115 國際經濟商務人員三等 國際經濟商務人員類科國際經貿法律組 英文(含國際貿易政策與法規命令之摘譯與論述) 考古題詳解

英譯中：請將下列英文譯成正確、流暢且符合中文表達習慣的中文。

Global supply chains are increasingly interconnected and dependent on digital technologies, allowing goods and trade-related information to move quickly across borders. However, this complexity also creates new vulnerabilities. Cyberattacks, infrastructure failures, climate events, and geopolitical tensions can disrupt firms, industries, and the delivery of critical goods. Because supply chains operate as complex networks, risks are often concentrated in key suppliers, transport routes, and major chokepoints, allowing disruption in one area to spread quickly across the system.

Effective risk management therefore requires cooperation among businesses, governments, customs authorities, and other stakeholders. Future risks are also becoming harder to identify because they increasingly arise in less visible stages such as raw materials, processing, and transport infrastructure. Limited visibility across supplier networks can make these risks difficult to manage. Building resilience requires continuous monitoring, greater supply-chain transparency, stronger recovery capacity, and flexible responses to changing economic, technological, environmental, and geopolitical conditions.

英文作文：請根據下面的說明，寫一篇約 200 字的英文作文。

In 2026, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) investigated whether Taiwan had taken enough action to stop goods made with forced labor from entering its market. USTR found that Taiwan did not yet have a law clearly banning such imports and concluded that this failure was unreasonable and had a negative effect on U.S. trade. Taiwan had begun taking steps to meet its commitments under the U.S.–Taiwan Agreement on Reciprocal Trade (ART), but the case raised questions about whether Taiwan’s current laws and policies were sufficient.

Do you agree with the U.S. view that Taiwan has not done enough to prevent the import of goods made with forced labor? Write a short essay of no more than 200 words to explain your position with reference to Taiwan’s current laws and its commitments under the U.S.–Taiwan ART.

It’s essential to ____ on opportunities as they arise, seizing the moment to achieve success and growth.

Friendship is a priceless treasure that can ____ our lives in countless ways.

A 50-meter walk became an ____ because the guard described the path to the entrance very misleadingly.

The principal told the late students that a responsible student should always be ____ and dependable.

Computers can instantly store and ____ millions of information bits effectively.

【題組共用題幹】

It is not easy to market a new product. Before you get to market and sell your new invention, you’ll likely need to raise some ____ in order to fund the production, packaging, storage, shipment, and marketing costs for your product, which you can do through a variety of ____ including acquiring investors, taking out business loans, or applying to governmental and grant programs. Although you can make a personal investment on your own invention, it’s often difficult to earn enough money to get a product off the ground—especially since most people find it hard to even cover basic living expenses—so it is ____ that you seek financial help from investors, loans, grants, and governmental innovation programs. New inventors hoping to acquire ____ business partnerships should always conduct themselves in an appropriate business-like manner—an e-mail inquiry asking for financial support penned in an informal manner (full of grammar and spelling errors, etc.) will likely ____ no response.

____ (6)

【題組共用題幹】

It is not easy to market a new product. Before you get to market and sell your new invention, you’ll likely need to raise some ____ in order to fund the production, packaging, storage, shipment, and marketing costs for your product, which you can do through a variety of ____ including acquiring investors, taking out business loans, or applying to governmental and grant programs. Although you can make a personal investment on your own invention, it’s often difficult to earn enough money to get a product off the ground—especially since most people find it hard to even cover basic living expenses—so it is ____ that you seek financial help from investors, loans, grants, and governmental innovation programs. New inventors hoping to acquire ____ business partnerships should always conduct themselves in an appropriate business-like manner—an e-mail inquiry asking for financial support penned in an informal manner (full of grammar and spelling errors, etc.) will likely ____ no response.

____ (7)

【題組共用題幹】

It is not easy to market a new product. Before you get to market and sell your new invention, you’ll likely need to raise some ____ in order to fund the production, packaging, storage, shipment, and marketing costs for your product, which you can do through a variety of ____ including acquiring investors, taking out business loans, or applying to governmental and grant programs. Although you can make a personal investment on your own invention, it’s often difficult to earn enough money to get a product off the ground—especially since most people find it hard to even cover basic living expenses—so it is ____ that you seek financial help from investors, loans, grants, and governmental innovation programs. New inventors hoping to acquire ____ business partnerships should always conduct themselves in an appropriate business-like manner—an e-mail inquiry asking for financial support penned in an informal manner (full of grammar and spelling errors, etc.) will likely ____ no response.

____ (8)

【題組共用題幹】

It is not easy to market a new product. Before you get to market and sell your new invention, you’ll likely need to raise some ____ in order to fund the production, packaging, storage, shipment, and marketing costs for your product, which you can do through a variety of ____ including acquiring investors, taking out business loans, or applying to governmental and grant programs. Although you can make a personal investment on your own invention, it’s often difficult to earn enough money to get a product off the ground—especially since most people find it hard to even cover basic living expenses—so it is ____ that you seek financial help from investors, loans, grants, and governmental innovation programs. New inventors hoping to acquire ____ business partnerships should always conduct themselves in an appropriate business-like manner—an e-mail inquiry asking for financial support penned in an informal manner (full of grammar and spelling errors, etc.) will likely ____ no response.

