107 國際經濟商務人員三等 國際經濟商務人員葡萄牙文組 外國文(葡萄牙文兼試基礎英文) 考古題詳解
第 一 題25 分
請將下列文章翻譯成中文:
Hoje, dadas as notícias bastante positivas relativas aos indicadores macroeconómicos da grande maioria das economias e zonas principais, a instabilidade, incerteza e conflitos mundiais aumentam, colocando um grande ponto de interrogação no futuro.
Apesar de todas as previsões positivas para o crescimento económico mundial, este panorama global parece assombrado por uma considerável lista de riscos e incertezas, a que não devemos fechar os olhos, pois estas ameaças podem ser como vulcões adormecidos: se não contidos e supervisionados, os efeitos serão catastróficos.
Por exemplo, na Europa, o cenário também é envolto na incerteza: subsequente ao Brexit, novos países apresentaram as mesmas pretensões de saída, colocando uma dúvida imensa sobre o futuro do projeto europeu, ao mesmo tempo que coloca em evidência o ressurgimento do protecionismo nas economias contemporâneas.
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核心觀念
本題為民國 107 年公務人員特種考試國際經濟商務人員三等考試(葡萄牙文組)之「外國文(葡萄牙文兼試基礎英文)」第一大題(葡譯中)。本科目之命題宗旨重在考核考生對於「國際經貿時事」、「地緣政治動態」之葡文文獻閱讀理解力,以及精確轉譯為「台灣官方規範經貿公文與學術用語」的中文表達力。
本題評量之三大核心:
- 經貿與國際關係專業術語對譯:如
indicadores macroeconómicos(總體經濟指標)、crescimento económico mundial(全球經濟成長)、Brexit(英國脫歐)、projeto europeu(歐洲整合計畫)、protecionismo(保護主義)。 - 特殊句型與修辭轉譯:
- 伴隨分詞結構(Particípio com valor causal/circunstancial):
dadas as notícias...(鑑於……、考量到……)。 - 現在分詞作伴隨狀語或連續結果:
colocando um grande ponto de interrogação...。 - 關係代名詞與固定介系詞前置搭配:
a que não devemos fechar os olhos(源於片語fechar os olhos a...)。 - 省略動詞的假設副詞子句:
se não [forem] contidos e supervisionados。
- 生動隱喻的中文對應:
vulcões adormecidos(休眠火山)、assombrado por(蒙上陰影/籠罩)、coloca em evidência o ressurgimento(突顯……的死灰復燃/抬頭)。
解題方法
本題應採取「斷句析構法」與「意譯兼顧法」,將長句按邏輯主幹切分,依中文行文邏輯進行語序重組。
第一段:句構拆解與轉譯
原文:Hoje, dadas as notícias bastante positivas relativas aos indicadores macroeconómicos da grande maioria das economias e zonas principais, a instabilidade, incerteza e conflitos mundiais aumentam, colocando um grande ponto de interrogação no futuro.
- 結構分析:
- 時間副詞:
Hoje(今日/現今)。 - 原因/情境副詞受詞片語:
dadas as notícias bastante positivas relativas aos indicadores macroeconómicos...(dado/a/os/as為過去分詞轉介系詞用法,表「鑑於」、「在……情況下」;relativas a修飾notícias)。 - 主要子句:
a instabilidade, incerteza e conflitos mundiais aumentam(三個並列名詞構成主詞,動詞用複數aumentam)。 - 結果狀語(現在分詞):
colocando um grande ponto de interrogação no futuro。 - 切入點:主要子句與前方的正向經濟消息構成語氣上的對比反差(正面數據 vs. 全球動盪加劇),中文宜以「鑑於……,全球的不穩定……卻日益加劇」或「儘管……,然而……」串聯,以彰顯轉折張力。
第二段:句構拆解與轉譯
原文:Apesar de todas as previsões positivas para o crescimento económico mundial, este panorama global parece assombrado por uma considerável lista de riscos e incertezas, a que não devemos fechar os olhos, pois estas ameaças podem ser como vulcões adormecidos: se não contidos e supervisionados, os efeitos serão catastróficos.
- 結構分析:
- 讓步副詞子句:
Apesar de todas as previsões positivas para o crescimento económico mundial。 - 主要子句:
este panorama global parece assombrado por uma considerável lista de riscos e incertezas(assombrado por喻體為「被鬼魅糾纏」,引申為「籠罩在……陰影下」)。 - 關係子句(形容詞子句):
a que não devemos fechar os olhos(修飾先行詞riscos e incertezas;動詞片語fechar os olhos a需將介系詞a提前至關係代名詞que之前)。 - 原因子句:
pois estas ameaças podem ser como vulcões adormecidos。 - 條件副詞子句:
se não contidos e supervisionados(被動分詞結構,省略了連接詞與被動式助動詞se não forem contidos...)。 - 結果子句:
os efeitos serão catastróficos。 - 切入點:此段含雙重比喻(陰影與火山),翻譯時務必採用道地中文成語或凝練詞彙,如「視而不見」、「休眠火山」、「災難性的後果」。
第 二 題25 分
請將下列文章翻譯成葡文:
因為與美國的貿易衝突,導致土耳其里拉兌換美元匯率已經跌至歷史新低。土國中央銀行本週一宣布一系列措施,試圖為其貨幣護盤,其中包括將銀行為其當地貨幣所必須持有的儲備基金降低 250 點。
