107 移民特考三等 移民行政(選試印尼文） 外國文（印尼文兼試移民專業英文） 考古題詳解
第 一 題25 分
將下列文字翻譯成中文：
Dewasa ini, rata-rata per 2 hari akan muncul seorang miliarder. Namun, orang orang yang menjadi kaya ini belum tentu kaya berkat hasil perjuangan dirinya sendiri, diantaranya ada sekitar ⅓ dari mereka mendapatkan kekayaan dari hasil warisan, dan lainnya tidak sedikit yang menjadi kaya raya karena berkat memonopoli pasar dan nepotisme.
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核心觀念
本題為民國 107 年公職移民特考三等《外國文（印尼文兼試移民專業英文）》之「印翻中」題型，旨在評量考生對印尼文論述性政經文本的解構能力，以及轉換為符合台灣公文書與學術中文表達之「信、達、雅」翻譯素養。
本題測驗的核心語法與詞彙觀念包含：
- 頻率與時間副詞結構：
Dewasa ini（現今、時下）與rata-rata per 2 hari（平均每兩天）之狀語搭配。 - 否定與推論副詞：
belum tentu（未必、不見得）表達或然性與批判語氣。 - 介系詞與因果表述：
berkat（得益於、拜……所賜）與karena berkat（由於……之故）之因果引導。 - 比例與數量詞：分數表達 （三分之一）之轉譯。
- 政經與社會學核心名詞：
miliarder（億萬富豪）、warisan（遺產）、memonopoli pasar（壟斷市場）、nepotisme（裙帶關係／任人唯親）。其中nepotisme屬於印尼民主化後極關鍵的政經概念（源自「KKN：Korupsi, Kolusi, dan Nepotisme」貪腐、勾結、裙帶關係），為國家考試閱卷評分之重要關鍵字。
解題方法
本題由兩個長句構成，解題步驟採「語法切分 核心詞彙對應 中文語序重組」三段法進行：
第一句：背景陳述句
原文：
Dewasa ini, rata-rata per 2 hari akan muncul seorang miliarder.
- 結構切分：
- 時間狀語：
Dewasa ini（現今／現時代） - 頻率狀語：
rata-rata per 2 hari（平均每兩天） - 主要子句：
akan muncul seorang miliarder（將會出現一位億萬富豪）
- 語意整合：
依中文敘事習慣，將時間與頻率置於句首，動詞
muncul在此引申為「誕生」或「產出」更符文意：「現今，平均每兩天就會誕生一位億萬富豪。」
第二句：轉折與多重並列長句
原文：
Namun, orang orang yang menjadi kaya ini belum tentu kaya berkat hasil perjuangan dirinya sendiri, diantaranya ada sekitar ⅓ dari mereka mendapatkan kekayaan dari hasil warisan, dan lainnya tidak sedikit yang menjadi kaya raya karena berkat memonopoli pasar dan nepotisme.
