114 國際經濟商務人員三等 國際經濟商務人員類科國際經貿法律組 英文(含國際貿易政策與法規命令之摘譯與論述) 考古題詳解

英譯中：請將下面這段英文譯成正確、流暢的中文。

Research shows that trade openness can increase women’s incomes and consumption. Eliminating import tariffs raises the average real income for female-headed households compared with male-headed households in more than three-quarters of the 54 developing economies analyzed. On average, real income gains reaped by removing import tariffs would be 2.5 percent greater for households headed by women than for those headed by men. In countries such as Burkina Faso and Cameroon, this increase is equivalent to one year’s spending on education or health.

Opening up to trade therefore benefits women in developing economies because it expands the sectors where women work, reduces prices for the goods women consume, and allows firms that are more productive to grow. Increased competition generated by trade also makes it costlier to discriminate against women, which narrows the wage gap and improves working conditions for women.

英文寫作：請閱讀以下短文後，撰寫兩段英文。

第一段請以英文摘要文章重點，約 150–200 字英文。第二段請用英文申論你是否同意政府不作為是保護本國貿易的良好策略，約 200 字英文。

近期美國商務部為了強化貿易救濟措施之執行，針對反傾銷稅及平衡稅規則進行重要的修法，該修正草案已於 2024 年 4 月 24 日生效。本次重要的修正包括了政府不作為概念之提出、特殊市場狀況要件之明確化及處理跨國補貼之問題等。修法呈現出美國貿易法為反映全球貿易現況所做的努力，也提供其國內產業得以對抗不公平貿易之有力工具。

首先，政府不作為之概念係將外國政府怠於執行勞動、環境、智慧財產權等保護重要權力之法規情況，視為對企業賦予利益之行為。由於此一不作為會降低企業之生產成本進而對國際貿易造成不公平，因此美國在此次修法中特別將此概念納入衡量。其次，本次修法更詳細規範反傾銷法中之特殊市場狀況要件之適用，包含將政府不作為所造成之成本扭曲現象納入替代價格及比較基準的衡量因素中。

A detailed ____ will be provided so people will know exactly the interesting places to visit one week before the trip.

Health officials warn that a ____ is threatening the forests through particular animals and insects.

COVID-19 has ____ the globe in ways we could never have imagined, and the automotive industry is no exception.

Many parents are anxious about their children’s online purchases that ____ their knowledge and control.

The executive committee of the board of directors will consider how to ____ the strategic plan.

____ could cost a fortune on Mother’s Day because of a high demand in the flower market.

Unlike ____ grains, which undergo extensive milling or other processing, whole grains are sold for consumption with their bran and other constituents intact.

Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872, represented the first major effort of the American government to ____ recreational use of land.

The positions of Earth’s landmasses relative to one another 250 million years ago bear little resemblance to what they are today because they are not ____.

My company gave me a travel ____ to cover accommodation, food and incidental expenses when I worked abroad.

Many instructors have attempted to manage the behavior of texting in class, either by giving students the ____ of high grades or by using punishments.

The jailing of the former president triggered protests in his home province, which soon ____ into riots and looting across the country.

Early retirement is made possible because of his sizable ____ earned from his investment.

If people knew that the overall ____ of winning a prize, some might or might not think twice about spending their hard-earned cash on the game.

When the company announced that it was reconsidering its strategy in ____ its resources and staff, many of its employees smelt the risk of being laid off.

To determine whether a major surgery is necessary, a(n) ____ is usually taken on the organ in question.

His wife has been hospitalized for ____ after she gave birth to their first child.

The country tried to hold a ____ to seek the utmost consensus on this widely debated issue from its people.

My parents always try to ____ all my decisions because they have been treating me like a little boy.

The recent increase of ____ workforce in the employment landscape is a warning to the labor market as it specifies temporary job opportunities and lack of income security.

