arbitrary stimuli ____ a large number of untrained, or emergent, relations between all members of the class.

【題組共用題幹】

The misinformation effect is a term used in the cognitive psychological literature. It describes both experimental and real-world instances in which misleading information is ____ into an account of an historical event. In many real-world situations, it is not possible to identify a distinct source of misinformation, and it appears that the witness may have inferred a ____ memory by integrating information from a variety of sources. In a stimulus equivalence task, a small number of trained relations between some members of a class of arbitrary stimuli ____ a large number of untrained, or emergent, relations between all members of the class. Misleading information was ____ into a simple memory task between a learning phase and a recognition test by means of a match-to-sample stimulus equivalence task that included both stimuli from the original learning task and novel stimuli. At the recognition test, participants ____ equivalence training were more likely to misidentify patterns than those who were not given such training. The misinformation effect was distinct from the effects of prior stimulus exposure, or partial stimulus control. In summary, stimulus equivalence processes may underlie some real-world manifestations of the misinformation effect.

34. Misleading information was ____ into a simple memory task between a learning phase and a recognition test.

【題組共用題幹】

The misinformation effect is a term used in the cognitive psychological literature. It describes both experimental and real-world instances in which misleading information is ____ into an account of an historical event. In many real-world situations, it is not possible to identify a distinct source of misinformation, and it appears that the witness may have inferred a ____ memory by integrating information from a variety of sources. In a stimulus equivalence task, a small number of trained relations between some members of a class of arbitrary stimuli ____ a large number of untrained, or emergent, relations between all members of the class. Misleading information was ____ into a simple memory task between a learning phase and a recognition test by means of a match-to-sample stimulus equivalence task that included both stimuli from the original learning task and novel stimuli. At the recognition test, participants ____ equivalence training were more likely to misidentify patterns than those who were not given such training. The misinformation effect was distinct from the effects of prior stimulus exposure, or partial stimulus control. In summary, stimulus equivalence processes may underlie some real-world manifestations of the misinformation effect.

35. At the recognition test, participants ____ equivalence training were more likely to misidentify patterns than those who were not given such training.

【題組共用題幹】

A new baby formula warning threatens to strain already stretched supplies even more, leaving desperate parents scrambling in the States. The Food and Drug Administration announced Thursday that it is working with the manufacturer to initiate a voluntary recall of certain powdered infant formula after complaints that four infants fell ill and were hospitalized. One death may possibly be linked to tainted formula. The warning and likely recall only increases availability concerns for parents who for months have found store shelves increasingly bare of formula, as unexpected demand and labor shortages disrupt supplies.

Baby formula has been in short supply around the country for months. In November and December, one of the top makers apologized to customers complaining about shortages, saying that “due to high demand” some of its products would be out of stock for an extended period of time. An industry trade group representing top formula makers has cited general supply chain issues affecting all manufacturers, specifically transportation, labor and logistical snarls. The group has said in a statement that infant formula manufacturers are actively working with suppliers, distributors, retailers and state agencies to ensure availability and access to infant formula products. Meanwhile, retailers say that makers are having difficulty sourcing raw ingredients and product supply challenges are currently impacting most of the retail industry. “We’re continuing to work with our national brand baby formula vendors to address this issue and we regret any inconvenience that our customers may be experiencing,” said a spokesperson from a major chain pharmacy.

36. Where is this passage most likely found?

【題組共用題幹】

A new baby formula warning threatens to strain already stretched supplies even more, leaving desperate parents scrambling in the States. The Food and Drug Administration announced Thursday that it is working with the manufacturer to initiate a voluntary recall of certain powdered infant formula after complaints that four infants fell ill and were hospitalized. One death may possibly be linked to tainted formula. The warning and likely recall only increases availability concerns for parents who for months have found store shelves increasingly bare of formula, as unexpected demand and labor shortages disrupt supplies.

Baby formula has been in short supply around the country for months. In November and December, one of the top makers apologized to customers complaining about shortages, saying that “due to high demand” some of its products would be out of stock for an extended period of time. An industry trade group representing top formula makers has cited general supply chain issues affecting all manufacturers, specifically transportation, labor and logistical snarls. The group has said in a statement that infant formula manufacturers are actively working with suppliers, distributors, retailers and state agencies to ensure availability and access to infant formula products. Meanwhile, retailers say that makers are having difficulty sourcing raw ingredients and product supply challenges are currently impacting most of the retail industry. “We’re continuing to work with our national brand baby formula vendors to address this issue and we regret any inconvenience that our customers may be experiencing,” said a spokesperson from a major chain pharmacy.

