109 關務特考三等 化學工程 英文 考古題詳解

英譯中：請將下列英文譯成正確、流暢的中文。

For job hunters, there has been no shortage of warnings about the career jeopardy of posting discriminatory content on sites like Facebook and Twitter; yet many of them still don’t heed that advice. Besides, some don’t even realize that they are doing just as much damage by bending the truth of their credentials or spamming their resumes.

中譯英：請將下列中文譯成正確、流暢的英文。

轉型正義為普世價值，但在努力追求的過程中常遭遇兩難：到底是正義優先還是和平至上。需要謹守的是：轉型正義不能悖離歷史事實，或陷入政學的泥沼之中，淪為快意恩仇的工具。

英文作文：

In a composition of no less than 200 words, elaborate your observation on how the outbreak of coronavirus in the world has changed the relationships among nations in the global community. Support your points with examples.

High blood pressure is a serious symptom of cardiovascular ____ and can be the smoking gun behind strokes, heart attacks, and more.

Most ____ foods are very high in sodium. If you’re eating something out of a can or a package, chances are you’re not doing anything to help your blood pressure.

A group of scientists recently created a system that ____ brain waves into words by focusing on the physical movements related to speech.

As we sat over our drinks, he ____ his business, and by I expressed casually my surprise at him not earning more.

Our organization doesn’t support any political party and has rigorous safeguards in place at every level to protect our ____.

The directive aims to ensure that persons of a particular religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation do not suffer from ____.

Jenny tried to ____ her parents about where she had been that evening, but her parents could smell the smoke and beer on her.

Koalas are often ____ identified due to their appearance as a member of the bear family, but they are scientifically classified as a marsupial related to kangaroos.

Our research on the elderly has shown that those who have dementia often appear to suffer a double ____ of age and cognitive disability.

A ____ of scandals and revelations has collectively undermined the government over the past year.

【題組共用題幹】

Before the invention of the at-home refrigerator in 1913, it was rare to find a strawberry in the winter or a gala apple in the spring ____ it had been preserved. Jams, jellies, and preserves were developed by industrious fruit eaters of days ____ as methods of keeping fruits fresh out of season. When the option to freeze and refrigerate became available, fresh food that was in season in warmer climates could ____ a trip elsewhere for consumption, removing the need for old-time preservation techniques. ____ no longer a necessity, some older methods of storing foods became traditional delicacies. Fruit jams, jellies, and preserves have ____ beyond becoming outdated and remained popular sweet spreads for breads, sandwiches, and many other foods.

【題組共用題幹】

Before the invention of the at-home refrigerator in 1913, it was rare to find a strawberry in the winter or a gala apple in the spring ____ it had been preserved. Jams, jellies, and preserves were developed by industrious fruit eaters of days ____ as methods of keeping fruits fresh out of season. When the option to freeze and refrigerate became available, fresh food that was in season in warmer climates could ____ a trip elsewhere for consumption, removing the need for old-time preservation techniques. ____ no longer a necessity, some older methods of storing foods became traditional delicacies. Fruit jams, jellies, and preserves have ____ beyond becoming outdated and remained popular sweet spreads for breads, sandwiches, and many other foods.

【題組共用題幹】

Before the invention of the at-home refrigerator in 1913, it was rare to find a strawberry in the winter or a gala apple in the spring ____ it had been preserved. Jams, jellies, and preserves were developed by industrious fruit eaters of days ____ as methods of keeping fruits fresh out of season. When the option to freeze and refrigerate became available, fresh food that was in season in warmer climates could ____ a trip elsewhere for consumption, removing the need for old-time preservation techniques. ____ no longer a necessity, some older methods of storing foods became traditional delicacies. Fruit jams, jellies, and preserves have ____ beyond becoming outdated and remained popular sweet spreads for breads, sandwiches, and many other foods.

【題組共用題幹】

Before the invention of the at-home refrigerator in 1913, it was rare to find a strawberry in the winter or a gala apple in the spring ____ it had been preserved. Jams, jellies, and preserves were developed by industrious fruit eaters of days ____ as methods of keeping fruits fresh out of season. When the option to freeze and refrigerate became available, fresh food that was in season in warmer climates could ____ a trip elsewhere for consumption, removing the need for old-time preservation techniques. ____ no longer a necessity, some older methods of storing foods became traditional delicacies. Fruit jams, jellies, and preserves have ____ beyond becoming outdated and remained popular sweet spreads for breads, sandwiches, and many other foods.