【題組共用題幹】

Democracy depends on a vibrant press dedicated to informing the electorate and holding the powerful to account. Yet, American newsrooms have suffered a ____ decline in recent years. Since 2004, more than 2,100 newspapers have closed up shop, ____ more than half of US counties without a daily newspaper. As Jill Lepore painfully laments, newspaper after newspaper “cut news ____,” or shrank the paper’s size, or stopped producing a print edition, or did all of that, and it still wasn’t enough.” Indicative of the industry’s severe economic ____, the market valuation of major daily newspapers, including the Boston Globe/Worcester Telegram & Gazette, Chicago Sun-Times, and Minneapolis Star Tribune, dropped by more than 90% between the 1990s and early 2010s. Throughout the industry, newsroom employment fell by 47% from 2004 to 2018, and the ____ has continued since. Two areas of reporting that are vital to democratic governance have been especially hard hit: original, investigative journalism and local news reports.

Which of the following best completes the first blank?

【題組共用題幹】

Democracy depends on a vibrant press dedicated to informing the electorate and holding the powerful to account. Yet, American newsrooms have suffered a ____ decline in recent years. Since 2004, more than 2,100 newspapers have closed up shop, ____ more than half of US counties without a daily newspaper. As Jill Lepore painfully laments, newspaper after newspaper “cut news ____,” or shrank the paper’s size, or stopped producing a print edition, or did all of that, and it still wasn’t enough.” Indicative of the industry’s severe economic ____, the market valuation of major daily newspapers, including the Boston Globe/Worcester Telegram & Gazette, Chicago Sun-Times, and Minneapolis Star Tribune, dropped by more than 90% between the 1990s and early 2010s. Throughout the industry, newsroom employment fell by 47% from 2004 to 2018, and the ____ has continued since. Two areas of reporting that are vital to democratic governance have been especially hard hit: original, investigative journalism and local news reports.

Which of the following best completes the second blank?

【題組共用題幹】

Democracy depends on a vibrant press dedicated to informing the electorate and holding the powerful to account. Yet, American newsrooms have suffered a ____ decline in recent years. Since 2004, more than 2,100 newspapers have closed up shop, ____ more than half of US counties without a daily newspaper. As Jill Lepore painfully laments, newspaper after newspaper “cut news ____,” or shrank the paper’s size, or stopped producing a print edition, or did all of that, and it still wasn’t enough.” Indicative of the industry’s severe economic ____, the market valuation of major daily newspapers, including the Boston Globe/Worcester Telegram & Gazette, Chicago Sun-Times, and Minneapolis Star Tribune, dropped by more than 90% between the 1990s and early 2010s. Throughout the industry, newsroom employment fell by 47% from 2004 to 2018, and the ____ has continued since. Two areas of reporting that are vital to democratic governance have been especially hard hit: original, investigative journalism and local news reports.

Which of the following best completes the third blank?

【題組共用題幹】

Democracy depends on a vibrant press dedicated to informing the electorate and holding the powerful to account. Yet, American newsrooms have suffered a ____ decline in recent years. Since 2004, more than 2,100 newspapers have closed up shop, ____ more than half of US counties without a daily newspaper. As Jill Lepore painfully laments, newspaper after newspaper “cut news ____,” or shrank the paper’s size, or stopped producing a print edition, or did all of that, and it still wasn’t enough.” Indicative of the industry’s severe economic ____, the market valuation of major daily newspapers, including the Boston Globe/Worcester Telegram & Gazette, Chicago Sun-Times, and Minneapolis Star Tribune, dropped by more than 90% between the 1990s and early 2010s. Throughout the industry, newsroom employment fell by 47% from 2004 to 2018, and the ____ has continued since. Two areas of reporting that are vital to democratic governance have been especially hard hit: original, investigative journalism and local news reports.

Which of the following best completes the fourth blank?

