107 鐵路特考高員三級 法律廉政 法學知識與英文（包括中華民國憲法、法學緒論、英文） 考古題詳解

直轄市對法定之自治事項所制定之自治條例，下列敘述何者正確？

若偵查中對被告或犯罪嫌疑人核發通訊監察書，依司法院釋字第 631 號解釋意旨，下列敘述何者錯誤？

依據司法院大法官解釋之意旨，有關集會自由之敘述，下列何者錯誤？

關於隱私權之保障，下列敘述何者錯誤？

憲法保障人民的財產權，所以在下列何種情形下，國家必須對人民的損失或犧牲有補償義務？

下列何者是我國憲法明文規定的基本人權？

依憲法規定及司法院大法官解釋，關於人民受教育權之敘述，下列何者錯誤？

公職人員之罷免，以下列何種方式為之？

有關以連署方式申請登記為總統、副總統候選人之敘述，下列何者錯誤？

下列哪一個部會之首長，並非行政院會議之成員？

依憲法第 69 條規定，有關立法院臨時會之敘述，下列何者正確？

關於單一選區兩票制，下列敘述何者錯誤？

有關司法院憲法法庭之成立與運作，下列敘述何者錯誤？

有關憲法法庭程序之敘述，下列何者錯誤？

關於監察院提出糾正案之程序，下列敘述何者正確？

下列何者不屬於我國之法源？

消滅時效制度為何種層級之法律保留？

法規因廢止而失效者，如無特別規定，應自何時失效？

法律規定中所謂「情節輕微者」，在法學上一般稱為下列何者？

依司法院釋字第 739 號解釋意旨，立法者為符合憲法上正當法律程序原則之要求，應綜合考量之因素，不包括下列何者？

依司法院解釋，下列何者違反憲法第 11 條保障人民言論自由之意旨？

甲的下列哪一個行為，構成民法第 118 條的無權處分？

依性別工作平等法之規定，性別工作平等會應設置委員幾人？

甲將其所建之 A 違章建築賣給乙，並交付完畢。嗣後甲又主張乙非 A 違章建築之所有權人，請求返還 A 違章建築。問甲之主張是否有理由？

刑法上關於未遂之判斷，依我國實務見解，下列何者正確？

關於刑法對第三人之物宣告沒收，下列敘述何者錯誤？

依著作權法第 65 條之規定，關於判斷是否合理使用他人著作之審酌事項，下列敘述何者錯誤？

關於股東表決權之行使，下列敘述何者錯誤？

依全民健康保險法之規定，保險對象有下列何項情形之一者，免依該法第 43 條規定自行負擔門診或急診費用，及免依第 47 條規定自行負擔住院費用？

甲受僱於乙公司擔任生產部經理，請育嬰留職停薪 6 個月，期滿後請求復職，惟該職位已另由他人擔任，乙公司依性別工作平等法之規定，應如何處理？

【題組共用題幹】

Most previous studies on the influence of birth order have looked at children from different families. For instance, some studies have looked at U.S. presidents, Nobel Laureates or NASA astronauts to see whether they are mostly first-born children or ____ born children. However, these studies cannot take into account influences that arise from children being in the same family.

A new study suggests that birth order within families has long sparked sibling rivalry, but it might also impact the child’s personality and intelligence. First-borns are typically smarter, ____ younger siblings get better grades and are more outgoing.

The findings weigh in on a long-standing debate: What effect if any does birth order have on a person’s life? The results ____ support to some previous hypotheses—for instance, that the eldest sibling tends to have higher aptitude. But the study also ____ other proposed ideas, for example, that first-borns tend to be more extroverted. The findings shed light on the influence of sibling relationships, which often receives less attention compared with ____ the mother-child or father-child relationship. They also suggest some inherent differences between siblings exist, differences that might arise no matter what parents do.

31. ____ born children.

【題組共用題幹】

Most previous studies on the influence of birth order have looked at children from different families. For instance, some studies have looked at U.S. presidents, Nobel Laureates or NASA astronauts to see whether they are mostly first-born children or ____ born children. However, these studies cannot take into account influences that arise from children being in the same family.

A new study suggests that birth order within families has long sparked sibling rivalry, but it might also impact the child’s personality and intelligence. First-borns are typically smarter, ____ younger siblings get better grades and are more outgoing.