【題組共用題幹】

Before the invention of the at-home refrigerator in 1913, it was rare to find a strawberry in the winter or a gala apple in the spring ____ it had been preserved. Jams, jellies, and preserves were developed by industrious fruit eaters of days ____ as methods of keeping fruits fresh out of season. When the option to freeze and refrigerate became available, fresh food that was in season in warmer climates could ____ a trip elsewhere for consumption, removing the need for old-time preservation techniques. ____ no longer a necessity, some older methods of storing foods became traditional delicacies. Fruit jams, jellies, and preserves have ____ beyond becoming outdated and remained popular sweet spreads for breads, sandwiches, and many other foods.

【題組共用題幹】

Would you ever eat a plant whose genes were altered by scientists in a laboratory? You probably already have, for genetically modified organisms (GMOs), also known as genetically engineered organisms, are ____ in modern food supplies. The concept underlying genetic modification is not new. For centuries, farmers have used a method called selective breeding to produce more ____ crops. They do this by choosing seeds from plants that appear to be particularly ____ to pests and cold or dry weather and planting those seeds in place of weaker strains. Over time, the desirable strains come to dominate the genetic ____ of the farmers’ crops. Not everyone is supportive of the technology, however. Critics point to the fact that GM foods are simply too new to be embraced, ____ that there could exist long-term health risks that have yet to surface. For instance, consumers with allergies have had adverse reaction to the implanted genes.

【題組共用題幹】

Would you ever eat a plant whose genes were altered by scientists in a laboratory? You probably already have, for genetically modified organisms (GMOs), also known as genetically engineered organisms, are ____ in modern food supplies. The concept underlying genetic modification is not new. For centuries, farmers have used a method called selective breeding to produce more ____ crops. They do this by choosing seeds from plants that appear to be particularly ____ to pests and cold or dry weather and planting those seeds in place of weaker strains. Over time, the desirable strains come to dominate the genetic ____ of the farmers’ crops. Not everyone is supportive of the technology, however. Critics point to the fact that GM foods are simply too new to be embraced, ____ that there could exist long-term health risks that have yet to surface. For instance, consumers with allergies have had adverse reaction to the implanted genes.

【題組共用題幹】

Would you ever eat a plant whose genes were altered by scientists in a laboratory? You probably already have, for genetically modified organisms (GMOs), also known as genetically engineered organisms, are ____ in modern food supplies. The concept underlying genetic modification is not new. For centuries, farmers have used a method called selective breeding to produce more ____ crops. They do this by choosing seeds from plants that appear to be particularly ____ to pests and cold or dry weather and planting those seeds in place of weaker strains. Over time, the desirable strains come to dominate the genetic ____ of the farmers’ crops. Not everyone is supportive of the technology, however. Critics point to the fact that GM foods are simply too new to be embraced, ____ that there could exist long-term health risks that have yet to surface. For instance, consumers with allergies have had adverse reaction to the implanted genes.

【題組共用題幹】

Would you ever eat a plant whose genes were altered by scientists in a laboratory? You probably already have, for genetically modified organisms (GMOs), also known as genetically engineered organisms, are ____ in modern food supplies. The concept underlying genetic modification is not new. For centuries, farmers have used a method called selective breeding to produce more ____ crops. They do this by choosing seeds from plants that appear to be particularly ____ to pests and cold or dry weather and planting those seeds in place of weaker strains. Over time, the desirable strains come to dominate the genetic ____ of the farmers’ crops. Not everyone is supportive of the technology, however. Critics point to the fact that GM foods are simply too new to be embraced, ____ that there could exist long-term health risks that have yet to surface. For instance, consumers with allergies have had adverse reaction to the implanted genes.

【題組共用題幹】

Would you ever eat a plant whose genes were altered by scientists in a laboratory? You probably already have, for genetically modified organisms (GMOs), also known as genetically engineered organisms, are ____ in modern food supplies. The concept underlying genetic modification is not new. For centuries, farmers have used a method called selective breeding to produce more ____ crops. They do this by choosing seeds from plants that appear to be particularly ____ to pests and cold or dry weather and planting those seeds in place of weaker strains. Over time, the desirable strains come to dominate the genetic ____ of the farmers’ crops. Not everyone is supportive of the technology, however. Critics point to the fact that GM foods are simply too new to be embraced, ____ that there could exist long-term health risks that have yet to surface. For instance, consumers with allergies have had adverse reaction to the implanted genes.

【題組共用題幹】

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a malady of memory. Sufferers are often haunted by recurrent nightmares, distressing thoughts and flashbacks so intense in color, smell and sound that they feel as if they are reliving the trauma. But what if these unbearable memories could be selectively erased? Sheena Josselyn, a professor of physiology and psychology, who studies how the brain encodes, stores and uses information, is intrigued by the idea and has been investigating how to “silence” memories—make them temporarily inaccessible—in mice. She thinks it’s possible that a variation of this technique could one day help treat post-traumatic stress disorder in humans.