【題組共用題幹】

Democracy depends on a vibrant press dedicated to informing the electorate and holding the powerful to account. Yet, American newsrooms have suffered a ____ decline in recent years. Since 2004, more than 2,100 newspapers have closed up shop, ____ more than half of US counties without a daily newspaper. As Jill Lepore painfully laments, newspaper after newspaper “cut news ____,” or shrank the paper’s size, or stopped producing a print edition, or did all of that, and it still wasn’t enough.” Indicative of the industry’s severe economic ____, the market valuation of major daily newspapers, including the Boston Globe/Worcester Telegram & Gazette, Chicago Sun-Times, and Minneapolis Star Tribune, dropped by more than 90% between the 1990s and early 2010s. Throughout the industry, newsroom employment fell by 47% from 2004 to 2018, and the ____ has continued since. Two areas of reporting that are vital to democratic governance have been especially hard hit: original, investigative journalism and local news reports.

Which of the following best completes the fifth blank?

【題組共用題幹】

There are examples from industry where presumption of the self-interest model yields inferior results. In the early 1980s, after a long history of low productivity, low quality products, and low employee job satisfaction, a GM plant in California shut down its operation. Shortly thereafter, it entered a venture with Toyota called the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI). Under this new merger, GM provided the plant and Toyota took over the management. The central difference between the old GM plant and the NUMMI plant was their management structure. Toyota’s success in the automotive industry has been attributed to its innovation in management and to its shift away from the GM assembly line model and presumption of self-interest to an emphasis on other values such as teamwork.

Advances in the evolutionary theory also challenge the selfish actor model. A central puzzle for evolution has been to explain how “altruism,” understood in the biological context to impose a fitness cost on its actor and confer a benefit to its recipient, could have evolved in nature. Given that natural selection selects against fitness-decreasing traits, it seems that altruism—the disposition to sacrifice oneself for the good of the others—ought to have been eliminated. Darwin suggested that traits that work to the detriment of the individual could evolve if they were traits that benefitted the group to which that individual belonged. According to this hypothesis (known as “group selection”), some behaviors or traits evolved because members of groups containing those traits did better than members of groups that did not. While altruistic behaviors may be individually disadvantageous compared to selfish behaviors at the individual level, groups of altruistic individuals will be at a selective advantage over groups of selfish individuals.

In which of the following may this passage most likely appear?

【題組共用題幹】

There are examples from industry where presumption of the self-interest model yields inferior results. In the early 1980s, after a long history of low productivity, low quality products, and low employee job satisfaction, a GM plant in California shut down its operation. Shortly thereafter, it entered a venture with Toyota called the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI). Under this new merger, GM provided the plant and Toyota took over the management. The central difference between the old GM plant and the NUMMI plant was their management structure. Toyota’s success in the automotive industry has been attributed to its innovation in management and to its shift away from the GM assembly line model and presumption of self-interest to an emphasis on other values such as teamwork.

Advances in the evolutionary theory also challenge the selfish actor model. A central puzzle for evolution has been to explain how “altruism,” understood in the biological context to impose a fitness cost on its actor and confer a benefit to its recipient, could have evolved in nature. Given that natural selection selects against fitness-decreasing traits, it seems that altruism—the disposition to sacrifice oneself for the good of the others—ought to have been eliminated. Darwin suggested that traits that work to the detriment of the individual could evolve if they were traits that benefitted the group to which that individual belonged. According to this hypothesis (known as “group selection”), some behaviors or traits evolved because members of groups containing those traits did better than members of groups that did not. While altruistic behaviors may be individually disadvantageous compared to selfish behaviors at the individual level, groups of altruistic individuals will be at a selective advantage over groups of selfish individuals.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about NUMMI?

【題組共用題幹】

There are examples from industry where presumption of the self-interest model yields inferior results. In the early 1980s, after a long history of low productivity, low quality products, and low employee job satisfaction, a GM plant in California shut down its operation. Shortly thereafter, it entered a venture with Toyota called the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI). Under this new merger, GM provided the plant and Toyota took over the management. The central difference between the old GM plant and the NUMMI plant was their management structure. Toyota’s success in the automotive industry has been attributed to its innovation in management and to its shift away from the GM assembly line model and presumption of self-interest to an emphasis on other values such as teamwork.