在最新公布的兩份法令中,土國央行表示,這些措施將提高土耳其里拉與美元在市場上的供應。也保證將會「提供所有銀行所需的資金流動」,並採取「所有必要措施來維持金融穩定」。
然而,這些努力可能不足應付。許多分析師指出,需要提高多項利率才行,而土國總統艾爾多安(Recep Tayyip Erdogan)卻反對採用此激烈的方式,因為當局意欲維持貨幣寬鬆政策,如此才能有利貸款與投資。但總統此舉也引發該國央行獨立性的疑慮。
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核心觀念
本題為典型的「國際經貿金融新聞」中翻葡考題,重點測驗考生對國際經濟情勢報導的葡文編譯能力,核心考點包括:
- 財金專業術語準確度:精準掌握「匯率跌至歷史新低」、「外匯護盤」、「存款準備金/儲備要求」、「資金流動性」、「貨幣寬鬆政策」及「央行獨立性」等國際經貿核心詞彙。
- 葡文新聞語體(Estilo Jornalístico):講求客觀、精練與嚴謹。句構常運用名詞化(nominalização)、分詞片語簡化子句,避免過度依賴口語連接詞。
- 時態與引語配合:新聞報導敘述已發生事件慣用「簡說過去時(Pretérito Perfeito Simples)」或「現在完成時(Pretérito Perfeito Composto)」,並正確處理間接引語中帶直接引號之時態與標點。
解題方法
翻譯時採「語義剖析 術語轉化 句構重組」三步驟,逐段拆解如下:
第一段:背景與央行政策宣告
- 原句:「因為與美國的貿易衝突,導致土耳其里拉兌換美元匯率已經跌至歷史新低。」
- 切入點:中文「因為……導致……」具有重複因果的傾向,葡文應避免字面硬翻成 Porque... causou...。可直接以介詞片語 Devido a、Em razão de 或 Por causa de 開頭,將主詞定為「土耳其里拉兌美元匯率」。
- 關鍵術語:
- 貿易衝突:disputa comercial / conflito comercial
- 兌換美元匯率:a taxa de câmbio da lira turca em relação ao dólar / a cotação da lira turca frente ao dólar
- 跌至歷史新低:cair para uma mínima histórica / atingir a mínima histórica
- 原句:「土國中央銀行本週一宣布一系列措施,試圖為其貨幣護盤,其中包括將銀行為其當地貨幣所必須持有的儲備基金降低 250 點。」
- 切入點:「本週一」在葡文新聞中置於動詞之後更自然(anunciou nesta segunda-feira)。「護盤」係金融市場術語,意指「支撐/捍衛其貨幣幣值」;「儲備基金」在此指央行的「法定存款準備金(Reservas Obrigatórias / Depósitos Compulsórios)」;「點」在金融降息或調整準備率時指「基點(pontos-base)」或「點(pontos)」。
- 關鍵術語:
- 試圖為其貨幣護盤:na tentativa de sustentar sua moeda / para defender a divisa nacional
- 其中包括:entre as quais / incluindo
- 降低 250 點儲備基金:reduzir em 250 pontos-base as reservas obrigatórias que os bancos devem manter em moeda local
第二段:政策內容與央行承諾
- 原句:「在最新公布的兩份法令中,土國央行表示,這些措施將提高土耳其里拉與美元在市場上的供應。」
- 切入點:「在最新公布的兩份法令中」作地點/背景狀語置於句首;「提高……在市場上的供應」即增加市場供給量。
- 關鍵術語:
- 最新公布的兩份法令:em dois decretos recentemente publicados / em dois comunicados recém-divulgados
- 提高市場供應:aumentar a oferta de liras turcas e de dólares no mercado
- 原句:「也保證將會「提供所有銀行所需的資金流動」,並採取「所有必要措施來維持金融穩定」。」
- 切入點:主詞承接土國央行,引語部分宜保留引號直譯,確保官署宣示的權威感。「資金流動」在金融實務中譯為「流動性(liquidez)」。
- 關鍵術語:
- 提供所有銀行所需的資金流動:fornecer toda a liquidez de que os bancos necessitam
- 維持金融穩定:manter a estabilidade financeira
第三段:市場質疑與政治干預
- 原句:「然而,這些努力可能不足應付。許多分析師指出,需要提高多項利率才行……」
- 切入點:「不足應付」轉化為「可能不夠/不足以遏止局勢」;「提高多項利率」指調升各項政策基準利率。
- 關鍵術語:
- 可能不足應付:podem não ser suficientes
- 提高多項利率:aumentar as taxas de juros / elevar várias taxas de juros
- 原句:「……而土國總統艾爾多安(Recep Tayyip Erdogan)卻反對採用此激烈的方式,因為當局意欲維持貨幣寬鬆政策,如此才能有利貸款與投資。」
- 切入點:中文以「而……卻……」表達對比轉折,葡文常用對稱連接詞 enquanto 或副詞 por outro lado。
- 關鍵術語:
- 激烈的方式:método drástico / medida drástica
- 貨幣寬鬆政策:política monetária expansionista / política de afrouxamento monetário
- 有利貸款與投資:favorecer o crédito (ou empréstimos) e os investimentos
- 原句:「但總統此舉也引發該國央行獨立性的疑慮。」
- 切入點:「總統此舉」譯為 a atitude do presidente 或 tal medida do presidente;
第 三 題25 分
作文:
As Influências do conflicto económico entre a China e os EUA para Taiwan
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為公務人員特種考試「國際經濟商務人員(三等)」之專業外國文作文題,評閱重點在於考生是否具備「國際經貿專業視野」與「高級葡萄牙文論說文(Texto Dissertativo-Argumentativo)寫作能力」。本科的核心評分要點涵蓋:
- 國際經貿時事整合能力:本題命題於民國 107 年(2018年),適逢美中貿易戰(Guerra Comercial / Conflito Tarifário)全面爆發。考官旨在檢驗考生能否深入分析關稅壁壘對全球供應鏈(cadeias de valor globais)、轉單效應(efeito de desvio de comércio)、台商回台投資及市場多元化佈局(如新南向政策)之影響。
- 論說文架構(Estrutura Dissertativa):依據國際公職外語標準,應採「起、承、轉、合」標準四段式架構:
- 引言段(Introdução):點出美中爭端背景、本質及其全球外溢效應。
- 正文第一段(Impactos Negativos / Desafios):分析台灣身為高度外向型經濟體所面臨的直接與間接衝擊(供應鏈斷鏈、終端需求萎縮、不確定性上升)。
- 正文第二段(Oportunidades / Efeitos Positivos):探討台灣獲得的轉單契機、關鍵高科技製造自主化,以及台商資本與產能回流(repatriação de capitais e produção)。
- 結論段(Conclusão):提出國家經貿戰略展望(分散市場、加強研發、提升供應鏈韌性)。
- 高階葡語語法與修辭技巧:論說文講求客觀嚴謹,須大量運用無人稱代詞句(orações impessoais)、被動語態(voz passiva)、名詞化結構(nominalização),並正確搭配虛擬式(Modo Subjuntivo)及高階邏輯連接詞(conectores discursivos)。