The findings weigh in on a long-standing debate: What effect if any does birth order have on a person’s life? The results ____ support to some previous hypotheses—for instance, that the eldest sibling tends to have higher aptitude. But the study also ____ other proposed ideas, for example, that first-borns tend to be more extroverted. The findings shed light on the influence of sibling relationships, which often receives less attention compared with ____ the mother-child or father-child relationship. They also suggest some inherent differences between siblings exist, differences that might arise no matter what parents do.

32. First-borns are typically smarter, ____ younger siblings get better grades and are more outgoing.

【題組共用題幹】

Most previous studies on the influence of birth order have looked at children from different families. For instance, some studies have looked at U.S. presidents, Nobel Laureates or NASA astronauts to see whether they are mostly first-born children or ____ born children. However, these studies cannot take into account influences that arise from children being in the same family.

A new study suggests that birth order within families has long sparked sibling rivalry, but it might also impact the child’s personality and intelligence. First-borns are typically smarter, ____ younger siblings get better grades and are more outgoing.

The findings weigh in on a long-standing debate: What effect if any does birth order have on a person’s life? The results ____ support to some previous hypotheses—for instance, that the eldest sibling tends to have higher aptitude. But the study also ____ other proposed ideas, for example, that first-borns tend to be more extroverted. The findings shed light on the influence of sibling relationships, which often receives less attention compared with ____ the mother-child or father-child relationship. They also suggest some inherent differences between siblings exist, differences that might arise no matter what parents do.

33. The results ____ support to some previous hypotheses.

【題組共用題幹】

Most previous studies on the influence of birth order have looked at children from different families. For instance, some studies have looked at U.S. presidents, Nobel Laureates or NASA astronauts to see whether they are mostly first-born children or ____ born children. However, these studies cannot take into account influences that arise from children being in the same family.

A new study suggests that birth order within families has long sparked sibling rivalry, but it might also impact the child’s personality and intelligence. First-borns are typically smarter, ____ younger siblings get better grades and are more outgoing.

The findings weigh in on a long-standing debate: What effect if any does birth order have on a person’s life? The results ____ support to some previous hypotheses—for instance, that the eldest sibling tends to have higher aptitude. But the study also ____ other proposed ideas, for example, that first-borns tend to be more extroverted. The findings shed light on the influence of sibling relationships, which often receives less attention compared with ____ the mother-child or father-child relationship. They also suggest some inherent differences between siblings exist, differences that might arise no matter what parents do.

34. But the study also ____ other proposed ideas.

【題組共用題幹】

Most previous studies on the influence of birth order have looked at children from different families. For instance, some studies have looked at U.S. presidents, Nobel Laureates or NASA astronauts to see whether they are mostly first-born children or ____ born children. However, these studies cannot take into account influences that arise from children being in the same family.

A new study suggests that birth order within families has long sparked sibling rivalry, but it might also impact the child’s personality and intelligence. First-borns are typically smarter, ____ younger siblings get better grades and are more outgoing.

The findings weigh in on a long-standing debate: What effect if any does birth order have on a person’s life? The results ____ support to some previous hypotheses—for instance, that the eldest sibling tends to have higher aptitude. But the study also ____ other proposed ideas, for example, that first-borns tend to be more extroverted. The findings shed light on the influence of sibling relationships, which often receives less attention compared with ____ the mother-child or father-child relationship. They also suggest some inherent differences between siblings exist, differences that might arise no matter what parents do.

35. The findings shed light on the influence of sibling relationships, which often receives less attention compared with ____ the mother-child or father-child relationship.

【題組共用題幹】

Consumer spending accounts for 70 percent of the gross domestic product, which is the value of everything produced in the U.S. in a year. Consumer spending is ____ into durables (large goods, such as big appliances, not purchased very often), nondurables (food, clothing and things that wear out regularly) and services (banking, day care, medical). When the government ____ its monthly consumer confidence index, it is showing the mood of consumers. When confidence ____, people cut back on spending. Typically, most of that cutback is from durables. After all, those items tend to be more expensive, and their purchase can be postponed. Some services will be cut back—full-service restaurants ____ to fast food, for example—but people still need most of their nondurables and services, such as food and day care.