Advances in the evolutionary theory also challenge the selfish actor model. A central puzzle for evolution has been to explain how “altruism,” understood in the biological context to impose a fitness cost on its actor and confer a benefit to its recipient, could have evolved in nature. Given that natural selection selects against fitness-decreasing traits, it seems that altruism—the disposition to sacrifice oneself for the good of the others—ought to have been eliminated. Darwin suggested that traits that work to the detriment of the individual could evolve if they were traits that benefitted the group to which that individual belonged. According to this hypothesis (known as “group selection”), some behaviors or traits evolved because members of groups containing those traits did better than members of groups that did not. While altruistic behaviors may be individually disadvantageous compared to selfish behaviors at the individual level, groups of altruistic individuals will be at a selective advantage over groups of selfish individuals.

According to the passage, what caused GM’s low competitiveness?

【題組共用題幹】

There are examples from industry where presumption of the self-interest model yields inferior results. In the early 1980s, after a long history of low productivity, low quality products, and low employee job satisfaction, a GM plant in California shut down its operation. Shortly thereafter, it entered a venture with Toyota called the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI). Under this new merger, GM provided the plant and Toyota took over the management. The central difference between the old GM plant and the NUMMI plant was their management structure. Toyota’s success in the automotive industry has been attributed to its innovation in management and to its shift away from the GM assembly line model and presumption of self-interest to an emphasis on other values such as teamwork.

Advances in the evolutionary theory also challenge the selfish actor model. A central puzzle for evolution has been to explain how “altruism,” understood in the biological context to impose a fitness cost on its actor and confer a benefit to its recipient, could have evolved in nature. Given that natural selection selects against fitness-decreasing traits, it seems that altruism—the disposition to sacrifice oneself for the good of the others—ought to have been eliminated. Darwin suggested that traits that work to the detriment of the individual could evolve if they were traits that benefitted the group to which that individual belonged. According to this hypothesis (known as “group selection”), some behaviors or traits evolved because members of groups containing those traits did better than members of groups that did not. While altruistic behaviors may be individually disadvantageous compared to selfish behaviors at the individual level, groups of altruistic individuals will be at a selective advantage over groups of selfish individuals.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about altruistic behavior?

【題組共用題幹】

There are examples from industry where presumption of the self-interest model yields inferior results. In the early 1980s, after a long history of low productivity, low quality products, and low employee job satisfaction, a GM plant in California shut down its operation. Shortly thereafter, it entered a venture with Toyota called the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI). Under this new merger, GM provided the plant and Toyota took over the management. The central difference between the old GM plant and the NUMMI plant was their management structure. Toyota’s success in the automotive industry has been attributed to its innovation in management and to its shift away from the GM assembly line model and presumption of self-interest to an emphasis on other values such as teamwork.

Advances in the evolutionary theory also challenge the selfish actor model. A central puzzle for evolution has been to explain how “altruism,” understood in the biological context to impose a fitness cost on its actor and confer a benefit to its recipient, could have evolved in nature. Given that natural selection selects against fitness-decreasing traits, it seems that altruism—the disposition to sacrifice oneself for the good of the others—ought to have been eliminated. Darwin suggested that traits that work to the detriment of the individual could evolve if they were traits that benefitted the group to which that individual belonged. According to this hypothesis (known as “group selection”), some behaviors or traits evolved because members of groups containing those traits did better than members of groups that did not. While altruistic behaviors may be individually disadvantageous compared to selfish behaviors at the individual level, groups of altruistic individuals will be at a selective advantage over groups of selfish individuals.

Which of the following is the most likely conclusion drawn by the author from the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

In the brave new world of genetic engineering, Dean DellaPenna, a plant biochemist at Michigan State University, envisions this cornucopia: tomatoes and broccoli bursting with cancer-fighting chemicals and vitamin-enhanced crops of rice, sweet potatoes, and cassava to help nourish the poor. He sees wheat, soy, and peanuts free of allergens, bananas that deliver vaccines, and vegetable oils so loaded with therapeutic ingredients that doctors “prescribe” them for patients at risk for cancer and heart disease. DellaPenna believes that genetically engineered foods are the key to the next wave of advances in agriculture and health.