解題方法
本題設定切入點為「危機與轉機並存的雙向衡平分析(Análise Bilateral)」,切忌通篇僅陳述單一面向。
- 破題與定位(Introdução): 將衝突定性為「結構性競爭(rivalidade estrutural)」,不只是貿易差額之爭,更涉及高科技霸權與地緣政治。台灣位處供應鏈樞紐與地緣前線,不可避免地承受外部衝擊。
- 申論與展開(Desenvolvimento):
- 承(挑戰面):運用「三角貿易(comércio triangular)」概念,說明台灣向中國大陸出口半導體及中間零組件、組裝後銷往美國之傳統模式遭到關稅重創;此外,市場動盪抑制投資意願。
- 轉(契機面):論述「轉單效應(trade diversion)」與「供應鏈重組(reestruturação das cadeias de suprimentos)」。強調美歐對資通訊供應鏈安全(segurança de cadeia de suprimentos)的重視,促使台商產能回移台灣或轉向東南亞。
- 收斂與政策建議(Conclusão): 站在「經濟商務官員」的高度,提出戰略解方:深化與理念相近夥伴之經貿合作、推動多邊或雙邊自由貿易協定、持續投資前瞻核心技術,以維持「矽盾(escudo de silício)」無可取代的競爭力。
審題與寫作要點分析
- 題目拼字與正字法剖析: 題目原文為 As Influências do conflicto económico entre a China e os EUA para Taiwan。
- 題目字彙保留了傳統(或葡葡舊制)的 conflicto。依據現行《葡語正字協定》(Acordo Ortográfico de 1990,簡稱 AO90),在發音上不發音的子音字母 與 應予以省略,故現代規範標準拼寫為 conflito。
- 歐洲葡萄牙語寫作 económico,巴西葡萄牙語寫作 econômico。考生在全篇作文中應維持同一正字法體系的一致性,切忌同一篇文章內歐洲葡語與巴西葡語拼法任意混雜。
- 段落比重分配: 國家考試作答時間有限,篇幅以 250 至 300 單字為最佳區間:
- 引言段:約佔 15-20%(約 40-50 字)。
- 正文兩段:各佔 30-35%(每段約 80-100 字)。
- 結論段:約佔 15-20%(約 40-50 字)。
解題技巧與應考陷阱
- 避免第一人稱單數主觀口吻: 嚴禁使用 Eu acho que...(我認為)或 Na minha opinião...。應使用客觀無人稱論述:
- É inegável que...(不可否認的是……)
- Convém salientar que...(值得強調的是……)
- Verifica-se que...(經觀察證實……)
- 精準掌握經貿專業詞彙: 若僅使用一般性字彙(如 coisas ruins, ajudar a economia),得分通常偏低。應代換為專業術語:
- 「美中貿易戰」:a guerra comercial sino-americana
- 「供應鏈重組」:a reconfiguração das cadeias de abastecimento
- 「轉單效應」:o efeito de desvio de comércio
- 「不確定性」:as incertezas macroeconómicas
- 「經濟韌性」:a resiliência económica
- 邏輯轉折詞的層次鋪陳: 善用成對及遞進連接詞建立邏輯流暢度:
- 表示對比:Por um lado... Por outro lado...(一方面……另一方面……)
- 表示因果:Em virtude de..., Por conseguinte...(由於……因此……)
- 表示讓步:Não obstante..., Apesar de...(儘管……)
【答案】
參考範文(Modelo de Redação)
As Influências do Conflito Económico entre a China e os EUA para Taiwan
O conflito económico e comercial desencadeado entre os Estados Unidos e a China representa um marco divisor nas relações internacionais contemporâneas, ultrapassando a mera imposição de tarifas alfandegárias para se converter numa disputa hegemónica pela liderança tecnológica e geopolítica. Sendo T
第 1 題1 分
The terrorist organization aims to kill anyone who doesn’t practice the strict ____ of its belief.
核心觀念
本題考字義與搭配。句中空格位於 the strict ____ of its belief,可理解為「對其信仰的嚴格__」。應選能表示「解讀、詮釋」的字,組成「對其信仰的嚴格詮釋」。
解題方法
先抓句意:這個恐怖組織企圖殺害任何不遵循其信仰嚴格解讀的人。空格應填入與「信仰如何被理解、詮釋」相關的名詞。
完整句意為:「這個恐怖組織企圖殺害任何不遵循其信仰之嚴格詮釋的人。」
選項分析
- (A) sensation:意為「感覺、知覺;轟動」。不表示對信仰的解讀,語意不合。
- (B) indifference:意為「冷漠、不在乎」。
第 2 題1 分
The young nurse successfully ____ blood into the veins of the wounded patient in the emergency room.
核心觀念
本題測驗「字根字首辨義」與「醫療情境之慣用搭配詞(Collocation)」。核心字根為源自拉丁文的 -fuse(pour,傾倒、流注、融化),透過不同的字首衍生出意義截然不同的動詞。考生須結合句中語境線索 blood(血液)、veins(靜脈)及 emergency room(急診室),選出最適切的動詞。
解題方法
- 分析句子結構與語境線索:
- 主詞:
The young nurse(年輕護士) - 副詞:
successfully(成功地) - 受詞與介系詞片語:
____ blood into the veins of the wounded patient(將血液……進受傷病患的靜脈) - 地點:
in the emergency room(在急診室)
- 語義與搭配檢驗:
護士在急診室針對受傷病患進行的醫療行為,且受詞為
blood、目標路徑為into the veins,文意必然為「輸血」。動詞transfuse即表示「輸血;注入」,其標準句型為transfuse A into B(將 A 輸注至 B 中),完全契合文意。
選項分析
- (A) effused:錯誤。
- 字源剖析:字首
ef-(=ex-,向外)+ 字根-fuse(流、傾倒)。 - 字義:流出、瀉出、散發;(情感等)流露、吐露。
- 辨析:
effuse多用於流體自然滲出、散溢,或引申為熱情洋溢地抒發情緒。若填入本句,無法表達護士主動將血「輸進」靜脈的醫療動作,語義不合。 - (B) confused:錯誤。
- 字源剖析:字首
con-(共同、混在一起)+ 字根-fuse(倒)。 - 字義:使困惑、搞混、使混亂。
- 辨析:常接對象為人(如
confuse someone)或將事物混淆(confuse A with B),不能與blood into the veins搭配,文意荒謬。 - (C) transfused:正確。
第 3 題1 分
The real problem is that language testing does not have strong arguments and significant findings to support a ____ model within a theoretical framework.