Demand for the products or services you sell is determined by several factors that apply to all consumers. Demand is based partly on the price of substitute and ____ products. If the store across the street or the online vendor charges lower prices for the same product, you must compensate in some way, perhaps with better service.

36. Consumer spending is ____ into durables, nondurables and services.

【題組共用題幹】

Consumer spending accounts for 70 percent of the gross domestic product, which is the value of everything produced in the U.S. in a year. Consumer spending is ____ into durables (large goods, such as big appliances, not purchased very often), nondurables (food, clothing and things that wear out regularly) and services (banking, day care, medical). When the government ____ its monthly consumer confidence index, it is showing the mood of consumers. When confidence ____, people cut back on spending. Typically, most of that cutback is from durables. After all, those items tend to be more expensive, and their purchase can be postponed. Some services will be cut back—full-service restaurants ____ to fast food, for example—but people still need most of their nondurables and services, such as food and day care.

Demand for the products or services you sell is determined by several factors that apply to all consumers. Demand is based partly on the price of substitute and ____ products. If the store across the street or the online vendor charges lower prices for the same product, you must compensate in some way, perhaps with better service.

37. When the government ____ its monthly consumer confidence index, it is showing the mood of consumers.

【題組共用題幹】

Consumer spending accounts for 70 percent of the gross domestic product, which is the value of everything produced in the U.S. in a year. Consumer spending is ____ into durables (large goods, such as big appliances, not purchased very often), nondurables (food, clothing and things that wear out regularly) and services (banking, day care, medical). When the government ____ its monthly consumer confidence index, it is showing the mood of consumers. When confidence ____, people cut back on spending. Typically, most of that cutback is from durables. After all, those items tend to be more expensive, and their purchase can be postponed. Some services will be cut back—full-service restaurants ____ to fast food, for example—but people still need most of their nondurables and services, such as food and day care.

Demand for the products or services you sell is determined by several factors that apply to all consumers. Demand is based partly on the price of substitute and ____ products. If the store across the street or the online vendor charges lower prices for the same product, you must compensate in some way, perhaps with better service.

38. When confidence ____, people cut back on spending.

【題組共用題幹】

Consumer spending accounts for 70 percent of the gross domestic product, which is the value of everything produced in the U.S. in a year. Consumer spending is ____ into durables (large goods, such as big appliances, not purchased very often), nondurables (food, clothing and things that wear out regularly) and services (banking, day care, medical). When the government ____ its monthly consumer confidence index, it is showing the mood of consumers. When confidence ____, people cut back on spending. Typically, most of that cutback is from durables. After all, those items tend to be more expensive, and their purchase can be postponed. Some services will be cut back—full-service restaurants ____ to fast food, for example—but people still need most of their nondurables and services, such as food and day care.

Demand for the products or services you sell is determined by several factors that apply to all consumers. Demand is based partly on the price of substitute and ____ products. If the store across the street or the online vendor charges lower prices for the same product, you must compensate in some way, perhaps with better service.

39. Some services will be cut back—full-service restaurants ____ to fast food, for example.

【題組共用題幹】

Consumer spending accounts for 70 percent of the gross domestic product, which is the value of everything produced in the U.S. in a year. Consumer spending is ____ into durables (large goods, such as big appliances, not purchased very often), nondurables (food, clothing and things that wear out regularly) and services (banking, day care, medical). When the government ____ its monthly consumer confidence index, it is showing the mood of consumers. When confidence ____, people cut back on spending. Typically, most of that cutback is from durables. After all, those items tend to be more expensive, and their purchase can be postponed. Some services will be cut back—full-service restaurants ____ to fast food, for example—but people still need most of their nondurables and services, such as food and day care.

Demand for the products or services you sell is determined by several factors that apply to all consumers. Demand is based partly on the price of substitute and ____ products. If the store across the street or the online vendor charges lower prices for the same product, you must compensate in some way, perhaps with better service.