While DellaPenna and many others see great potential in the products of this new biotechnology, some see uncertainty, or even danger. In North America and Europe, the value and impact of genetically engineered food crops have become the subjects of intense debate, provoking reactions from unbridled optimism to fervent political opposition.

Most people in the United States don’t realize that they’ve been eating genetically engineered foods since the mid-1990s. And in fact, genetic modification is much older than that, but the technique of genetic engineering is new and quite different from conventional breeding. Traditional breeders cross related organisms whose genetic makeups are similar. In so doing, they transfer tens of thousands of genes. By contrast, today’s genetic engineers can transfer just a few genes at a time between species that are distantly related or not related at all.

Whether biotech foods will deliver on their promise of eliminating world hunger and bettering the lives of all remains to be seen. Their potential is enormous, yet they carry risks and we may pay for accidents or errors in judgment in ways we cannot yet imagine. However, the biggest mistake of all would be to blindly reject or endorse this new technology. If we analyze carefully how, where, and why we introduce genetically altered products, and if we test them thoroughly and judge them wisely, we can weigh their risks against their benefits to those who need them most.

Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

In the brave new world of genetic engineering, Dean DellaPenna, a plant biochemist at Michigan State University, envisions this cornucopia: tomatoes and broccoli bursting with cancer-fighting chemicals and vitamin-enhanced crops of rice, sweet potatoes, and cassava to help nourish the poor. He sees wheat, soy, and peanuts free of allergens, bananas that deliver vaccines, and vegetable oils so loaded with therapeutic ingredients that doctors “prescribe” them for patients at risk for cancer and heart disease. DellaPenna believes that genetically engineered foods are the key to the next wave of advances in agriculture and health.

While DellaPenna and many others see great potential in the products of this new biotechnology, some see uncertainty, or even danger. In North America and Europe, the value and impact of genetically engineered food crops have become the subjects of intense debate, provoking reactions from unbridled optimism to fervent political opposition.

Most people in the United States don’t realize that they’ve been eating genetically engineered foods since the mid-1990s. And in fact, genetic modification is much older than that, but the technique of genetic engineering is new and quite different from conventional breeding. Traditional breeders cross related organisms whose genetic makeups are similar. In so doing, they transfer tens of thousands of genes. By contrast, today’s genetic engineers can transfer just a few genes at a time between species that are distantly related or not related at all.

Whether biotech foods will deliver on their promise of eliminating world hunger and bettering the lives of all remains to be seen. Their potential is enormous, yet they carry risks and we may pay for accidents or errors in judgment in ways we cannot yet imagine. However, the biggest mistake of all would be to blindly reject or endorse this new technology. If we analyze carefully how, where, and why we introduce genetically altered products, and if we test them thoroughly and judge them wisely, we can weigh their risks against their benefits to those who need them most.

According to the passage, how does the technique of genetic engineering differ from that of conventional breeding?

【題組共用題幹】

In the brave new world of genetic engineering, Dean DellaPenna, a plant biochemist at Michigan State University, envisions this cornucopia: tomatoes and broccoli bursting with cancer-fighting chemicals and vitamin-enhanced crops of rice, sweet potatoes, and cassava to help nourish the poor. He sees wheat, soy, and peanuts free of allergens, bananas that deliver vaccines, and vegetable oils so loaded with therapeutic ingredients that doctors “prescribe” them for patients at risk for cancer and heart disease. DellaPenna believes that genetically engineered foods are the key to the next wave of advances in agriculture and health.

While DellaPenna and many others see great potential in the products of this new biotechnology, some see uncertainty, or even danger. In North America and Europe, the value and impact of genetically engineered food crops have become the subjects of intense debate, provoking reactions from unbridled optimism to fervent political opposition.