核心觀念
本題考「字義與語意搭配」。句意是:語言測驗缺乏有力論據與重要研究發現,無法在理論架構中支持一個 ____ 的模型。空格應填入表示「連貫、融貫、前後一致」的形容詞,與 model within a theoretical framework 搭配。
解題方法
先抓句子的邏輯:does not have strong arguments and significant findings to support 表示「沒有足夠論據與研究發現來支持某種模型」。依官方答案,空格填 coherent,意指一個在理論架構中連貫、融貫的模型,能與前面的 theoretical framework 自然搭配。
選項分析
- (A) coherent:正確。 意為「連貫的、融貫的、一致的」。a coherent model within a theoretical framework 指「理論架構中一個連貫的模型」,符合本題要表達的學術語境。
第 4 題1 分
Half a century ago, infectious ____ caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms were the main causes of death in Taiwan.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字與語境判讀。句意為:「半個世紀以前,由細菌、病毒及其他微生物引起的傳染性__,是臺灣的主要死因。」空格應填能表示傳染病大規模流行的名詞。
解題方法
先看空格後面的 caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms,可知是在描述由病原微生物引起的疾病;再看後句 were the main causes of death,句意指這些疾病曾是主要死因。四個選項中,只有 epidemics(流行病、傳染病的流行)能與 infectious 搭配並符合句意。
選項分析
第 5 題1 分
To give those ____ families in the mountain village a better life, many singers performed in the charity concert to raise funds for them.
核心觀念
本題考形容詞的字義判斷,以及依上下文選出最合適的字。句意是:為了讓山村裡的某些家庭過上更好的生活,許多歌手在慈善演唱會上演出,替他們募集資金。空格應描述需要慈善協助的家庭。
解題方法
先看後文的線索:慈善演唱會的目的在「募集資金」(raise funds),受益者是山村家庭。這表示這些家庭生活資源較少、處境較弱勢,因此應選意為「弱勢的、貧困的」的 underprivileged。
選項分析
- (A) exaggerating:exaggerate 是「誇大」,exaggerating 可指「誇大的」。
第 6 題1 分
This remains a ____ question if the United States seeks to extend its unprecedented military power.
核心觀念
本題測驗「高階形容詞詞彙語意辨析」與「國際政治論述語境搭配(Collocation & Contextual Logic)」。考生須具備判讀正式國際新聞與政經評論語域(register)的能力,並掌握條件子句中所呈現的宏觀戰略背景,選出最貼合政治、軍事議題重要性的修飾形容詞。
解題方法
- 句構剖析:
- 主句:
This remains a ____ question(這仍然是一個……的問題)。remains為連綴動詞,後接名詞片語a ____ question作為主詞補語。 - 條件副詞子句:
if the United States seeks to extend its unprecedented military power(如果美國試圖擴大其前所未有的軍事力量)。
- 語意邏輯推導:
- 題幹後段指出「美國試圖擴展其前所未見的軍事力量(unprecedented military power)」,涉及全球安全局勢與大國地緣戰略,屬於高度嚴肅、具重大影響力的議題。
- 前方主句指出「這仍然是一個……的議題」,空格所需填入的形容詞必須與此種「事關重大、影響深遠」的語境相呼應。
- 題幹中譯:「如果美國試圖擴大其前所未有的軍事力量,這仍然是一個至關重要的問題。」
選項分析
- (A) theatrical:【錯誤】
- 詞義:戲劇的、劇場的;(行為等)誇張做作的。
- 辨析:修飾
question時意指「戲劇性的問題」或「造作的問題」,與後文探討國家戰略與實質軍事實力擴張的嚴肅語境完全不合。 - (B) cultural:【錯誤】
- 詞義:文化的、與文化相關的。
第 7 題1 分
Though we all have our own ____, we may still have incentive to stay motivated no matter we are stuck or not.
核心觀念
本題考詞義與句意搭配。句子意思是:「雖然我們都有自己的__,但無論是否受困,仍可能有動力保持積極。」空格需要填入表示「限制、局限」的名詞,才能與「受困」及「保持動力」的語意相呼應。
解題方法
先看句子的轉折關係:Though 引出讓步,表示「雖然有某種限制,仍然可以保持動力」。we all have our own 後面接複數名詞,而 limitations 意為「限制、局限」,符合句意與文法。
選項分析
- (A) latitude:意為「活動範圍、自由裁量權、緯度」,通常指可運用的空間或自主程度;放在此處無法自然表達「每個人都有自己的限制」。
- (B) liberty:意為「自由、自由權」,是不可數名詞;
第 8 題1 分
Fossil fuels are unevenly ____; only some countries have them, and only some can afford them.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字在語境中的意思,以及常見搭配。句中 Fossil fuels 是「化石燃料」,unevenly 是「不平均地」,空格需填入能表示「分布」的過去分詞,構成 be unevenly distributed(分布不均)。
解題方法
先看句意:化石燃料「分布不均」,因此只有部分國家擁有;而只有部分國家負擔得起。後半句 only some countries have them 進一步說明前半句所指的是資源的分布情形。
distribute 是「分配、散布、分布」,其過去分詞 distributed 可與 be 搭配,表示「被分布、分布於」。因此 are unevenly distributed 符合句意與文法。
選項分析
第 9 題1 分
That researcher has observed ____ changes in the rainforest for over twenty years.
核心觀念
本題考查詞性辨識與名詞修飾語。空格後是名詞 changes,前面需要能修飾名詞的形容詞。seasonal 是形容詞,意為「季節性的」,可組成 seasonal changes(季節性變化)。
解題方法
先找出空格所在的詞組:____ changes。此處需要描述「變化」性質的字,因此選擇形容詞 seasonal。句意是:「那位研究人員二十多年來一直觀察雨林中的季節性變化。」
選項分析
- (A) seasons:名詞複數,意為「季節」。此處需要形容詞修飾 changes;名詞複數不能直接置於此處表達「季節性的變化」。
第 10 題1 分
Celebrated as one of the most ____ road trips, Central Asia’s semi-paved Pamir Highway covers 2,038 kilometers in the heart of isolated mountains.