Studies with mice have found that although their brains contain billions of neurons, only a few are necessary to form a fearful memory. Researchers working with mice began by teaching them to fear a tone: when it sounds, they feel a mild shock to their feet (not to hurt them, just to scare them). The next time the mice hear the tone, they crouch and freeze, signaling fear. The researchers discovered that they could trigger the memory of that fear even without presenting the tone. They did this by stimulating the small group of nerve cells holding that memory through a technology called optogenetics. Using the same technology, they found they could also suppress the fearful memory. With optogenetics, scientists insert proteins into neurons to make them sensitive to light. Depending on the type of protein and color of light used, these cells can then be activated or deactivated by shining pulses of the light directly into the brain. If the light activates the cells, the mice freeze as if they’ve just heard the tone. If the light deactivates the cells, the memory is suppressed. While optogenetics is an invasive procedure and technologically not feasible with humans, Josselyn hopes that the general principles learned from these studies could eventually help scientists create new drugs for treating memory disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and Alzheimer’s.

But should you erase a bad memory? Absolutely not, says Josselyn. She emphasizes that this future technology should not be applied to everyday bad things, and that these discoveries need to go hand in hand with a real thinking about the ethics involved in potentially manipulating memories in people. Their use would only be considered in extreme cases after all other treatment options have been explored. The goal is not to sanitize life or make people super happy, but rather to make everyone a functional person, capable of moments of joy.

21. What would be the best title of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a malady of memory. Sufferers are often haunted by recurrent nightmares, distressing thoughts and flashbacks so intense in color, smell and sound that they feel as if they are reliving the trauma. But what if these unbearable memories could be selectively erased? Sheena Josselyn, a professor of physiology and psychology, who studies how the brain encodes, stores and uses information, is intrigued by the idea and has been investigating how to “silence” memories—make them temporarily inaccessible—in mice. She thinks it’s possible that a variation of this technique could one day help treat post-traumatic stress disorder in humans.

Studies with mice have found that although their brains contain billions of neurons, only a few are necessary to form a fearful memory. Researchers working with mice began by teaching them to fear a tone: when it sounds, they feel a mild shock to their feet (not to hurt them, just to scare them). The next time the mice hear the tone, they crouch and freeze, signaling fear. The researchers discovered that they could trigger the memory of that fear even without presenting the tone. They did this by stimulating the small group of nerve cells holding that memory through a technology called optogenetics. Using the same technology, they found they could also suppress the fearful memory. With optogenetics, scientists insert proteins into neurons to make them sensitive to light. Depending on the type of protein and color of light used, these cells can then be activated or deactivated by shining pulses of the light directly into the brain. If the light activates the cells, the mice freeze as if they’ve just heard the tone. If the light deactivates the cells, the memory is suppressed. While optogenetics is an invasive procedure and technologically not feasible with humans, Josselyn hopes that the general principles learned from these studies could eventually help scientists create new drugs for treating memory disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and Alzheimer’s.

But should you erase a bad memory? Absolutely not, says Josselyn. She emphasizes that this future technology should not be applied to everyday bad things, and that these discoveries need to go hand in hand with a real thinking about the ethics involved in potentially manipulating memories in people. Their use would only be considered in extreme cases after all other treatment options have been explored. The goal is not to sanitize life or make people super happy, but rather to make everyone a functional person, capable of moments of joy.

22. What did researchers do to form a fearful memory of a tone in mice?

【題組共用題幹】

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a malady of memory. Sufferers are often haunted by recurrent nightmares, distressing thoughts and flashbacks so intense in color, smell and sound that they feel as if they are reliving the trauma. But what if these unbearable memories could be selectively erased? Sheena Josselyn, a professor of physiology and psychology, who studies how the brain encodes, stores and uses information, is intrigued by the idea and has been investigating how to “silence” memories—make them temporarily inaccessible—in mice. She thinks it’s possible that a variation of this technique could one day help treat post-traumatic stress disorder in humans.

Studies with mice have found that although their brains contain billions of neurons, only a few are necessary to form a fearful memory. Researchers working with mice began by teaching them to fear a tone: when it sounds, they feel a mild shock to their feet (not to hurt them, just to scare them). The next time the mice hear the tone, they crouch and freeze, signaling fear. The researchers discovered that they could trigger the memory of that fear even without presenting the tone. They did this by stimulating the small group of nerve cells holding that memory through a technology called optogenetics. Using the same technology, they found they could also suppress the fearful memory. With optogenetics, scientists insert proteins into neurons to make them sensitive to light. Depending on the type of protein and color of light used, these cells can then be activated or deactivated by shining pulses of the light directly into the brain. If the light activates the cells, the mice freeze as if they’ve just heard the tone. If the light deactivates the cells, the memory is suppressed. While optogenetics is an invasive procedure and technologically not feasible with humans, Josselyn hopes that the general principles learned from these studies could eventually help scientists create new drugs for treating memory disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and Alzheimer’s.