____ (9)

【題組共用題幹】

It is not easy to market a new product. Before you get to market and sell your new invention, you’ll likely need to raise some ____ in order to fund the production, packaging, storage, shipment, and marketing costs for your product, which you can do through a variety of ____ including acquiring investors, taking out business loans, or applying to governmental and grant programs. Although you can make a personal investment on your own invention, it’s often difficult to earn enough money to get a product off the ground—especially since most people find it hard to even cover basic living expenses—so it is ____ that you seek financial help from investors, loans, grants, and governmental innovation programs. New inventors hoping to acquire ____ business partnerships should always conduct themselves in an appropriate business-like manner—an e-mail inquiry asking for financial support penned in an informal manner (full of grammar and spelling errors, etc.) will likely ____ no response.

____ (10)

【題組共用題幹】

My aunt has often said, “Youth is wasted on the young.” This statement ____ my curiosity for years. Just now I’m beginning to understand the meaning of the saying. Quite recently I thought ____ in meaning it is to a statement Thornton Wilder made in his play Our Town. Toward the end of the play, Emily, one of the main characters, says, “I didn’t realize. So all that was going on and we never noticed! … Do any human beings ever realize life while they live it—every every minute?” Older people, ____, can appreciate youth, its real meaning and significance. However, young people, while they are in the middle of their youth, never fully realize what they have. An older person recognizes his increasing age by ____ his youth. “I’m not as young as I was. Better slow down,” he says to himself. The vitality of youth, the energy and excitement of it, is realized, ____, only after it is gone. Thus, to me, my aunt seems right. Youth is wasted on the young. Babies should be old and gray-haired when they’re born. Only after many years should they be permitted to enjoy their youth.

____ (11)

【題組共用題幹】

My aunt has often said, “Youth is wasted on the young.” This statement ____ my curiosity for years. Just now I’m beginning to understand the meaning of the saying. Quite recently I thought ____ in meaning it is to a statement Thornton Wilder made in his play Our Town. Toward the end of the play, Emily, one of the main characters, says, “I didn’t realize. So all that was going on and we never noticed! … Do any human beings ever realize life while they live it—every every minute?” Older people, ____, can appreciate youth, its real meaning and significance. However, young people, while they are in the middle of their youth, never fully realize what they have. An older person recognizes his increasing age by ____ his youth. “I’m not as young as I was. Better slow down,” he says to himself. The vitality of youth, the energy and excitement of it, is realized, ____, only after it is gone. Thus, to me, my aunt seems right. Youth is wasted on the young. Babies should be old and gray-haired when they’re born. Only after many years should they be permitted to enjoy their youth.

____ (12)

【題組共用題幹】

My aunt has often said, “Youth is wasted on the young.” This statement ____ my curiosity for years. Just now I’m beginning to understand the meaning of the saying. Quite recently I thought ____ in meaning it is to a statement Thornton Wilder made in his play Our Town. Toward the end of the play, Emily, one of the main characters, says, “I didn’t realize. So all that was going on and we never noticed! … Do any human beings ever realize life while they live it—every every minute?” Older people, ____, can appreciate youth, its real meaning and significance. However, young people, while they are in the middle of their youth, never fully realize what they have. An older person recognizes his increasing age by ____ his youth. “I’m not as young as I was. Better slow down,” he says to himself. The vitality of youth, the energy and excitement of it, is realized, ____, only after it is gone. Thus, to me, my aunt seems right. Youth is wasted on the young. Babies should be old and gray-haired when they’re born. Only after many years should they be permitted to enjoy their youth.

____ (13)

【題組共用題幹】

My aunt has often said, “Youth is wasted on the young.” This statement ____ my curiosity for years. Just now I’m beginning to understand the meaning of the saying. Quite recently I thought ____ in meaning it is to a statement Thornton Wilder made in his play Our Town. Toward the end of the play, Emily, one of the main characters, says, “I didn’t realize. So all that was going on and we never noticed! … Do any human beings ever realize life while they live it—every every minute?” Older people, ____, can appreciate youth, its real meaning and significance. However, young people, while they are in the middle of their youth, never fully realize what they have. An older person recognizes his increasing age by ____ his youth. “I’m not as young as I was. Better slow down,” he says to himself. The vitality of youth, the energy and excitement of it, is realized, ____, only after it is gone. Thus, to me, my aunt seems right. Youth is wasted on the young. Babies should be old and gray-haired when they’re born. Only after many years should they be permitted to enjoy their youth.

____ (14)

【題組共用題幹】

My aunt has often said, “Youth is wasted on the young.” This statement ____ my curiosity for years. Just now I’m beginning to understand the meaning of the saying. Quite recently I thought ____ in meaning it is to a statement Thornton Wilder made in his play Our Town. Toward the end of the play, Emily, one of the main characters, says, “I didn’t realize. So all that was going on and we never noticed! … Do any human beings ever realize life while they live it—every every minute?” Older people, ____, can appreciate youth, its real meaning and significance. However, young people, while they are in the middle of their youth, never fully realize what they have. An older person recognizes his increasing age by ____ his youth. “I’m not as young as I was. Better slow down,” he says to himself. The vitality of youth, the energy and excitement of it, is realized, ____, only after it is gone. Thus, to me, my aunt seems right. Youth is wasted on the young. Babies should be old and gray-haired when they’re born. Only after many years should they be permitted to enjoy their youth.

____ (15)

【題組共用題幹】

Throughout history, there have been many attempts to achieve peace and to end wars, but these efforts have often been unsuccessful. Wars have been fought for a ____ of reasons, including competition for resources, ideological or cultural differences, and power struggles. The destructive impact of war is often significant, causing loss of life, ____ of infrastructure and communities, and long-term psychological and economic impacts.

