115 外交特考三等 外交領事人員類科英文組二 外交實務英文寫作(以英文命題及作答) 考古題詳解
第 一 題25 分
The International Criminal Court issuing arrest warrants for sitting national leaders has highlighted acute legal conflict over Rome Statute enforcement obligations versus traditional head-of-state diplomatic immunity.
Draft an official commentary of about 350 words, assessing the tension between international legal accountability for war crimes and pragmatic foreign relations, and state Taiwan’s position.
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核心觀念
本題要求撰寫一篇約 350 字的正式評論,評估國際刑事法院(International Criminal Court, ICC)對現任國家領袖簽發逮捕令時,國際刑事責任與傳統元首豁免、外交關係之間的張力,並表明台灣立場。這是「法律原則+外交實務+政策立場」的整合寫作題,不是單純表態支持或反對 ICC。
《羅馬規約》第 27 條規定,官方身分,包括國家元首身分,原則上不免除個人刑事責任,也不妨礙 ICC 行使管轄權。第 86 條要求締約國依規約與法院請求充分合作;第 89 條涉及逮捕及移交請求。第 98 條則處理法院提出移交請求時,可能涉及締約國對第三國的國際義務及豁免問題。故分析時須區分「領袖個人是否可受刑事追訴」與「各國是否、如何執行逮捕移交」:前者關乎問責原則,後者牽涉規約合作義務、豁免爭議與外交實務。
法規基準:以命題當年(民國 115 年)法規為準。
解題方法
建議採四段式:
- 點出衝突:ICC 簽發逮捕令,使追究嚴重國際犯罪與元首豁免、外交往來正面交鋒。
- 說明問責理由:戰爭罪等嚴重犯罪若因職位而不受追訴,會加深有罪不罰,也損及受害者及國際法秩序。
- 承認執行難題:ICC 仰賴國家合作;各國的逮捕或移交行動可能帶來法律爭端、外交摩擦及安全風險。說明這些代價,但不把它們寫成逃避問責的理由。
- 提出台灣立場:台灣不是《羅馬規約》締約方,應避免聲稱自己負有締約國的規約義務;可表明支持國際法、反對有罪不罰、尊重正當程序,並主張各方依法處理爭議及維持外交溝通。
台灣立場宜採「原則明確、措辭審慎」:支持追究嚴重國際犯罪,不代表忽略管轄權、豁免及執行程序的法律爭議;重視外交關係,也不應被寫成對問責的否定。
範文(約 350 字)
Official Commentary
The International Criminal Court’s arrest warrants for sitting national leaders have brought into sharp focus a difficult tension between accountability for grave international crimes and the rules governing state relations. The issue should be approached with legal precision and diplomatic restraint.
The Rome Statute rejects the idea that official capacity, including the position of head of state, automatically shields an individual from the Court’s jurisdiction. This principle reflects a basic proposition: the seriousness of war crimes cannot be erased by a person’s rank. When credible allegations of such crimes are left unanswered, victims are denied justice, impunity is reinforced, and confidence in international law is weakened.
At the same time, issuing a warrant and enforcing it are different matters. The Court depends on states to arrest and surrender suspects. Those obligations may intersect with questions of immunity, a state’s relat
第 二 題25 分
European governments and major cultural institutions face growing diplomatic demands to repatriate colonial-era artifacts to their countries of origin, sparking ethical debates over heritage ownership.
Draft an official commentary of about 350 words, analyzing the core ethical arguments surrounding cultural restitution, and discuss how Taiwan can utilize its museum collections to foster ethical cultural diplomacy.