But should you erase a bad memory? Absolutely not, says Josselyn. She emphasizes that this future technology should not be applied to everyday bad things, and that these discoveries need to go hand in hand with a real thinking about the ethics involved in potentially manipulating memories in people. Their use would only be considered in extreme cases after all other treatment options have been explored. The goal is not to sanitize life or make people super happy, but rather to make everyone a functional person, capable of moments of joy.

23. Which of the following is a reason that future technology should not be used to erase a bad memory in humans?

【題組共用題幹】

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a malady of memory. Sufferers are often haunted by recurrent nightmares, distressing thoughts and flashbacks so intense in color, smell and sound that they feel as if they are reliving the trauma. But what if these unbearable memories could be selectively erased? Sheena Josselyn, a professor of physiology and psychology, who studies how the brain encodes, stores and uses information, is intrigued by the idea and has been investigating how to “silence” memories—make them temporarily inaccessible—in mice. She thinks it’s possible that a variation of this technique could one day help treat post-traumatic stress disorder in humans.

Studies with mice have found that although their brains contain billions of neurons, only a few are necessary to form a fearful memory. Researchers working with mice began by teaching them to fear a tone: when it sounds, they feel a mild shock to their feet (not to hurt them, just to scare them). The next time the mice hear the tone, they crouch and freeze, signaling fear. The researchers discovered that they could trigger the memory of that fear even without presenting the tone. They did this by stimulating the small group of nerve cells holding that memory through a technology called optogenetics. Using the same technology, they found they could also suppress the fearful memory. With optogenetics, scientists insert proteins into neurons to make them sensitive to light. Depending on the type of protein and color of light used, these cells can then be activated or deactivated by shining pulses of the light directly into the brain. If the light activates the cells, the mice freeze as if they’ve just heard the tone. If the light deactivates the cells, the memory is suppressed. While optogenetics is an invasive procedure and technologically not feasible with humans, Josselyn hopes that the general principles learned from these studies could eventually help scientists create new drugs for treating memory disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and Alzheimer’s.

But should you erase a bad memory? Absolutely not, says Josselyn. She emphasizes that this future technology should not be applied to everyday bad things, and that these discoveries need to go hand in hand with a real thinking about the ethics involved in potentially manipulating memories in people. Their use would only be considered in extreme cases after all other treatment options have been explored. The goal is not to sanitize life or make people super happy, but rather to make everyone a functional person, capable of moments of joy.

24. Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree to?

【題組共用題幹】

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a malady of memory. Sufferers are often haunted by recurrent nightmares, distressing thoughts and flashbacks so intense in color, smell and sound that they feel as if they are reliving the trauma. But what if these unbearable memories could be selectively erased? Sheena Josselyn, a professor of physiology and psychology, who studies how the brain encodes, stores and uses information, is intrigued by the idea and has been investigating how to “silence” memories—make them temporarily inaccessible—in mice. She thinks it’s possible that a variation of this technique could one day help treat post-traumatic stress disorder in humans.

Studies with mice have found that although their brains contain billions of neurons, only a few are necessary to form a fearful memory. Researchers working with mice began by teaching them to fear a tone: when it sounds, they feel a mild shock to their feet (not to hurt them, just to scare them). The next time the mice hear the tone, they crouch and freeze, signaling fear. The researchers discovered that they could trigger the memory of that fear even without presenting the tone. They did this by stimulating the small group of nerve cells holding that memory through a technology called optogenetics. Using the same technology, they found they could also suppress the fearful memory. With optogenetics, scientists insert proteins into neurons to make them sensitive to light. Depending on the type of protein and color of light used, these cells can then be activated or deactivated by shining pulses of the light directly into the brain. If the light activates the cells, the mice freeze as if they’ve just heard the tone. If the light deactivates the cells, the memory is suppressed. While optogenetics is an invasive procedure and technologically not feasible with humans, Josselyn hopes that the general principles learned from these studies could eventually help scientists create new drugs for treating memory disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and Alzheimer’s.

But should you erase a bad memory? Absolutely not, says Josselyn. She emphasizes that this future technology should not be applied to everyday bad things, and that these discoveries need to go hand in hand with a real thinking about the ethics involved in potentially manipulating memories in people. Their use would only be considered in extreme cases after all other treatment options have been explored. The goal is not to sanitize life or make people super happy, but rather to make everyone a functional person, capable of moments of joy.

25. Which of the following statements can be inferred?