Despite the negative ____ of war, it has often been seen as a necessary means of resolving conflicts and achieving certain goals. This is particularly true in cases where one party believes that it has been wronged or that its interests are being threatened. In these cases, war may be seen as the only way to defend against aggression or to protect one’s own interests.

____, the use of war as a means of resolving conflicts is not without its drawbacks. In addition to the immediate costs and consequences of war, it often creates new conflicts and grievances that can further ____ to ongoing tensions and violence. The cycle of violence that results from war can be difficult to break, and it is often only through the intervention of outside parties or through the use of peaceful means of conflict resolution that this cycle can be interrupted.

____ (16)

【題組共用題幹】

Throughout history, there have been many attempts to achieve peace and to end wars, but these efforts have often been unsuccessful. Wars have been fought for a ____ of reasons, including competition for resources, ideological or cultural differences, and power struggles. The destructive impact of war is often significant, causing loss of life, ____ of infrastructure and communities, and long-term psychological and economic impacts.

Despite the negative ____ of war, it has often been seen as a necessary means of resolving conflicts and achieving certain goals. This is particularly true in cases where one party believes that it has been wronged or that its interests are being threatened. In these cases, war may be seen as the only way to defend against aggression or to protect one’s own interests.

____, the use of war as a means of resolving conflicts is not without its drawbacks. In addition to the immediate costs and consequences of war, it often creates new conflicts and grievances that can further ____ to ongoing tensions and violence. The cycle of violence that results from war can be difficult to break, and it is often only through the intervention of outside parties or through the use of peaceful means of conflict resolution that this cycle can be interrupted.

____ (17)

【題組共用題幹】

Throughout history, there have been many attempts to achieve peace and to end wars, but these efforts have often been unsuccessful. Wars have been fought for a ____ of reasons, including competition for resources, ideological or cultural differences, and power struggles. The destructive impact of war is often significant, causing loss of life, ____ of infrastructure and communities, and long-term psychological and economic impacts.

Despite the negative ____ of war, it has often been seen as a necessary means of resolving conflicts and achieving certain goals. This is particularly true in cases where one party believes that it has been wronged or that its interests are being threatened. In these cases, war may be seen as the only way to defend against aggression or to protect one’s own interests.

____, the use of war as a means of resolving conflicts is not without its drawbacks. In addition to the immediate costs and consequences of war, it often creates new conflicts and grievances that can further ____ to ongoing tensions and violence. The cycle of violence that results from war can be difficult to break, and it is often only through the intervention of outside parties or through the use of peaceful means of conflict resolution that this cycle can be interrupted.

____ (18)

【題組共用題幹】

Throughout history, there have been many attempts to achieve peace and to end wars, but these efforts have often been unsuccessful. Wars have been fought for a ____ of reasons, including competition for resources, ideological or cultural differences, and power struggles. The destructive impact of war is often significant, causing loss of life, ____ of infrastructure and communities, and long-term psychological and economic impacts.

Despite the negative ____ of war, it has often been seen as a necessary means of resolving conflicts and achieving certain goals. This is particularly true in cases where one party believes that it has been wronged or that its interests are being threatened. In these cases, war may be seen as the only way to defend against aggression or to protect one’s own interests.

____, the use of war as a means of resolving conflicts is not without its drawbacks. In addition to the immediate costs and consequences of war, it often creates new conflicts and grievances that can further ____ to ongoing tensions and violence. The cycle of violence that results from war can be difficult to break, and it is often only through the intervention of outside parties or through the use of peaceful means of conflict resolution that this cycle can be interrupted.

____ (19)

【題組共用題幹】

Throughout history, there have been many attempts to achieve peace and to end wars, but these efforts have often been unsuccessful. Wars have been fought for a ____ of reasons, including competition for resources, ideological or cultural differences, and power struggles. The destructive impact of war is often significant, causing loss of life, ____ of infrastructure and communities, and long-term psychological and economic impacts.

Despite the negative ____ of war, it has often been seen as a necessary means of resolving conflicts and achieving certain goals. This is particularly true in cases where one party believes that it has been wronged or that its interests are being threatened. In these cases, war may be seen as the only way to defend against aggression or to protect one’s own interests.

____, the use of war as a means of resolving conflicts is not without its drawbacks. In addition to the immediate costs and consequences of war, it often creates new conflicts and grievances that can further ____ to ongoing tensions and violence. The cycle of violence that results from war can be difficult to break, and it is often only through the intervention of outside parties or through the use of peaceful means of conflict resolution that this cycle can be interrupted.

____ (20)

【題組共用題幹】

Democracy is more than the sum of its institutions. A healthy democracy depends in large part on the development of a democratic civic culture. Culture in this sense does not refer to art, literature, or music, but to the behaviors, practices, and norms that define the ability of a people to ____ themselves. A totalitarian political system, on the other hand, encourages a culture of passivity and apathy. The regime seeks to mold an obedient and ____ citizenry. ____, the civic culture of a democratic society is shaped by the freely chosen activities of individuals and groups. Citizens in a free society pursue their interests, exercise their rights, and take responsibility for their own lives. They make their own decisions about where they will work, what kind of work they will do, where they will live, whether to join a political party, what to read, and so on. These are personal decisions, not political decisions.

Literature, art, drama, and film—the artistic expression of a society’s culture—also exist ____ of government. A democratic society may support or encourage artists and writers, but it does not set artistic standards, pass judgment on the worth of artistic endeavors, or ____ artistic expression. Artists are not employees or servants of the state. The primary contribution of a democracy to art is freedom—to create, to experiment, to explore the world of the human mind and spirit.