40. Demand is based partly on the price of substitute and ____ products.

【題組共用題幹】

Poverty is not created by people who are poor. Poverty has been created by the economic and social system that we have designed for the world. It is the institutions that we have built, which created poverty. It is the concepts we developed to understand the reality around us, which contributed to the creation of poverty, made us see things wrongly, and took us down a wrong path, causing misery for people. It is our policies borne out of our reasoning and theoretical framework, with which we explain interactions among institutions and people that caused this problem for many human beings. It is the failure at the top, rather than lack of capability at the bottom which is the root cause of poverty. The most important step to ending poverty is to create employment and income opportunities for the poor. But orthodox economics recognizes only wage-employment. It has no room for self-employment. Yet self-employment is the quickest and easiest way to create employment for the poor. Credit should be accepted as a human right because it is so important for a person who is looking for an income. Credit can create self-employment instantaneously. We are so much influenced by orthodox economics that we forget that our forefathers did not wait for someone else to create jobs for them. They just went ahead in a routine manner to create their own jobs and incomes.

A big step towards eliminating poverty is to make sure that we offer financial services even to the poorest people, that nobody is rejected by a bank on the ground that he or she is a poor person. It will be an uphill task to end poverty in the world unless we create new economic thinking and get rid of the biases in our concepts, institutions, policies, and above all, our mindsets created by the existing orthodoxy.

41. What is the best topic of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Poverty is not created by people who are poor. Poverty has been created by the economic and social system that we have designed for the world. It is the institutions that we have built, which created poverty. It is the concepts we developed to understand the reality around us, which contributed to the creation of poverty, made us see things wrongly, and took us down a wrong path, causing misery for people. It is our policies borne out of our reasoning and theoretical framework, with which we explain interactions among institutions and people that caused this problem for many human beings. It is the failure at the top, rather than lack of capability at the bottom which is the root cause of poverty. The most important step to ending poverty is to create employment and income opportunities for the poor. But orthodox economics recognizes only wage-employment. It has no room for self-employment. Yet self-employment is the quickest and easiest way to create employment for the poor. Credit should be accepted as a human right because it is so important for a person who is looking for an income. Credit can create self-employment instantaneously. We are so much influenced by orthodox economics that we forget that our forefathers did not wait for someone else to create jobs for them. They just went ahead in a routine manner to create their own jobs and incomes.

A big step towards eliminating poverty is to make sure that we offer financial services even to the poorest people, that nobody is rejected by a bank on the ground that he or she is a poor person. It will be an uphill task to end poverty in the world unless we create new economic thinking and get rid of the biases in our concepts, institutions, policies, and above all, our mindsets created by the existing orthodoxy.

42. According to the passage, what is the fundamental cause of poverty?

【題組共用題幹】

Poverty is not created by people who are poor. Poverty has been created by the economic and social system that we have designed for the world. It is the institutions that we have built, which created poverty. It is the concepts we developed to understand the reality around us, which contributed to the creation of poverty, made us see things wrongly, and took us down a wrong path, causing misery for people. It is our policies borne out of our reasoning and theoretical framework, with which we explain interactions among institutions and people that caused this problem for many human beings. It is the failure at the top, rather than lack of capability at the bottom which is the root cause of poverty. The most important step to ending poverty is to create employment and income opportunities for the poor. But orthodox economics recognizes only wage-employment. It has no room for self-employment. Yet self-employment is the quickest and easiest way to create employment for the poor. Credit should be accepted as a human right because it is so important for a person who is looking for an income. Credit can create self-employment instantaneously. We are so much influenced by orthodox economics that we forget that our forefathers did not wait for someone else to create jobs for them. They just went ahead in a routine manner to create their own jobs and incomes.

A big step towards eliminating poverty is to make sure that we offer financial services even to the poorest people, that nobody is rejected by a bank on the ground that he or she is a poor person. It will be an uphill task to end poverty in the world unless we create new economic thinking and get rid of the biases in our concepts, institutions, policies, and above all, our mindsets created by the existing orthodoxy.

43. Which of the following statements is true?

【題組共用題幹】

Poverty is not created by people who are poor. Poverty has been created by the economic and social system that we have designed for the world. It is the institutions that we have built, which created poverty. It is the concepts we developed to understand the reality around us, which contributed to the creation of poverty, made us see things wrongly, and took us down a wrong path, causing misery for people. It is our policies borne out of our reasoning and theoretical framework, with which we explain interactions among institutions and people that caused this problem for many human beings. It is the failure at the top, rather than lack of capability at the bottom which is the root cause of poverty. The most important step to ending poverty is to create employment and income opportunities for the poor. But orthodox economics recognizes only wage-employment. It has no room for self-employment. Yet self-employment is the quickest and easiest way to create employment for the poor. Credit should be accepted as a human right because it is so important for a person who is looking for an income. Credit can create self-employment instantaneously. We are so much influenced by orthodox economics that we forget that our forefathers did not wait for someone else to create jobs for them. They just went ahead in a routine manner to create their own jobs and incomes.