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核心觀念
本題是英文官方評論寫作,重點在分析文化財返還的倫理爭點,並提出臺灣運用博物館館藏推動倫理文化外交的做法。評分關鍵包括論點平衡、段落組織、政策可行性,以及正式而審慎的語氣。
文化財返還(cultural restitution)是將因殖民統治、武力掠奪、脅迫交易或其他不正義方式流失的文物,歸還原屬社群或國家。討論時須兼顧來源社群的文化權利與自決,也須檢視取得過程、現有保管責任、文物保存能力及公共近用;不能把「原屬國要求」或「博物館保存良好」單獨當成定案理由。
解題方法
採「爭點分析—平衡原則—臺灣作法」三段式,並以英文官方評論口吻完成約 350 字:
- 交代爭議背景:文物可能在殖民時期透過掠奪、脅迫或不平等交易流失。
- 呈現核心倫理論點:說明返還如何回應歷史不義、文化認同與社群自決;同時納入保存、研究與跨國公共近用等考量。
- 提出平衡處理方式:主張依個案查明來源與取得過程,透過對話、透明審查及協議處理,不將文化遺產簡化為所有權爭奪。
- 連結臺灣的文化外交:以館藏研究、來源資訊公開、共同策展、數位共享、專業交流及合作保管,建立互惠且尊重多元觀點的交流。
本題為申論寫作,沒有選項、計算公式或指定法條;作答應聚焦倫理原則與政策措施。
參考作答
Cultural Restitution and Ethical Cultural Diplomacy
European governments and major cultural institutions are under growing pressure to return artifacts acquired during the colonial era. The debate is not simply about who legally owns an object. It concerns historical justice, cultural identity, and the right of communities to interpret and protect their own heritage.
Ethical Arguments
Supporters of restitution argue that objects taken through force, coercion, or deeply unequal arrangements should not remain in institutions that benefit from colonial power. Returning them can recognize the injury suffered by source communities, restore cultural and spiritual connections, and give those communities a greater voice in decisions about their heritage. Restitution may also help correct historical narratives that have presented colonized peoples as passive subjects rather than custodians of their own cultures.
Museums, however, have responsibilities to preserve collections, support research, and make cultural materials accessible to the public. Some argue that international museums can protect vulnerable objects and enable audiences from many backgrounds to encounter them. These concerns dese
第 三 題25 分
North Korea has been reported to have supplied ballistic missiles and artillery shells to Russia for use in Ukraine, violating multiple UN Security Council resolutions.
Draft an official commentary of about 350 words, weighing the security implications of these illegal arms transfers and potential approaches to independent international oversight, and state how Taiwan can contribute to regional and global security efforts.
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核心觀念
本題為英文政策評論寫作,重點不是逐句翻譯題幹,而是以正式、審慎的語氣,分析朝鮮向俄羅斯提供飛彈與砲彈所引發的安全影響,提出可信的國際監督方案,並具體說明臺灣能如何參與區域及全球安全工作。
答題須掌握三項主軸:
- 安全影響:軍援可能延長或加劇俄烏戰事,增加平民傷亡,並使俄羅斯取得更多軍事資源;軍事合作也可能帶來技術、情報或其他敏感能力的交換,擴大東北亞與歐洲安全風險。
- 獨立監督:聯合國安理會決議遭違反時,監督機制須能獨立查核、保存證據並公開報告。可提出由多國組成的專家小組、衛星與公開來源情報、海關及物流資料交叉比對,以及定期發布調查結果等做法。
- 臺灣的貢獻:臺灣可分享非敏感的制裁規避與非法運輸資訊、強化出口管制與金融監理、和理念相近夥伴合作,並投入人道援助與復原工作。表述時須務實,聚焦臺灣可實際提供的能力。
本題涉及《聯合國憲章》及安理會決議的國際安全議題;以命題當年(民國 115 年)法規為準。題幹未列出特定決議編號,作答時以「relevant UN Security Council resolutions」概括指稱即可,不必自行補入未提供的編號。
解題方法
採用「定性背景—分析風險—提出監督—定位臺灣—正式收束」的評論架構,並以約 350 字英文完成。各段功能如下:
- 開頭:點出軍火移轉違反安理會決議,並將問題定位為跨區域安全挑戰。
- 風險分析:從戰場影響與國際秩序兩層切入,避免只重述「違規」而沒有說明後果。
- 監督方案:提出獨立、可驗證且具持續性的查核方式;避免只喊「加強監督」,卻沒有交代誰查、查什麼、如何報告。
- 臺灣角色:將國際倡議轉化為具體行動,例如出口管制、情報分享、人道援助及夥伴合作。
- 結尾:回到法治、透明與共同安全,形成官方評論的政策立場。
題目沒有要求選擇立場,而是要求「衡量」安全影響及方案,因此須同時說明威脅的嚴重性與可行的應對方式。全文應避免把未經證實的軍事合作細節寫成既定事實;可使用 reports indicate、could、may 等措辭,清楚區分已知指控與風險評估。
參考作答
Official Commentary: Upholding Security Through Independent Oversight
Reports that North Korea has supplied ballistic missiles and artillery shells to Russia for use in Ukraine raise serious concerns beyond the battlefield. Such transfers, if confirmed, violate relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions and weaken the credibility of international sanctions. They also demonstrate how cooperation between states under sanctions can undermine rules intended to limit the spread of weapons and preserve international peace.