____ (21)

【題組共用題幹】

Democracy is more than the sum of its institutions. A healthy democracy depends in large part on the development of a democratic civic culture. Culture in this sense does not refer to art, literature, or music, but to the behaviors, practices, and norms that define the ability of a people to ____ themselves. A totalitarian political system, on the other hand, encourages a culture of passivity and apathy. The regime seeks to mold an obedient and ____ citizenry. ____, the civic culture of a democratic society is shaped by the freely chosen activities of individuals and groups. Citizens in a free society pursue their interests, exercise their rights, and take responsibility for their own lives. They make their own decisions about where they will work, what kind of work they will do, where they will live, whether to join a political party, what to read, and so on. These are personal decisions, not political decisions.

Literature, art, drama, and film—the artistic expression of a society’s culture—also exist ____ of government. A democratic society may support or encourage artists and writers, but it does not set artistic standards, pass judgment on the worth of artistic endeavors, or ____ artistic expression. Artists are not employees or servants of the state. The primary contribution of a democracy to art is freedom—to create, to experiment, to explore the world of the human mind and spirit.

____ (22)

【題組共用題幹】

Democracy is more than the sum of its institutions. A healthy democracy depends in large part on the development of a democratic civic culture. Culture in this sense does not refer to art, literature, or music, but to the behaviors, practices, and norms that define the ability of a people to ____ themselves. A totalitarian political system, on the other hand, encourages a culture of passivity and apathy. The regime seeks to mold an obedient and ____ citizenry. ____, the civic culture of a democratic society is shaped by the freely chosen activities of individuals and groups. Citizens in a free society pursue their interests, exercise their rights, and take responsibility for their own lives. They make their own decisions about where they will work, what kind of work they will do, where they will live, whether to join a political party, what to read, and so on. These are personal decisions, not political decisions.

Literature, art, drama, and film—the artistic expression of a society’s culture—also exist ____ of government. A democratic society may support or encourage artists and writers, but it does not set artistic standards, pass judgment on the worth of artistic endeavors, or ____ artistic expression. Artists are not employees or servants of the state. The primary contribution of a democracy to art is freedom—to create, to experiment, to explore the world of the human mind and spirit.

____ (23)

【題組共用題幹】

Democracy is more than the sum of its institutions. A healthy democracy depends in large part on the development of a democratic civic culture. Culture in this sense does not refer to art, literature, or music, but to the behaviors, practices, and norms that define the ability of a people to ____ themselves. A totalitarian political system, on the other hand, encourages a culture of passivity and apathy. The regime seeks to mold an obedient and ____ citizenry. ____, the civic culture of a democratic society is shaped by the freely chosen activities of individuals and groups. Citizens in a free society pursue their interests, exercise their rights, and take responsibility for their own lives. They make their own decisions about where they will work, what kind of work they will do, where they will live, whether to join a political party, what to read, and so on. These are personal decisions, not political decisions.

Literature, art, drama, and film—the artistic expression of a society’s culture—also exist ____ of government. A democratic society may support or encourage artists and writers, but it does not set artistic standards, pass judgment on the worth of artistic endeavors, or ____ artistic expression. Artists are not employees or servants of the state. The primary contribution of a democracy to art is freedom—to create, to experiment, to explore the world of the human mind and spirit.

____ (24)

【題組共用題幹】

Democracy is more than the sum of its institutions. A healthy democracy depends in large part on the development of a democratic civic culture. Culture in this sense does not refer to art, literature, or music, but to the behaviors, practices, and norms that define the ability of a people to ____ themselves. A totalitarian political system, on the other hand, encourages a culture of passivity and apathy. The regime seeks to mold an obedient and ____ citizenry. ____, the civic culture of a democratic society is shaped by the freely chosen activities of individuals and groups. Citizens in a free society pursue their interests, exercise their rights, and take responsibility for their own lives. They make their own decisions about where they will work, what kind of work they will do, where they will live, whether to join a political party, what to read, and so on. These are personal decisions, not political decisions.

Literature, art, drama, and film—the artistic expression of a society’s culture—also exist ____ of government. A democratic society may support or encourage artists and writers, but it does not set artistic standards, pass judgment on the worth of artistic endeavors, or ____ artistic expression. Artists are not employees or servants of the state. The primary contribution of a democracy to art is freedom—to create, to experiment, to explore the world of the human mind and spirit.

____ (25)

【題組共用題幹】

There are four major types of radiation: alpha, beta, neutrons, and electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays. They differ in mass, energy and how deeply they penetrate people and objects.

The first is an alpha particle. These particles consist of two protons and two neutrons and are the heaviest type of radiation particle. Many of the naturally occurring radioactive materials in the earth, like uranium and thorium, emit alpha particles. An example most people are familiar with is the radon in our homes.

The second kind of radiation is a beta particle. It’s an electron that is not attached to an atom. It has a small mass and a negative charge. Tritium, which is produced by cosmic radiation in the atmosphere and exists all around us, emits beta radiation. Carbon-14, used in carbon-dating of fossils and other artifacts, also emits beta particles. Carbon-dating simply makes use of the fact that carbon-14 is radioactive. If you measure the beta particles, it tells you how much carbon-14 is left in the fossil, which allows you to calculate how long ago the organism was alive.

The third is a neutron. This is a particle that doesn’t have any charge and is present in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons are commonly seen when uranium atoms split, or fission, in a nuclear reactor. If it weren’t for the neutrons, you wouldn’t be able to sustain the nuclear reaction used to generate power.