A big step towards eliminating poverty is to make sure that we offer financial services even to the poorest people, that nobody is rejected by a bank on the ground that he or she is a poor person. It will be an uphill task to end poverty in the world unless we create new economic thinking and get rid of the biases in our concepts, institutions, policies, and above all, our mindsets created by the existing orthodoxy.

44. Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to “mindsets” in the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Poverty is not created by people who are poor. Poverty has been created by the economic and social system that we have designed for the world. It is the institutions that we have built, which created poverty. It is the concepts we developed to understand the reality around us, which contributed to the creation of poverty, made us see things wrongly, and took us down a wrong path, causing misery for people. It is our policies borne out of our reasoning and theoretical framework, with which we explain interactions among institutions and people that caused this problem for many human beings. It is the failure at the top, rather than lack of capability at the bottom which is the root cause of poverty. The most important step to ending poverty is to create employment and income opportunities for the poor. But orthodox economics recognizes only wage-employment. It has no room for self-employment. Yet self-employment is the quickest and easiest way to create employment for the poor. Credit should be accepted as a human right because it is so important for a person who is looking for an income. Credit can create self-employment instantaneously. We are so much influenced by orthodox economics that we forget that our forefathers did not wait for someone else to create jobs for them. They just went ahead in a routine manner to create their own jobs and incomes.

A big step towards eliminating poverty is to make sure that we offer financial services even to the poorest people, that nobody is rejected by a bank on the ground that he or she is a poor person. It will be an uphill task to end poverty in the world unless we create new economic thinking and get rid of the biases in our concepts, institutions, policies, and above all, our mindsets created by the existing orthodoxy.

45. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage about why poverty persists?

【題組共用題幹】

The festival of San Fermin, or the Running of the Bulls as it is more commonly known outside Spain, is held in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona in Spain every year from 6th to 14th July. It is also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain and Portugal, some cities in Mexico, and southern France during the summer.

The origin of the run can be traced back to the 14th century in northeastern Spain, where bull breeders needed to transport their bulls from the fields outside the city to the bullring, where they would be killed. To speed up the transporting process, workers would hurry the cattle using tactics of fear and excitement. Later this practice turned into a competition, as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls. It seemed that the modern-day celebration has evolved from this as well as individual commercial and bullfighting fiestas.

The Pamplona bull run is the highest-profile event of the San Fermin festival. The first bull running is on 7th July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 a.m. sharp. It all starts with a rocket fired to confirm that the gate of the bullring has been opened. After runners pray to San Fermin, a second rocket announces that the bulls, typically six, have left. The bulls and the runners then proceed along the route. A third rocket is set off once all the bulls have entered the bullring. When the bulls are in the bullpen, the final rocket ends the run.

The vast number of participants nowadays adds to the already considerable danger of running alongside wild bulls weighing in the region of 700 kg each. Although plenty security and first-aid personnel are on hand, there is really little they can do to prevent people from injury, or even death, during the running of the bulls.

46. What is the third paragraph mainly about?

【題組共用題幹】

The festival of San Fermin, or the Running of the Bulls as it is more commonly known outside Spain, is held in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona in Spain every year from 6th to 14th July. It is also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain and Portugal, some cities in Mexico, and southern France during the summer.

The origin of the run can be traced back to the 14th century in northeastern Spain, where bull breeders needed to transport their bulls from the fields outside the city to the bullring, where they would be killed. To speed up the transporting process, workers would hurry the cattle using tactics of fear and excitement. Later this practice turned into a competition, as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls. It seemed that the modern-day celebration has evolved from this as well as individual commercial and bullfighting fiestas.

The Pamplona bull run is the highest-profile event of the San Fermin festival. The first bull running is on 7th July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 a.m. sharp. It all starts with a rocket fired to confirm that the gate of the bullring has been opened. After runners pray to San Fermin, a second rocket announces that the bulls, typically six, have left. The bulls and the runners then proceed along the route. A third rocket is set off once all the bulls have entered the bullring. When the bulls are in the bullpen, the final rocket ends the run.