37. What is the major issue reported in the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

A new baby formula warning threatens to strain already stretched supplies even more, leaving desperate parents scrambling in the States. The Food and Drug Administration announced Thursday that it is working with the manufacturer to initiate a voluntary recall of certain powdered infant formula after complaints that four infants fell ill and were hospitalized. One death may possibly be linked to tainted formula. The warning and likely recall only increases availability concerns for parents who for months have found store shelves increasingly bare of formula, as unexpected demand and labor shortages disrupt supplies.

Baby formula has been in short supply around the country for months. In November and December, one of the top makers apologized to customers complaining about shortages, saying that “due to high demand” some of its products would be out of stock for an extended period of time. An industry trade group representing top formula makers has cited general supply chain issues affecting all manufacturers, specifically transportation, labor and logistical snarls. The group has said in a statement that infant formula manufacturers are actively working with suppliers, distributors, retailers and state agencies to ensure availability and access to infant formula products. Meanwhile, retailers say that makers are having difficulty sourcing raw ingredients and product supply challenges are currently impacting most of the retail industry. “We’re continuing to work with our national brand baby formula vendors to address this issue and we regret any inconvenience that our customers may be experiencing,” said a spokesperson from a major chain pharmacy.

38. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “tainted” in the first paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

A new baby formula warning threatens to strain already stretched supplies even more, leaving desperate parents scrambling in the States. The Food and Drug Administration announced Thursday that it is working with the manufacturer to initiate a voluntary recall of certain powdered infant formula after complaints that four infants fell ill and were hospitalized. One death may possibly be linked to tainted formula. The warning and likely recall only increases availability concerns for parents who for months have found store shelves increasingly bare of formula, as unexpected demand and labor shortages disrupt supplies.

Baby formula has been in short supply around the country for months. In November and December, one of the top makers apologized to customers complaining about shortages, saying that “due to high demand” some of its products would be out of stock for an extended period of time. An industry trade group representing top formula makers has cited general supply chain issues affecting all manufacturers, specifically transportation, labor and logistical snarls. The group has said in a statement that infant formula manufacturers are actively working with suppliers, distributors, retailers and state agencies to ensure availability and access to infant formula products. Meanwhile, retailers say that makers are having difficulty sourcing raw ingredients and product supply challenges are currently impacting most of the retail industry. “We’re continuing to work with our national brand baby formula vendors to address this issue and we regret any inconvenience that our customers may be experiencing,” said a spokesperson from a major chain pharmacy.

39. What is the spokesperson’s tone of his statement about the general supply chain issues?

【題組共用題幹】

A new baby formula warning threatens to strain already stretched supplies even more, leaving desperate parents scrambling in the States. The Food and Drug Administration announced Thursday that it is working with the manufacturer to initiate a voluntary recall of certain powdered infant formula after complaints that four infants fell ill and were hospitalized. One death may possibly be linked to tainted formula. The warning and likely recall only increases availability concerns for parents who for months have found store shelves increasingly bare of formula, as unexpected demand and labor shortages disrupt supplies.

Baby formula has been in short supply around the country for months. In November and December, one of the top makers apologized to customers complaining about shortages, saying that “due to high demand” some of its products would be out of stock for an extended period of time. An industry trade group representing top formula makers has cited general supply chain issues affecting all manufacturers, specifically transportation, labor and logistical snarls. The group has said in a statement that infant formula manufacturers are actively working with suppliers, distributors, retailers and state agencies to ensure availability and access to infant formula products. Meanwhile, retailers say that makers are having difficulty sourcing raw ingredients and product supply challenges are currently impacting most of the retail industry. “We’re continuing to work with our national brand baby formula vendors to address this issue and we regret any inconvenience that our customers may be experiencing,” said a spokesperson from a major chain pharmacy.

40. Which of the following is NOT a factor that leads to the problem discussed in the passage?