The last kind of radiation is electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays and gamma rays. They are probably the most familiar type of radiation because they are used widely in medical treatments. These rays are like sunlight, except they have more energy. Unlike the other kinds of radiation, there is no mass or charge. The amount of energy can range from very low, like in dental x-rays, to the very high levels seen in irradiators used to sterilize medical equipment.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT used to differentiate the types of radiation?

【題組共用題幹】

There are four major types of radiation: alpha, beta, neutrons, and electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays. They differ in mass, energy and how deeply they penetrate people and objects.

The first is an alpha particle. These particles consist of two protons and two neutrons and are the heaviest type of radiation particle. Many of the naturally occurring radioactive materials in the earth, like uranium and thorium, emit alpha particles. An example most people are familiar with is the radon in our homes.

The second kind of radiation is a beta particle. It’s an electron that is not attached to an atom. It has a small mass and a negative charge. Tritium, which is produced by cosmic radiation in the atmosphere and exists all around us, emits beta radiation. Carbon-14, used in carbon-dating of fossils and other artifacts, also emits beta particles. Carbon-dating simply makes use of the fact that carbon-14 is radioactive. If you measure the beta particles, it tells you how much carbon-14 is left in the fossil, which allows you to calculate how long ago the organism was alive.

The third is a neutron. This is a particle that doesn’t have any charge and is present in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons are commonly seen when uranium atoms split, or fission, in a nuclear reactor. If it weren’t for the neutrons, you wouldn’t be able to sustain the nuclear reaction used to generate power.

The last kind of radiation is electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays and gamma rays. They are probably the most familiar type of radiation because they are used widely in medical treatments. These rays are like sunlight, except they have more energy. Unlike the other kinds of radiation, there is no mass or charge. The amount of energy can range from very low, like in dental x-rays, to the very high levels seen in irradiators used to sterilize medical equipment.

According to the passage, which type of radiation is widely used in medical treatments?

【題組共用題幹】

There are four major types of radiation: alpha, beta, neutrons, and electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays. They differ in mass, energy and how deeply they penetrate people and objects.

The first is an alpha particle. These particles consist of two protons and two neutrons and are the heaviest type of radiation particle. Many of the naturally occurring radioactive materials in the earth, like uranium and thorium, emit alpha particles. An example most people are familiar with is the radon in our homes.

The second kind of radiation is a beta particle. It’s an electron that is not attached to an atom. It has a small mass and a negative charge. Tritium, which is produced by cosmic radiation in the atmosphere and exists all around us, emits beta radiation. Carbon-14, used in carbon-dating of fossils and other artifacts, also emits beta particles. Carbon-dating simply makes use of the fact that carbon-14 is radioactive. If you measure the beta particles, it tells you how much carbon-14 is left in the fossil, which allows you to calculate how long ago the organism was alive.

The third is a neutron. This is a particle that doesn’t have any charge and is present in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons are commonly seen when uranium atoms split, or fission, in a nuclear reactor. If it weren’t for the neutrons, you wouldn’t be able to sustain the nuclear reaction used to generate power.

The last kind of radiation is electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays and gamma rays. They are probably the most familiar type of radiation because they are used widely in medical treatments. These rays are like sunlight, except they have more energy. Unlike the other kinds of radiation, there is no mass or charge. The amount of energy can range from very low, like in dental x-rays, to the very high levels seen in irradiators used to sterilize medical equipment.

According to the passage, which type of radiation has the greatest mass?

【題組共用題幹】

There are four major types of radiation: alpha, beta, neutrons, and electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays. They differ in mass, energy and how deeply they penetrate people and objects.

The first is an alpha particle. These particles consist of two protons and two neutrons and are the heaviest type of radiation particle. Many of the naturally occurring radioactive materials in the earth, like uranium and thorium, emit alpha particles. An example most people are familiar with is the radon in our homes.

The second kind of radiation is a beta particle. It’s an electron that is not attached to an atom. It has a small mass and a negative charge. Tritium, which is produced by cosmic radiation in the atmosphere and exists all around us, emits beta radiation. Carbon-14, used in carbon-dating of fossils and other artifacts, also emits beta particles. Carbon-dating simply makes use of the fact that carbon-14 is radioactive. If you measure the beta particles, it tells you how much carbon-14 is left in the fossil, which allows you to calculate how long ago the organism was alive.

The third is a neutron. This is a particle that doesn’t have any charge and is present in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons are commonly seen when uranium atoms split, or fission, in a nuclear reactor. If it weren’t for the neutrons, you wouldn’t be able to sustain the nuclear reaction used to generate power.

The last kind of radiation is electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays and gamma rays. They are probably the most familiar type of radiation because they are used widely in medical treatments. These rays are like sunlight, except they have more energy. Unlike the other kinds of radiation, there is no mass or charge. The amount of energy can range from very low, like in dental x-rays, to the very high levels seen in irradiators used to sterilize medical equipment.

According to the passage, which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “sustain”?

【題組共用題幹】

There are four major types of radiation: alpha, beta, neutrons, and electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays. They differ in mass, energy and how deeply they penetrate people and objects.

The first is an alpha particle. These particles consist of two protons and two neutrons and are the heaviest type of radiation particle. Many of the naturally occurring radioactive materials in the earth, like uranium and thorium, emit alpha particles. An example most people are familiar with is the radon in our homes.