核心觀念 本題測驗「進階形容詞字彙辨析」與「閱讀語境線索判讀能力」。考生需掌握高階單字在篇章中的引申意涵與搭配,並透過句中描繪地理環境與路況的關鍵修飾詞,精準推斷句意所要求的邏輯語氣。
解題方法
- 分析句子結構與主從關係:
- 全句結構為分詞構句引導的複合句:
Celebrated as one of the most ____ road trips(過去分詞片語作副詞修飾),主詞為Central Asia’s semi-paved Pamir Highway(中亞半鋪設的帕米爾公路),主要動詞為covers(橫跨、綿延)。
- 提取關鍵線索(Context Clues):
- semi-paved:意指「僅部分鋪設柏油的」、「碎石或非平整路面的」,暗示路況原始、艱困且具挑戰性。
- isolated mountains:意指「遺世獨立的群山」、「人煙罕至的高山荒嶺」。
- covers 2,038 kilometers in the heart of...:長達 2,038 公里且深入孤立高原山脈核心。
- 邏輯推導:
- 句意描述帕米爾公路穿越險阻山區、路況艱難且偏遠,被譽為最需要冒險精神、最考驗膽識的公路旅行。因此,空格需填入帶有「勇敢無畏的」、「艱辛冒險的」之特質形容詞來修飾
road trips。
題意翻譯 被譽為最考驗勇氣與冒險精神的公路之旅之一,中亞路面未完全鋪設的帕米爾公路,橫貫深入於遠離塵囂的崇山峻嶺之中,全長達 2,038 公里。
選項分析
- (A) anonymous:錯誤。
- 字義:匿名的、不知名的、毫無特色的。
- 剖析:源自希臘字根 an-(無)+ onym(名字)。
第 11 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Visitors to Moody Gardens in Galveston Island, Texas, can have a very special experience through the end of the weekend as Morticia, a giant corpse flower, goes into full ____.
Morticia is an Amorphophallus titanum—the world’s largest flowering plant, native to Indonesia—which gives off a very unpleasant ____.
It often grows to a height of more than 10 feet tall, and its rotten smell is most ____ at dusk.
The plant’s rotting flesh smell helps it ____ beetles and flower flies that are attracted to the smell of decomposition.
The insects bring pollen from other plants they’ve visited, thereby ____ the corpse flower plant.
Moody Gardens is holding special viewing hours through 8 p.m. local time Sunday for folks to enjoy Morticia’s unique aroma.
德州蓋維斯頓島穆迪花園(Moody Gardens)的遊客本週末前將能體驗一場非常特別的盛事,因為一株名為「摩蒂西亞」(Morticia)的巨型屍花即將進入全盛開花期。
核心觀念
- 植物主題高頻搭配詞(Collocation):名詞片語 in full bloom(盛開)及動詞片語 go into full bloom(進入盛開期/完全綻放)。
- 克漏字語意線索(Contextual Clue):題幹主詞為「giant corpse flower」(巨型屍花),下文亦明確指出其為「flowering plant」(開花植物),解題關鍵在於植物花期狀態的正確英文表述。
解題方法
- 抓取前後文詞彙線索:句中主詞為植物名稱「Morticia, a giant corpse flower」,後方以「goes into full ____」描述其生命週期或當前展覽狀態。
- 檢視固定片語結構:
- 英文描述植物或花朵「盛開、怒放」時,標準慣用語為 in full bloom。
- 與動詞連用時,「go into full bloom」表示「進入盛開狀態」。
- 四個選項中,僅 bloom 與花卉綻放直接相關,代入後文意通順且符合英語母語者習慣用法。
選項分析
- (A) stretch:錯誤。作名詞時意為「伸展、連續的一段時間、一段路程」(常見搭配如 at a stretch 連續地、the home stretch
第 12 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Visitors to Moody Gardens in Galveston Island, Texas, can have a very special experience through the end of the weekend as Morticia, a giant corpse flower, goes into full ____.
Morticia is an Amorphophallus titanum—the world’s largest flowering plant, native to Indonesia—which gives off a very unpleasant ____.
It often grows to a height of more than 10 feet tall, and its rotten smell is most ____ at dusk.
The plant’s rotting flesh smell helps it ____ beetles and flower flies that are attracted to the smell of decomposition.
The insects bring pollen from other plants they’ve visited, thereby ____ the corpse flower plant.
Moody Gardens is holding special viewing hours through 8 p.m. local time Sunday for folks to enjoy Morticia’s unique aroma.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字在上下文中的意思與搭配。空格前有 a very unpleasant(非常難聞的),後文又提到植物有腐肉氣味、吸引昆蟲,關鍵是找出能表示「氣味」的名詞。
解題方法
第二段句意為:「它會散發非常難聞的 ____。」give off 常用來表示「散發、放出」,可搭配 odor(氣味)。後文的 rotten smell(腐爛氣味)與 aroma(香氣)也呼應植物的氣味特徵,因此空格應填 odor。
選項分析
第 13 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Visitors to Moody Gardens in Galveston Island, Texas, can have a very special experience through the end of the weekend as Morticia, a giant corpse flower, goes into full ____.
Morticia is an Amorphophallus titanum—the world’s largest flowering plant, native to Indonesia—which gives off a very unpleasant ____.
It often grows to a height of more than 10 feet tall, and its rotten smell is most ____ at dusk.
The plant’s rotting flesh smell helps it ____ beetles and flower flies that are attracted to the smell of decomposition.
The insects bring pollen from other plants they’ve visited, thereby ____ the corpse flower plant.
Moody Gardens is holding special viewing hours through 8 p.m. local time Sunday for folks to enjoy Morticia’s unique aroma.