The immediate consequences are grave. Additional ammunition and missiles may prolong hostilities, increase civilian casualties, and make a negotiated settlement more difficult. The security risks may also extend beyond Ukraine. Military cooperation could enable exchanges of technology, expertise, or other sensitive capabilities, heightening tensions in Northeast Asia as well as in Europe. The international community must therefore treat these transfers as both a threat to Ukraine’s security and a challenge to the broader non-proliferation regim
第 四 題25 分
Faced with persistent migration surges, several Western democracies have proposed outsourcing asylum processing to third-party countries, raising intense debates over the non-refoulement principle under the 1951 Refugee Convention.
Draft an official commentary of about 350 words, evaluating the legal and humanitarian friction surrounding third-country processing, and state Taiwan’s posture on humanitarian asylum policies.
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核心觀念
本題是外交政策評論寫作,重點在於評估「將庇護申請審查外包至第三國」的法律與人道爭議,並表明臺灣對人道庇護的立場。文章須兼顧國家處理移民壓力的治理需求,以及尋求庇護者免遭迫害、酷刑與其他嚴重傷害的保障。
以命題當年(民國 115 年)法規為準,核心國際法依據是《1951 年難民地位公約》第 33 條第 1 項的不遣返原則:不得將難民送回其生命或自由因種族、宗教、國籍、特定社會群體成員身分或政治意見而受威脅的領土。聯合國《禁止酷刑公約》第 3 條亦禁止將個人遣送至有充分理由相信其將遭受酷刑的國家。
第三國審查安排本身不必然違法;關鍵在於移送是否使當事人面臨直接或間接遣返風險、第三國是否確實接收並公平審查個案,以及當事人是否能取得有效救濟。人道爭議則包括拘留與安置條件、家庭分離、法律協助不足,以及責任外包使庇護保障落空。
解題方法
採取「背景—法律原則—制度風險—政策立場」四段式:
- 背景:承認移民潮帶來行政與資源壓力,顯示評論立場平衡。
- 法律原則:指出不遣返義務適用於遣送結果,不能單靠改變審查地點規避。
- 制度風險:說明第三國須實際提供安全、程序保障與救濟,否則可能形成連鎖遣返。
- 臺灣立場:主張以人道、個案審查及國際合作回應;準確交代臺灣尚無專門《難民法》及完整難民身分認定制度,避免誤寫成臺灣已加入《難民公約》。
臺灣雖非《難民公約》締約方,不代表人道保障可被忽略;評論可將不遣返視為重要國際習慣法原則,並表明臺灣應依人權與人道精神審慎處理相關案件。
參考作答(約 350 字)
Outsourcing Asylum: A Test of Responsibility
Legal and Humanitarian Concerns
Faced with rising arrivals, democratic governments have a legitimate interest in managing borders and distributing administrative burdens. Yet transferring asylum processing to a third country cannot by itself discharge a state’s protection responsibilities. Article 33 of the 1951 Refugee Convention prohibits returning a refugee to a territory where the person’s life or freedom would be threatened on specified grounds. The broader principle of non-refoulement also bars removal where there is a real risk of torture or other serious harm. A transfer may therefore breach international obligations if it exposes an applicant to direct return, onward removal, or an asylum procedure that fails to identify protection needs.
Third-country arrangements are defensible only when the receiving country is genuinely safe, accepts responsibility for examining claims, provides fair procedures and effective remedies, and ensures humane reception conditions. Individual circumstances must be assessed; a general designa