The second kind of radiation is a beta particle. It’s an electron that is not attached to an atom. It has a small mass and a negative charge. Tritium, which is produced by cosmic radiation in the atmosphere and exists all around us, emits beta radiation. Carbon-14, used in carbon-dating of fossils and other artifacts, also emits beta particles. Carbon-dating simply makes use of the fact that carbon-14 is radioactive. If you measure the beta particles, it tells you how much carbon-14 is left in the fossil, which allows you to calculate how long ago the organism was alive.

The third is a neutron. This is a particle that doesn’t have any charge and is present in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons are commonly seen when uranium atoms split, or fission, in a nuclear reactor. If it weren’t for the neutrons, you wouldn’t be able to sustain the nuclear reaction used to generate power.

The last kind of radiation is electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays and gamma rays. They are probably the most familiar type of radiation because they are used widely in medical treatments. These rays are like sunlight, except they have more energy. Unlike the other kinds of radiation, there is no mass or charge. The amount of energy can range from very low, like in dental x-rays, to the very high levels seen in irradiators used to sterilize medical equipment.

Which of the following is the most appropriate type of writing for this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Aeroponic systems nourish plants with nothing more than nutrient-laden mist. The concept builds off that of hydroponic systems, in which the roots are held in a soilless growing medium, such as coco coir, over which nutrient-laden water is periodically pumped. Aeroponics simply dispenses with the growing medium, leaving the roots to dangle in the air, where they are periodically puffed by specially-designed misting devices. In aeroponic systems, seeds are “planted” in pieces of foam stuffed into tiny pots, which are exposed to light on one end and nutrient mist on the other.

Advantages of Aeroponics—It turns out that eliminating the growing medium is very freeing for a plants’ roots: the extra oxygen they are exposed to results in faster growth. Aeroponic systems are also extremely water-efficient. These closed-loop systems use 95 percent less irrigation than plants grown in soil. Since the nutrients are held in the water, they get recycled, too. In addition to these efficiencies, aeroponics’ eco-friendly reputation is bolstered by the ability to grow large quantities of food in small spaces.

Drawbacks of Aeroponics—Aeroponics systems require a bit of finesse to operate effectively. The nutrient concentration of the water must be maintained within precise parameters and even a slight malfunction of your equipment can cause the loss of a crop. If the misters don’t spray every few minutes—maybe because the power goes out, for example—those dangling roots will quickly desiccate. And the misters need regular cleaning to keep them from becoming clogged by mineral deposits in the water. There is also one major drawback, environmentally-speaking: aeroponic systems rely on electrical power to pump water through the tiny misting devices. While they can be employed in the natural light of a greenhouse, they are more often used with energy-intensive grow lights.

Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Aeroponic systems nourish plants with nothing more than nutrient-laden mist. The concept builds off that of hydroponic systems, in which the roots are held in a soilless growing medium, such as coco coir, over which nutrient-laden water is periodically pumped. Aeroponics simply dispenses with the growing medium, leaving the roots to dangle in the air, where they are periodically puffed by specially-designed misting devices. In aeroponic systems, seeds are “planted” in pieces of foam stuffed into tiny pots, which are exposed to light on one end and nutrient mist on the other.

Advantages of Aeroponics—It turns out that eliminating the growing medium is very freeing for a plants’ roots: the extra oxygen they are exposed to results in faster growth. Aeroponic systems are also extremely water-efficient. These closed-loop systems use 95 percent less irrigation than plants grown in soil. Since the nutrients are held in the water, they get recycled, too. In addition to these efficiencies, aeroponics’ eco-friendly reputation is bolstered by the ability to grow large quantities of food in small spaces.

Drawbacks of Aeroponics—Aeroponics systems require a bit of finesse to operate effectively. The nutrient concentration of the water must be maintained within precise parameters and even a slight malfunction of your equipment can cause the loss of a crop. If the misters don’t spray every few minutes—maybe because the power goes out, for example—those dangling roots will quickly desiccate. And the misters need regular cleaning to keep them from becoming clogged by mineral deposits in the water. There is also one major drawback, environmentally-speaking: aeroponic systems rely on electrical power to pump water through the tiny misting devices. While they can be employed in the natural light of a greenhouse, they are more often used with energy-intensive grow lights.

According to the passage, which of the following is an advantage of Aeroponics?

【題組共用題幹】

Aeroponic systems nourish plants with nothing more than nutrient-laden mist. The concept builds off that of hydroponic systems, in which the roots are held in a soilless growing medium, such as coco coir, over which nutrient-laden water is periodically pumped. Aeroponics simply dispenses with the growing medium, leaving the roots to dangle in the air, where they are periodically puffed by specially-designed misting devices. In aeroponic systems, seeds are “planted” in pieces of foam stuffed into tiny pots, which are exposed to light on one end and nutrient mist on the other.

Advantages of Aeroponics—It turns out that eliminating the growing medium is very freeing for a plants’ roots: the extra oxygen they are exposed to results in faster growth. Aeroponic systems are also extremely water-efficient. These closed-loop systems use 95 percent less irrigation than plants grown in soil. Since the nutrients are held in the water, they get recycled, too. In addition to these efficiencies, aeroponics’ eco-friendly reputation is bolstered by the ability to grow large quantities of food in small spaces.

Drawbacks of Aeroponics—Aeroponics systems require a bit of finesse to operate effectively. The nutrient concentration of the water must be maintained within precise parameters and even a slight malfunction of your equipment can cause the loss of a crop. If the misters don’t spray every few minutes—maybe because the power goes out, for example—those dangling roots will quickly desiccate. And the misters need regular cleaning to keep them from becoming clogged by mineral deposits in the water. There is also one major drawback, environmentally-speaking: aeroponic systems rely on electrical power to pump water through the tiny misting devices. While they can be employed in the natural light of a greenhouse, they are more often used with energy-intensive grow lights.