The vast number of participants nowadays adds to the already considerable danger of running alongside wild bulls weighing in the region of 700 kg each. Although plenty security and first-aid personnel are on hand, there is really little they can do to prevent people from injury, or even death, during the running of the bulls.

47. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

【題組共用題幹】

The festival of San Fermin, or the Running of the Bulls as it is more commonly known outside Spain, is held in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona in Spain every year from 6th to 14th July. It is also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain and Portugal, some cities in Mexico, and southern France during the summer.

The origin of the run can be traced back to the 14th century in northeastern Spain, where bull breeders needed to transport their bulls from the fields outside the city to the bullring, where they would be killed. To speed up the transporting process, workers would hurry the cattle using tactics of fear and excitement. Later this practice turned into a competition, as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls. It seemed that the modern-day celebration has evolved from this as well as individual commercial and bullfighting fiestas.

The Pamplona bull run is the highest-profile event of the San Fermin festival. The first bull running is on 7th July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 a.m. sharp. It all starts with a rocket fired to confirm that the gate of the bullring has been opened. After runners pray to San Fermin, a second rocket announces that the bulls, typically six, have left. The bulls and the runners then proceed along the route. A third rocket is set off once all the bulls have entered the bullring. When the bulls are in the bullpen, the final rocket ends the run.

The vast number of participants nowadays adds to the already considerable danger of running alongside wild bulls weighing in the region of 700 kg each. Although plenty security and first-aid personnel are on hand, there is really little they can do to prevent people from injury, or even death, during the running of the bulls.

48. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

The festival of San Fermin, or the Running of the Bulls as it is more commonly known outside Spain, is held in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona in Spain every year from 6th to 14th July. It is also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain and Portugal, some cities in Mexico, and southern France during the summer.

The origin of the run can be traced back to the 14th century in northeastern Spain, where bull breeders needed to transport their bulls from the fields outside the city to the bullring, where they would be killed. To speed up the transporting process, workers would hurry the cattle using tactics of fear and excitement. Later this practice turned into a competition, as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls. It seemed that the modern-day celebration has evolved from this as well as individual commercial and bullfighting fiestas.

The Pamplona bull run is the highest-profile event of the San Fermin festival. The first bull running is on 7th July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 a.m. sharp. It all starts with a rocket fired to confirm that the gate of the bullring has been opened. After runners pray to San Fermin, a second rocket announces that the bulls, typically six, have left. The bulls and the runners then proceed along the route. A third rocket is set off once all the bulls have entered the bullring. When the bulls are in the bullpen, the final rocket ends the run.

The vast number of participants nowadays adds to the already considerable danger of running alongside wild bulls weighing in the region of 700 kg each. Although plenty security and first-aid personnel are on hand, there is really little they can do to prevent people from injury, or even death, during the running of the bulls.

49. What does tactics mean in the second paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

The festival of San Fermin, or the Running of the Bulls as it is more commonly known outside Spain, is held in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona in Spain every year from 6th to 14th July. It is also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain and Portugal, some cities in Mexico, and southern France during the summer.

The origin of the run can be traced back to the 14th century in northeastern Spain, where bull breeders needed to transport their bulls from the fields outside the city to the bullring, where they would be killed. To speed up the transporting process, workers would hurry the cattle using tactics of fear and excitement. Later this practice turned into a competition, as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls. It seemed that the modern-day celebration has evolved from this as well as individual commercial and bullfighting fiestas.

The Pamplona bull run is the highest-profile event of the San Fermin festival. The first bull running is on 7th July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 a.m. sharp. It all starts with a rocket fired to confirm that the gate of the bullring has been opened. After runners pray to San Fermin, a second rocket announces that the bulls, typically six, have left. The bulls and the runners then proceed along the route. A third rocket is set off once all the bulls have entered the bullring. When the bulls are in the bullpen, the final rocket ends the run.

The vast number of participants nowadays adds to the already considerable danger of running alongside wild bulls weighing in the region of 700 kg each. Although plenty security and first-aid personnel are on hand, there is really little they can do to prevent people from injury, or even death, during the running of the bulls.

50. Which of the following best describes the tone of this passage?