Most people in the United States don’t realize that they’ve been eating genetically engineered foods since the mid-1990s. And in fact, genetic modification is much older than that, but the technique of genetic engineering is new and quite different from conventional breeding. Traditional breeders cross related organisms whose genetic makeups are similar. In so doing, they transfer tens of thousands of genes. By contrast, today’s genetic engineers can transfer just a few genes at a time between species that are distantly related or not related at all.

Whether biotech foods will deliver on their promise of eliminating world hunger and bettering the lives of all remains to be seen. Their potential is enormous, yet they carry risks and we may pay for accidents or errors in judgment in ways we cannot yet imagine. However, the biggest mistake of all would be to blindly reject or endorse this new technology. If we analyze carefully how, where, and why we introduce genetically altered products, and if we test them thoroughly and judge them wisely, we can weigh their risks against their benefits to those who need them most.

What does Dean DellaPenna think of engineered plants and their impact on agricultural practices around the world?

【題組共用題幹】

In the brave new world of genetic engineering, Dean DellaPenna, a plant biochemist at Michigan State University, envisions this cornucopia: tomatoes and broccoli bursting with cancer-fighting chemicals and vitamin-enhanced crops of rice, sweet potatoes, and cassava to help nourish the poor. He sees wheat, soy, and peanuts free of allergens, bananas that deliver vaccines, and vegetable oils so loaded with therapeutic ingredients that doctors “prescribe” them for patients at risk for cancer and heart disease. DellaPenna believes that genetically engineered foods are the key to the next wave of advances in agriculture and health.

While DellaPenna and many others see great potential in the products of this new biotechnology, some see uncertainty, or even danger. In North America and Europe, the value and impact of genetically engineered food crops have become the subjects of intense debate, provoking reactions from unbridled optimism to fervent political opposition.

Most people in the United States don’t realize that they’ve been eating genetically engineered foods since the mid-1990s. And in fact, genetic modification is much older than that, but the technique of genetic engineering is new and quite different from conventional breeding. Traditional breeders cross related organisms whose genetic makeups are similar. In so doing, they transfer tens of thousands of genes. By contrast, today’s genetic engineers can transfer just a few genes at a time between species that are distantly related or not related at all.

Whether biotech foods will deliver on their promise of eliminating world hunger and bettering the lives of all remains to be seen. Their potential is enormous, yet they carry risks and we may pay for accidents or errors in judgment in ways we cannot yet imagine. However, the biggest mistake of all would be to blindly reject or endorse this new technology. If we analyze carefully how, where, and why we introduce genetically altered products, and if we test them thoroughly and judge them wisely, we can weigh their risks against their benefits to those who need them most.

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

In the brave new world of genetic engineering, Dean DellaPenna, a plant biochemist at Michigan State University, envisions this cornucopia: tomatoes and broccoli bursting with cancer-fighting chemicals and vitamin-enhanced crops of rice, sweet potatoes, and cassava to help nourish the poor. He sees wheat, soy, and peanuts free of allergens, bananas that deliver vaccines, and vegetable oils so loaded with therapeutic ingredients that doctors “prescribe” them for patients at risk for cancer and heart disease. DellaPenna believes that genetically engineered foods are the key to the next wave of advances in agriculture and health.

While DellaPenna and many others see great potential in the products of this new biotechnology, some see uncertainty, or even danger. In North America and Europe, the value and impact of genetically engineered food crops have become the subjects of intense debate, provoking reactions from unbridled optimism to fervent political opposition.

Most people in the United States don’t realize that they’ve been eating genetically engineered foods since the mid-1990s. And in fact, genetic modification is much older than that, but the technique of genetic engineering is new and quite different from conventional breeding. Traditional breeders cross related organisms whose genetic makeups are similar. In so doing, they transfer tens of thousands of genes. By contrast, today’s genetic engineers can transfer just a few genes at a time between species that are distantly related or not related at all.