According to the passage, which of the following is a downside of Aeroponics?

【題組共用題幹】

Aeroponic systems nourish plants with nothing more than nutrient-laden mist. The concept builds off that of hydroponic systems, in which the roots are held in a soilless growing medium, such as coco coir, over which nutrient-laden water is periodically pumped. Aeroponics simply dispenses with the growing medium, leaving the roots to dangle in the air, where they are periodically puffed by specially-designed misting devices. In aeroponic systems, seeds are “planted” in pieces of foam stuffed into tiny pots, which are exposed to light on one end and nutrient mist on the other.

Advantages of Aeroponics—It turns out that eliminating the growing medium is very freeing for a plants’ roots: the extra oxygen they are exposed to results in faster growth. Aeroponic systems are also extremely water-efficient. These closed-loop systems use 95 percent less irrigation than plants grown in soil. Since the nutrients are held in the water, they get recycled, too. In addition to these efficiencies, aeroponics’ eco-friendly reputation is bolstered by the ability to grow large quantities of food in small spaces.

Drawbacks of Aeroponics—Aeroponics systems require a bit of finesse to operate effectively. The nutrient concentration of the water must be maintained within precise parameters and even a slight malfunction of your equipment can cause the loss of a crop. If the misters don’t spray every few minutes—maybe because the power goes out, for example—those dangling roots will quickly desiccate. And the misters need regular cleaning to keep them from becoming clogged by mineral deposits in the water. There is also one major drawback, environmentally-speaking: aeroponic systems rely on electrical power to pump water through the tiny misting devices. While they can be employed in the natural light of a greenhouse, they are more often used with energy-intensive grow lights.

According to the passage, what will happen if the misters don’t work because of power outages?

【題組共用題幹】

Aeroponic systems nourish plants with nothing more than nutrient-laden mist. The concept builds off that of hydroponic systems, in which the roots are held in a soilless growing medium, such as coco coir, over which nutrient-laden water is periodically pumped. Aeroponics simply dispenses with the growing medium, leaving the roots to dangle in the air, where they are periodically puffed by specially-designed misting devices. In aeroponic systems, seeds are “planted” in pieces of foam stuffed into tiny pots, which are exposed to light on one end and nutrient mist on the other.

Advantages of Aeroponics—It turns out that eliminating the growing medium is very freeing for a plants’ roots: the extra oxygen they are exposed to results in faster growth. Aeroponic systems are also extremely water-efficient. These closed-loop systems use 95 percent less irrigation than plants grown in soil. Since the nutrients are held in the water, they get recycled, too. In addition to these efficiencies, aeroponics’ eco-friendly reputation is bolstered by the ability to grow large quantities of food in small spaces.

Drawbacks of Aeroponics—Aeroponics systems require a bit of finesse to operate effectively. The nutrient concentration of the water must be maintained within precise parameters and even a slight malfunction of your equipment can cause the loss of a crop. If the misters don’t spray every few minutes—maybe because the power goes out, for example—those dangling roots will quickly desiccate. And the misters need regular cleaning to keep them from becoming clogged by mineral deposits in the water. There is also one major drawback, environmentally-speaking: aeroponic systems rely on electrical power to pump water through the tiny misting devices. While they can be employed in the natural light of a greenhouse, they are more often used with energy-intensive grow lights.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “laden” in the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

In contemporary society, the erosion of ethical standards presents a pervasive challenge that affects individuals and institutions alike. At its core, this decline in moral values stems from a variety of factors, ranging from societal pressures to institutional practices. Individually, people may succumb to ethical lapses driven by the pursuit of self-interest or societal norms that prioritize personal gain over moral principles. Moreover, institutional factors, such as corruption and lack of accountability, contribute to the normalization of unethical behavior. This erosion of ethics undermines trust within communities and poses significant threats to societal integrity.

Furthermore, the consequences of ethical deterioration extend beyond individual actions to impact broader societal structures. When institutions prioritize profit margins or political agendas over ethical considerations, it fosters a culture where corruption flourishes and impunity prevails. This not only erodes public trust in key institutions but also undermines the very foundations of democracy and justice. As a result, the erosion of ethics perpetuates a cycle of distrust, cynicism, and social discord that threatens the well-being of society as a whole.

To address the multifaceted issue of ethical erosion, a concerted effort is required from both individuals and institutions. Individuals must cultivate a strong moral compass and prioritize ethical conduct in their daily lives, even in the face of societal pressures or personal temptations. Simultaneously, institutions must enact stringent measures to promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership. By holding both individuals and institutions accountable and fostering a culture of integrity, society can begin to reverse the tide of moral decay and rebuild trust within communities. Through collective action and a steadfast commitment to upholding ethical principles, we can forge a path towards a more just, equitable, and morally upright future.

According to the passage, which of the following contributes to the decline in moral values at the individual level?

【題組共用題幹】

In contemporary society, the erosion of ethical standards presents a pervasive challenge that affects individuals and institutions alike. At its core, this decline in moral values stems from a variety of factors, ranging from societal pressures to institutional practices. Individually, people may succumb to ethical lapses driven by the pursuit of self-interest or societal norms that prioritize personal gain over moral principles. Moreover, institutional factors, such as corruption and lack of accountability, contribute to the normalization of unethical behavior. This erosion of ethics undermines trust within communities and poses significant threats to societal integrity.