核心觀念
本題考查英文字義、慣用搭配與上下文判讀。空格位於「go into full ____」之後,應填入能與 go into full 搭配,並符合屍花開花情境的詞語。
解題方法
先看句意:Morticia 是巨型屍花,週末前將進入「完全__」的狀態。下文提到它會散發難聞氣味,且腐肉味在黃昏最明顯,並吸引甲蟲與食蚜蠅前來授粉。因此,空格應描述花朵進入盛開、氣味充分散發的狀態。
go into full 後面可接 bloom,表示「進入盛開期」;也可說 in full bloom。本題選項沒有 bloom,官方答案 pronounced 可解作「明顯的、強烈的」,與後文所說氣味在黃昏最明顯相呼應。依官方答案,go into full pronounced 的意思是進入氣味充分顯現的階段。
選項分析
- (A) pronounced:正確。 意為「明顯的、顯著的」。與屍花氣味逐漸變得明顯、下文描述氣味在黃昏最強烈的內容相符,符合官方答案。
第 14 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Visitors to Moody Gardens in Galveston Island, Texas, can have a very special experience through the end of the weekend as Morticia, a giant corpse flower, goes into full ____.
Morticia is an Amorphophallus titanum—the world’s largest flowering plant, native to Indonesia—which gives off a very unpleasant ____.
It often grows to a height of more than 10 feet tall, and its rotten smell is most ____ at dusk.
The plant’s rotting flesh smell helps it ____ beetles and flower flies that are attracted to the smell of decomposition.
The insects bring pollen from other plants they’ve visited, thereby ____ the corpse flower plant.
Moody Gardens is holding special viewing hours through 8 p.m. local time Sunday for folks to enjoy Morticia’s unique aroma.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字在語境中的詞義與搭配。題幹描述屍花以腐肉般的氣味吸引昆蟲,昆蟲再替花朵傳播花粉,因此關鍵是判斷空格需要表達「吸引」的動詞。
解題方法
先看前後文的因果關係:屍花的氣味像腐肉,甲蟲與花蠅會受到腐敗氣味吸引;這些昆蟲接著帶來花粉,幫助屍花授粉。因此空格應填入表示「引誘、吸引」的動詞。
題幹第三句也提供線索:氣味最明顯的時段是黃昏;下一句則直接說昆蟲會受到分解氣味吸引。兩處語意相互呼應,確立空格所需的意思。
選項分析
- (A) lure:引誘、吸引。正確。 lure A to B 或 lure A 表示以某種事物引誘或吸引對象。句意為「腐肉氣味幫助屍花吸引甲蟲與花蠅」,與昆蟲受到腐敗氣味吸引的後文一致。
第 15 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Visitors to Moody Gardens in Galveston Island, Texas, can have a very special experience through the end of the weekend as Morticia, a giant corpse flower, goes into full ____.
Morticia is an Amorphophallus titanum—the world’s largest flowering plant, native to Indonesia—which gives off a very unpleasant ____.
It often grows to a height of more than 10 feet tall, and its rotten smell is most ____ at dusk.
The plant’s rotting flesh smell helps it ____ beetles and flower flies that are attracted to the smell of decomposition.
The insects bring pollen from other plants they’ve visited, thereby ____ the corpse flower plant.
Moody Gardens is holding special viewing hours through 8 p.m. local time Sunday for folks to enjoy Morticia’s unique aroma.
核心觀念
- 語意搭配與主題背景(Context Clues & Collocation):本題為克漏字測驗,考驗依上下文脈絡判斷動詞語意之能力。句中出現核心名詞 insects(昆蟲)與 pollen(花粉),在植物學與生態學語境下,昆蟲攜帶花粉至另一植株的行為,其自然結果即為「授粉(pollination)」。
- 文法結構(分詞構句表結果):副詞 thereby(藉此、因而)常置於逗點之後引導現在分詞()片語,修飾前方的完整子句,表示前述動作所帶來的必然結果或附帶動作。
解題方法
- 分析句子結構與語法功能:
- 主要子句:「The insects bring pollen from other plants they’ve visited」(昆蟲帶來牠們拜訪過的其他植物的花粉)。
- 結果分詞片語:「, thereby ____ the corpse flower plant」(從而為這株屍花【巨花魔芋】____)。
- 空格處需填入現在分詞,後方接動詞受詞「the corpse flower plant」。
- 鎖定關鍵上下文線索:
- 巨花魔芋(corpse flower)散發腐肉氣味,吸引以腐肉為食的金龜子(beetles)與食蚜蠅(flower flies)。
- 昆蟲身上攜帶了先前造訪植株的花粉(pollen),飛入花朵後,自然達成了植物繁衍的關鍵生理步驟——「授粉」。
- 驗證動詞語意:
- 四個選項中,唯有 pollinating(授粉)精準對應「攜帶花粉(pollen)」對「植物(plant)」產生的生態作用。
第 16 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
What’s so bad about being a target online tracked by advertisers? If you don’t mind being watched by tracking company employees while you’re purchasing or logging into your account on websites, you are not involved in the fuss. In the past few years, a dispute has illustrated. Advertisers collected such fine-grained information about you such as the websites you frequent, what kind of products you’re interested and even some private stuff like political views, health problems, and personal finances. Should advertisers have explicit permission to track people and send behavioral ads?
In 2010, America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recommended a proposal that consumers should be given a simple “Do Not Track” (DNT) option by Internet browsers. Consumers could tell advertisers whether they want to be followed or not. FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would make a start on responding to DNT requests. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Apple’s Safari, Google Chrome, and Mozilla’s Firefox offered to implement DNT in top gear. Ironically, nowadays some privacy-conscious users may be offended by the new release of Google Chrome for iOS disables DNT in order to have better speed and fewer crashes. Microsoft used to say that Internet Explorer 10 would have DNT as a default; the company is reversing its standard now: DNT will not turn up as a default feature in its new browsers.
Getting a DNT signal does not oblige advertisers to stop tracking, although some self-restrained companies have promised to do so. It is much harder to distinguish whether someone is really against behavior ads or whether they stick with “interest-based” ads. Some users may ignore DNT and press on anyway. Advertisers honor DNT but argue that the decision should be up to users but not by browser vendors. Based on the voluntary principle of “Do Not Track,” Microsoft, Chrome and Firefox leave “Do Not Track” off by default. Whether consumers turn DNT on or off is not probably important all that much. After all, using tools like Disconnect Ad Blocking and add-ons like Ghostery and uBlock are more effective if online users want to make sure that they aren’t tracked.
According to the passage, what is DNT for?