Whether biotech foods will deliver on their promise of eliminating world hunger and bettering the lives of all remains to be seen. Their potential is enormous, yet they carry risks and we may pay for accidents or errors in judgment in ways we cannot yet imagine. However, the biggest mistake of all would be to blindly reject or endorse this new technology. If we analyze carefully how, where, and why we introduce genetically altered products, and if we test them thoroughly and judge them wisely, we can weigh their risks against their benefits to those who need them most.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

One of the consequences of increased globalization and outsourcing is an increasingly tenuous relationship between employers and employees. In 2009, the US Department of Labor estimated that, by the age of 38, the average American worker will have had between 10 and 14 jobs. The statistics also shows that 1 in 4 workers is working for a different company from a year ago, and that half are working for a different company from five years ago. This statistics is similar in other places like Western Europe and Asia.

Not only are people increasingly changing jobs, but many do not even have jobs in the traditional sense as many businesses choose forming contract relationships over hiring new employees. This significantly complicates work relationships: many employers have very little contact with the people who do much of the work for their organizations and many workers have very little contact with the companies they work for because they are often hired on a part-time temporary basis.

Because the business environment is constantly changing in unpredictable ways, workers have to be flexible and adaptable. They need to constantly “re-invent” themselves and use these “re-invented” selves to go out and find new work to do. People are increasingly taking what is known as a “portfolio” approach to their careers—an approach based on almost constant self-promotion and self-invention as works cope with less secure employment situations and quickly changing job markets.

This is an area where literacy practices associated with online social networking become important for workers. Workers who are successful at moving easily from one job to another or at gaining lucrative contract work are those who are able to effectively make use of the “strong weak ties” in their social networks, and those with the impression management skills to create “profiles” which bring together evidence of past achievements and experiences in effective and creative ways that command the attention of potential employers. It should be clear by now that many of the literacy practices necessary for success in the “new work order” are very different from those people used to get ahead in traditional market-based organizations.

Which of the following could be the meaning of “tenuous” in the first paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

One of the consequences of increased globalization and outsourcing is an increasingly tenuous relationship between employers and employees. In 2009, the US Department of Labor estimated that, by the age of 38, the average American worker will have had between 10 and 14 jobs. The statistics also shows that 1 in 4 workers is working for a different company from a year ago, and that half are working for a different company from five years ago. This statistics is similar in other places like Western Europe and Asia.

Not only are people increasingly changing jobs, but many do not even have jobs in the traditional sense as many businesses choose forming contract relationships over hiring new employees. This significantly complicates work relationships: many employers have very little contact with the people who do much of the work for their organizations and many workers have very little contact with the companies they work for because they are often hired on a part-time temporary basis.

Because the business environment is constantly changing in unpredictable ways, workers have to be flexible and adaptable. They need to constantly “re-invent” themselves and use these “re-invented” selves to go out and find new work to do. People are increasingly taking what is known as a “portfolio” approach to their careers—an approach based on almost constant self-promotion and self-invention as works cope with less secure employment situations and quickly changing job markets.

This is an area where literacy practices associated with online social networking become important for workers. Workers who are successful at moving easily from one job to another or at gaining lucrative contract work are those who are able to effectively make use of the “strong weak ties” in their social networks, and those with the impression management skills to create “profiles” which bring together evidence of past achievements and experiences in effective and creative ways that command the attention of potential employers. It should be clear by now that many of the literacy practices necessary for success in the “new work order” are very different from those people used to get ahead in traditional market-based organizations.

Which of the following could be the best title of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

One of the consequences of increased globalization and outsourcing is an increasingly tenuous relationship between employers and employees. In 2009, the US Department of Labor estimated that, by the age of 38, the average American worker will have had between 10 and 14 jobs. The statistics also shows that 1 in 4 workers is working for a different company from a year ago, and that half are working for a different company from five years ago. This statistics is similar in other places like Western Europe and Asia.

Not only are people increasingly changing jobs, but many do not even have jobs in the traditional sense as many businesses choose forming contract relationships over hiring new employees. This significantly complicates work relationships: many employers have very little contact with the people who do much of the work for their organizations and many workers have very little contact with the companies they work for because they are often hired on a part-time temporary basis.