Furthermore, the consequences of ethical deterioration extend beyond individual actions to impact broader societal structures. When institutions prioritize profit margins or political agendas over ethical considerations, it fosters a culture where corruption flourishes and impunity prevails. This not only erodes public trust in key institutions but also undermines the very foundations of democracy and justice. As a result, the erosion of ethics perpetuates a cycle of distrust, cynicism, and social discord that threatens the well-being of society as a whole.

To address the multifaceted issue of ethical erosion, a concerted effort is required from both individuals and institutions. Individuals must cultivate a strong moral compass and prioritize ethical conduct in their daily lives, even in the face of societal pressures or personal temptations. Simultaneously, institutions must enact stringent measures to promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership. By holding both individuals and institutions accountable and fostering a culture of integrity, society can begin to reverse the tide of moral decay and rebuild trust within communities. Through collective action and a steadfast commitment to upholding ethical principles, we can forge a path towards a more just, equitable, and morally upright future.

According to the passage, which of the following best summarizes the role of institutions in addressing ethical erosion?

【題組共用題幹】

In contemporary society, the erosion of ethical standards presents a pervasive challenge that affects individuals and institutions alike. At its core, this decline in moral values stems from a variety of factors, ranging from societal pressures to institutional practices. Individually, people may succumb to ethical lapses driven by the pursuit of self-interest or societal norms that prioritize personal gain over moral principles. Moreover, institutional factors, such as corruption and lack of accountability, contribute to the normalization of unethical behavior. This erosion of ethics undermines trust within communities and poses significant threats to societal integrity.

Furthermore, the consequences of ethical deterioration extend beyond individual actions to impact broader societal structures. When institutions prioritize profit margins or political agendas over ethical considerations, it fosters a culture where corruption flourishes and impunity prevails. This not only erodes public trust in key institutions but also undermines the very foundations of democracy and justice. As a result, the erosion of ethics perpetuates a cycle of distrust, cynicism, and social discord that threatens the well-being of society as a whole.

To address the multifaceted issue of ethical erosion, a concerted effort is required from both individuals and institutions. Individuals must cultivate a strong moral compass and prioritize ethical conduct in their daily lives, even in the face of societal pressures or personal temptations. Simultaneously, institutions must enact stringent measures to promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership. By holding both individuals and institutions accountable and fostering a culture of integrity, society can begin to reverse the tide of moral decay and rebuild trust within communities. Through collective action and a steadfast commitment to upholding ethical principles, we can forge a path towards a more just, equitable, and morally upright future.

Which of the following is the primary focus of the first two paragraphs in this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

In contemporary society, the erosion of ethical standards presents a pervasive challenge that affects individuals and institutions alike. At its core, this decline in moral values stems from a variety of factors, ranging from societal pressures to institutional practices. Individually, people may succumb to ethical lapses driven by the pursuit of self-interest or societal norms that prioritize personal gain over moral principles. Moreover, institutional factors, such as corruption and lack of accountability, contribute to the normalization of unethical behavior. This erosion of ethics undermines trust within communities and poses significant threats to societal integrity.

Furthermore, the consequences of ethical deterioration extend beyond individual actions to impact broader societal structures. When institutions prioritize profit margins or political agendas over ethical considerations, it fosters a culture where corruption flourishes and impunity prevails. This not only erodes public trust in key institutions but also undermines the very foundations of democracy and justice. As a result, the erosion of ethics perpetuates a cycle of distrust, cynicism, and social discord that threatens the well-being of society as a whole.

To address the multifaceted issue of ethical erosion, a concerted effort is required from both individuals and institutions. Individuals must cultivate a strong moral compass and prioritize ethical conduct in their daily lives, even in the face of societal pressures or personal temptations. Simultaneously, institutions must enact stringent measures to promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership. By holding both individuals and institutions accountable and fostering a culture of integrity, society can begin to reverse the tide of moral decay and rebuild trust within communities. Through collective action and a steadfast commitment to upholding ethical principles, we can forge a path towards a more just, equitable, and morally upright future.

According to the passage, how does the prioritization of profit margins and political agendas by institutions affect the society?

【題組共用題幹】

In contemporary society, the erosion of ethical standards presents a pervasive challenge that affects individuals and institutions alike. At its core, this decline in moral values stems from a variety of factors, ranging from societal pressures to institutional practices. Individually, people may succumb to ethical lapses driven by the pursuit of self-interest or societal norms that prioritize personal gain over moral principles. Moreover, institutional factors, such as corruption and lack of accountability, contribute to the normalization of unethical behavior. This erosion of ethics undermines trust within communities and poses significant threats to societal integrity.

Furthermore, the consequences of ethical deterioration extend beyond individual actions to impact broader societal structures. When institutions prioritize profit margins or political agendas over ethical considerations, it fosters a culture where corruption flourishes and impunity prevails. This not only erodes public trust in key institutions but also undermines the very foundations of democracy and justice. As a result, the erosion of ethics perpetuates a cycle of distrust, cynicism, and social discord that threatens the well-being of society as a whole.

To address the multifaceted issue of ethical erosion, a concerted effort is required from both individuals and institutions. Individuals must cultivate a strong moral compass and prioritize ethical conduct in their daily lives, even in the face of societal pressures or personal temptations. Simultaneously, institutions must enact stringent measures to promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership. By holding both individuals and institutions accountable and fostering a culture of integrity, society can begin to reverse the tide of moral decay and rebuild trust within communities. Through collective action and a steadfast commitment to upholding ethical principles, we can forge a path towards a more just, equitable, and morally upright future.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to “perpetuates” in the passage?