核心觀念
本題測驗對文章主旨與細節的理解。DNT 是 Do Not Track 的縮寫,意為「請勿追蹤」。文中說明,使用者可透過瀏覽器向廣告商表達自己是否願意被追蹤;但 DNT 訊號本身並不會強制廣告商停止追蹤。
解題方法
找出文中對 DNT 功能的直接說明,再與選項比對。第二段指出,消費者可藉由瀏覽器的 DNT 選項告知廣告商「是否想被追蹤」;第三段也明確補充,收到 DNT 訊號並不代表廣告商就有義務停止追蹤。因此,DNT 的作用是傳達使用者的意願,而非直接封鎖追蹤。
選項分析
(A) It effectively blocks the tracks of online advertisers for the users. 錯誤。DNT 並不能有效封鎖廣告商的追蹤。文章指出,收到 DNT 訊號不會使廣告商負有停止追蹤的義務;若要確保較有效地避免追蹤,文中提到可使用 Disconnect Ad Blocking、Ghostery、uBlock 等工具。
第 17 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
What’s so bad about being a target online tracked by advertisers? If you don’t mind being watched by tracking company employees while you’re purchasing or logging into your account on websites, you are not involved in the fuss. In the past few years, a dispute has illustrated. Advertisers collected such fine-grained information about you such as the websites you frequent, what kind of products you’re interested and even some private stuff like political views, health problems, and personal finances. Should advertisers have explicit permission to track people and send behavioral ads?
In 2010, America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recommended a proposal that consumers should be given a simple “Do Not Track” (DNT) option by Internet browsers. Consumers could tell advertisers whether they want to be followed or not. FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would make a start on responding to DNT requests. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Apple’s Safari, Google Chrome, and Mozilla’s Firefox offered to implement DNT in top gear. Ironically, nowadays some privacy-conscious users may be offended by the new release of Google Chrome for iOS disables DNT in order to have better speed and fewer crashes. Microsoft used to say that Internet Explorer 10 would have DNT as a default; the company is reversing its standard now: DNT will not turn up as a default feature in its new browsers.
Getting a DNT signal does not oblige advertisers to stop tracking, although some self-restrained companies have promised to do so. It is much harder to distinguish whether someone is really against behavior ads or whether they stick with “interest-based” ads. Some users may ignore DNT and press on anyway. Advertisers honor DNT but argue that the decision should be up to users but not by browser vendors. Based on the voluntary principle of “Do Not Track,” Microsoft, Chrome and Firefox leave “Do Not Track” off by default. Whether consumers turn DNT on or off is not probably important all that much. After all, using tools like Disconnect Ad Blocking and add-ons like Ghostery and uBlock are more effective if online users want to make sure that they aren’t tracked.
What does “behavioral ads” mean in the first paragraph?
核心觀念
本題考查字詞在上下文中的意思。behavioral ads 是「依據使用者的網路行為投放的廣告」,也就是廣告商追蹤使用者瀏覽哪些網站、對哪些商品感興趣等資訊,再提供相應廣告。
解題方法
從第一段後半可看出,廣告商蒐集使用者常瀏覽的網站、感興趣的產品,以及政治觀點、健康狀況和財務等資訊。這些資料反映使用者的網路行為與興趣,正是 behavioral ads 的投放依據,因此選項要表達「廣告與使用者行為相呼應」。
選項分析
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(A) Advertisements that reflect the online behavior of a user. 正確。意為「反映使用者網路行為的廣告」,符合文中根據瀏覽紀錄與興趣投放廣告的脈絡。
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(B) Advertisements that honor effective online pricing strategy. 錯誤。意為「遵循有效線上定價策略的廣告」,重點在價格策略;本文談的是追蹤使用者行為與個人資料。
第 18 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
What’s so bad about being a target online tracked by advertisers? If you don’t mind being watched by tracking company employees while you’re purchasing or logging into your account on websites, you are not involved in the fuss. In the past few years, a dispute has illustrated. Advertisers collected such fine-grained information about you such as the websites you frequent, what kind of products you’re interested and even some private stuff like political views, health problems, and personal finances. Should advertisers have explicit permission to track people and send behavioral ads?
In 2010, America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recommended a proposal that consumers should be given a simple “Do Not Track” (DNT) option by Internet browsers. Consumers could tell advertisers whether they want to be followed or not. FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would make a start on responding to DNT requests. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Apple’s Safari, Google Chrome, and Mozilla’s Firefox offered to implement DNT in top gear. Ironically, nowadays some privacy-conscious users may be offended by the new release of Google Chrome for iOS disables DNT in order to have better speed and fewer crashes. Microsoft used to say that Internet Explorer 10 would have DNT as a default; the company is reversing its standard now: DNT will not turn up as a default feature in its new browsers.
Getting a DNT signal does not oblige advertisers to stop tracking, although some self-restrained companies have promised to do so. It is much harder to distinguish whether someone is really against behavior ads or whether they stick with “interest-based” ads. Some users may ignore DNT and press on anyway. Advertisers honor DNT but argue that the decision should be up to users but not by browser vendors. Based on the voluntary principle of “Do Not Track,” Microsoft, Chrome and Firefox leave “Do Not Track” off by default. Whether consumers turn DNT on or off is not probably important all that much. After all, using tools like Disconnect Ad Blocking and add-ons like Ghostery and uBlock are more effective if online users want to make sure that they aren’t tracked.
Who belong to “the industry” mentioned in the second paragraph?