Because the business environment is constantly changing in unpredictable ways, workers have to be flexible and adaptable. They need to constantly “re-invent” themselves and use these “re-invented” selves to go out and find new work to do. People are increasingly taking what is known as a “portfolio” approach to their careers—an approach based on almost constant self-promotion and self-invention as works cope with less secure employment situations and quickly changing job markets.

This is an area where literacy practices associated with online social networking become important for workers. Workers who are successful at moving easily from one job to another or at gaining lucrative contract work are those who are able to effectively make use of the “strong weak ties” in their social networks, and those with the impression management skills to create “profiles” which bring together evidence of past achievements and experiences in effective and creative ways that command the attention of potential employers. It should be clear by now that many of the literacy practices necessary for success in the “new work order” are very different from those people used to get ahead in traditional market-based organizations.

According to the passage, which of the following can individuals do to build a successful career under the impact of globalization and outsourcing?

【題組共用題幹】

One of the consequences of increased globalization and outsourcing is an increasingly tenuous relationship between employers and employees. In 2009, the US Department of Labor estimated that, by the age of 38, the average American worker will have had between 10 and 14 jobs. The statistics also shows that 1 in 4 workers is working for a different company from a year ago, and that half are working for a different company from five years ago. This statistics is similar in other places like Western Europe and Asia.

Not only are people increasingly changing jobs, but many do not even have jobs in the traditional sense as many businesses choose forming contract relationships over hiring new employees. This significantly complicates work relationships: many employers have very little contact with the people who do much of the work for their organizations and many workers have very little contact with the companies they work for because they are often hired on a part-time temporary basis.

Because the business environment is constantly changing in unpredictable ways, workers have to be flexible and adaptable. They need to constantly “re-invent” themselves and use these “re-invented” selves to go out and find new work to do. People are increasingly taking what is known as a “portfolio” approach to their careers—an approach based on almost constant self-promotion and self-invention as works cope with less secure employment situations and quickly changing job markets.

This is an area where literacy practices associated with online social networking become important for workers. Workers who are successful at moving easily from one job to another or at gaining lucrative contract work are those who are able to effectively make use of the “strong weak ties” in their social networks, and those with the impression management skills to create “profiles” which bring together evidence of past achievements and experiences in effective and creative ways that command the attention of potential employers. It should be clear by now that many of the literacy practices necessary for success in the “new work order” are very different from those people used to get ahead in traditional market-based organizations.

Which can best describe the tone of the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

One of the consequences of increased globalization and outsourcing is an increasingly tenuous relationship between employers and employees. In 2009, the US Department of Labor estimated that, by the age of 38, the average American worker will have had between 10 and 14 jobs. The statistics also shows that 1 in 4 workers is working for a different company from a year ago, and that half are working for a different company from five years ago. This statistics is similar in other places like Western Europe and Asia.

Not only are people increasingly changing jobs, but many do not even have jobs in the traditional sense as many businesses choose forming contract relationships over hiring new employees. This significantly complicates work relationships: many employers have very little contact with the people who do much of the work for their organizations and many workers have very little contact with the companies they work for because they are often hired on a part-time temporary basis.

Because the business environment is constantly changing in unpredictable ways, workers have to be flexible and adaptable. They need to constantly “re-invent” themselves and use these “re-invented” selves to go out and find new work to do. People are increasingly taking what is known as a “portfolio” approach to their careers—an approach based on almost constant self-promotion and self-invention as works cope with less secure employment situations and quickly changing job markets.

This is an area where literacy practices associated with online social networking become important for workers. Workers who are successful at moving easily from one job to another or at gaining lucrative contract work are those who are able to effectively make use of the “strong weak ties” in their social networks, and those with the impression management skills to create “profiles” which bring together evidence of past achievements and experiences in effective and creative ways that command the attention of potential employers. It should be clear by now that many of the literacy practices necessary for success in the “new work order” are very different from those people used to get ahead in traditional market-based organizations.

Which of the following is most likely to be the source of the passage?