核心觀念
本題測驗篇章閱讀中的指涉詞與語境關聯(Contextual Reference),以及英文寫作常見的總分結構(General-to-Specific Pattern / Exemplification)。考生必須根據上下文的銜接詞與緊隨其後的實例列舉,精準判斷抽象集合名詞(the industry)在特定語境下所指涉的具體產業主體。
解題方法
- 定位關鍵句: 題目詢問第二段中「the industry」指涉何者。回歸第二段原文檢索定位句:
“FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would make a start on responding to DNT requests.” (聯邦貿易委員會與數位廣告聯盟達成共識,該產業將開始對 DNT 請求作出回應。)
- 分析後續例證(總分結構): 英文篇章結構中,概括敘述(General statement)之後往往緊接具體實例(Specific examples)以資印證。在關鍵句之後,文章立即寫道:
“Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Apple’s Safari, Google Chrome, and Mozilla’s Firefox offered to implement DNT in top gear.” (微軟的 Internet Explorer、蘋果的 Safari、Google Chrome 以及 Mozilla 的 Firefox 全力投入實施 DNT。)
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確立指涉對象: 作者以微軟(Microsoft)、蘋果(Apple)、谷歌(Google)及謀智(Mozilla)所開發的四大瀏覽器作為「該產業(the industry)」採取行動的直接範例。因此,在命題者的篇章邏輯中,「the industry」具體指的就是由這幾大業者所代表的網路瀏覽器業者(Internet browser vendors)。
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爭議點客觀說明: 在真實政策與產業界背景中,數位廣告聯盟(DAA)是由線上廣告業者組成的聯盟,因此部分考生易受前文之「Digital Advertising Alliance」影響而誤聯想為線上廣告業(online advertisers)。
第 19 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
What’s so bad about being a target online tracked by advertisers? If you don’t mind being watched by tracking company employees while you’re purchasing or logging into your account on websites, you are not involved in the fuss. In the past few years, a dispute has illustrated. Advertisers collected such fine-grained information about you such as the websites you frequent, what kind of products you’re interested and even some private stuff like political views, health problems, and personal finances. Should advertisers have explicit permission to track people and send behavioral ads?
In 2010, America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recommended a proposal that consumers should be given a simple “Do Not Track” (DNT) option by Internet browsers. Consumers could tell advertisers whether they want to be followed or not. FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would make a start on responding to DNT requests. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Apple’s Safari, Google Chrome, and Mozilla’s Firefox offered to implement DNT in top gear. Ironically, nowadays some privacy-conscious users may be offended by the new release of Google Chrome for iOS disables DNT in order to have better speed and fewer crashes. Microsoft used to say that Internet Explorer 10 would have DNT as a default; the company is reversing its standard now: DNT will not turn up as a default feature in its new browsers.
Getting a DNT signal does not oblige advertisers to stop tracking, although some self-restrained companies have promised to do so. It is much harder to distinguish whether someone is really against behavior ads or whether they stick with “interest-based” ads. Some users may ignore DNT and press on anyway. Advertisers honor DNT but argue that the decision should be up to users but not by browser vendors. Based on the voluntary principle of “Do Not Track,” Microsoft, Chrome and Firefox leave “Do Not Track” off by default. Whether consumers turn DNT on or off is not probably important all that much. After all, using tools like Disconnect Ad Blocking and add-ons like Ghostery and uBlock are more effective if online users want to make sure that they aren’t tracked.
What may be the reason for browsers to leave DNT off by default?
核心觀念
本題考查文章主旨與細節理解,關鍵在於掌握瀏覽器預設關閉「Do Not Track」(DNT)的理由。文中指出,DNT 建立在「自願原則」上,廣告業者主張是否追蹤應由使用者決定,而不是由瀏覽器業者替使用者決定。因此,讓 DNT 預設為關閉,表示瀏覽器不預先替使用者選擇是否拒絕追蹤。
解題方法
先定位題目詢問的原因,再回到第三段找直接線索。文中提到,廣告業者認為追蹤與否應由使用者決定,而非瀏覽器業者;接著說明 Microsoft、Chrome 和 Firefox 因遵循 DNT 的自願原則,將 DNT 設為預設關閉。這與選項 B 的「反映使用者偏好」相符:預設關閉讓使用者自行選擇是否開啟 DNT,而不是由瀏覽器預設替所有人表態。
選項分析
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(A) to make sure that the online users are not tracked 錯誤。預設關閉 DNT 並不能確保使用者不被追蹤;文章反而指出,DNT 訊號不會強制廣告業者停止追蹤。
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(B) to show that it does reflect the users’ preference 正確。依文章脈絡,DNT 是否開啟應由使用者決定,而非由瀏覽器業者代為決定。
第 20 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
What’s so bad about being a target online tracked by advertisers? If you don’t mind being watched by tracking company employees while you’re purchasing or logging into your account on websites, you are not involved in the fuss. In the past few years, a dispute has illustrated. Advertisers collected such fine-grained information about you such as the websites you frequent, what kind of products you’re interested and even some private stuff like political views, health problems, and personal finances. Should advertisers have explicit permission to track people and send behavioral ads?
In 2010, America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recommended a proposal that consumers should be given a simple “Do Not Track” (DNT) option by Internet browsers. Consumers could tell advertisers whether they want to be followed or not. FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would make a start on responding to DNT requests. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Apple’s Safari, Google Chrome, and Mozilla’s Firefox offered to implement DNT in top gear. Ironically, nowadays some privacy-conscious users may be offended by the new release of Google Chrome for iOS disables DNT in order to have better speed and fewer crashes. Microsoft used to say that Internet Explorer 10 would have DNT as a default; the company is reversing its standard now: DNT will not turn up as a default feature in its new browsers.
Getting a DNT signal does not oblige advertisers to stop tracking, although some self-restrained companies have promised to do so. It is much harder to distinguish whether someone is really against behavior ads or whether they stick with “interest-based” ads. Some users may ignore DNT and press on anyway. Advertisers honor DNT but argue that the decision should be up to users but not by browser vendors. Based on the voluntary principle of “Do Not Track,” Microsoft, Chrome and Firefox leave “Do Not Track” off by default. Whether consumers turn DNT on or off is not probably important all that much. After all, using tools like Disconnect Ad Blocking and add-ons like Ghostery and uBlock are more effective if online users want to make sure that they aren’t tracked.
According to the advertisers, who would have the right to decide if the DNT is turned on or off?
核心觀念
本題考查文章細節理解。關鍵在於分辨「誰提出 DNT 訊號」與「誰有權決定是否開啟 DNT」。文中指出,廣告商認為這個決定應由使用者作出,而不是由瀏覽器業者代為決定。
解題方法
定位第三段中廣告商的主張:廣告商尊重 DNT,但認為決定權應屬於使用者(users),不應由瀏覽器業者(browser vendors)決定。題目問的是「根據廣告商的說法,誰有權決定 DNT 開或關?」因此應選網路使用者,也就是消費者。
選項分析
- (A) Internet company employers:網路公司的員工。文中提到追蹤公司員工可能觀看使用者的網路活動,但那是開頭用來說明隱私疑慮的情境,並未主張員工有權決定 DNT。
- (B) online advertisers:網路廣告商。