- 結構切分與子句拆解：
- 分句 A（轉折主幹）：
Namun, orang orang yang menjadi kaya ini belum tentu kaya berkat hasil perjuangan dirinya sendiri - 主詞：
orang orang yang menjadi kaya ini（這些致富的人們）。 - 謂語核心：
belum tentu kaya（未必是富有）。 - 狀語補語：
berkat hasil perjuangan dirinya sendiri（靠自身奮鬥打拚的成果）。 - 分句 B（第一類群體：遺產繼承）：
diantaranya ada sekitar ⅓ dari mereka mendapatkan kekayaan dari hasil warisan - 範圍引導：
diantaranya（其中）。
第 二 題25 分
將下列文字翻譯成印尼文：
海洋委員會海巡署 10 號凌晨值勤時，在臺東與屏東交界的塔瓦溪海灘上，先是發現一艘橡皮艇及散落的行李，接著緝獲 3 女 2 男的越南籍偷渡犯，另外還有一名臺灣人。但不幸的是，有 2 名偷渡客在搶灘中溺水身亡。
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核心觀念
本題為「外國文（印尼文兼試移民專業英文）」的中翻印公職實務考題，測驗考生將台灣移民與海巡執法實務新聞，轉譯為符合印尼官方書面語（Bahasa Baku）之能力。
本題主要測驗之核心觀念包含：
- 公務機構專有名詞英印對譯：「海洋委員會海巡署」為我國邊境查緝一線機關（以命題當年民國 107 年法規為準：行政院於 107 年 4 月正式設立「海洋委員會」，原行政院海岸巡防署改隸其下，組織全銜定為「海洋委員會海巡署」；現行法體制亦同）。印尼文標準譯法應為 Badan Patroli Pantai dari Dewan Urusan Kelautan 或 Coast Guard Administration (CGA) di bawah Dewan Urusan Kelautan。
- 移民查緝與刑事法制詞彙：「值勤」（bertugas / berpatroli）、「偷渡犯／偷渡客」（imigran gelap / pelintas batas ilegal，切忌誤用為人蛇走私犯 penyelundup）、「緝獲／查獲」（mengamankan / menangkap / meringkus）。
- 時空狀語與動作時序之句型重構：中文習慣按時間發生先後鋪陳（先是……接著……），印尼文新聞與公文書體則注重主從子句清楚銜接（pertama-tama... kemudian...），並考驗動態情境（「散落」、「搶灘」、「溺水身亡」）的精確選詞。
解題方法
翻譯時應依據「繁體中文句意切分 語序重構 專業詞彙代換 潤飾修訂」四步驟循序推進：
步驟一：句意與結構切分
本題可拆分為三個語意層次：
- 主事件背景與初步搜查：海洋委員會海巡署於 10 號凌晨值勤，在臺東與屏東交界的塔瓦溪海灘，先發現一艘橡皮艇及散落行李。
- 後續逮捕行動：接著緝獲 5 名越南籍偷渡犯（3 女 2 男）與 1 名臺灣人。
- 意外死傷結果：轉折道出 2 名偷渡客在搶灘登陸時不幸溺斃。
步驟二：語序重構與銜接詞設定
- 時間／情境副詞前置：Saat bertugas pada dini hari tanggal 10...
- 地點修飾語以後位修飾展開：...di pantai Sungai Tawa di perbatasan antara Taitung dan Pingtung...
- 承接與轉折連接詞選用：
- 「先是……接著……」：pertama-tama menemukan... kemudian mengamankan...
- 「但不幸的是」：Namun nahasnya... 或 Namun sayangnya...
步驟三：關鍵專有名詞與執法術語精確轉換
- 海洋委員會海巡署：Badan Patroli Pantai Dewan Urusan Kelautan (CGA)。
- 橡皮艇：perahu karet。
- 散落的行李：barang bawaan / bagasi yang berserakan (tercecer)。
- 越南籍偷渡犯：imigran gelap asal Vietnam（指未經許可入境者；若強調罪犯身分亦可用 pelaku penyelundupan imigran ilegal，但此處為被運送者，標準詞為 imigran gelap）。
- 3 女 2 男：tiga wanita dan dua pria。
- 搶灘：此處非軍事強行登陸（pendaratan amfibi），而是非法偷渡船隻接近灘頭並試圖登岸之動作，譯為 saat berusaha mendarat di pantai 或 dalam upaya pendaratan di pantai。
- 溺水身亡：tewas tenggelam 或 meninggal dunia akibat tenggelam。
翻譯要點與分句深度分析
本題非選擇題，以下針對各分句之翻譯難點、詞彙對比與優劣選項進行深度剖析：
第一分句：「海洋委員會海巡署 10 號凌晨值勤時，在臺東與屏東交界的塔瓦溪海灘上，先是發現一艘橡皮艇及散落的行李」
- 主詞與機關名：海巡署切忌直譯為 Polisi Laut（水警）或 Angkatan Laut（海軍），官方正式稱謂對應為 Badan Patroli Pantai 或直接沿用專有名詞後加註 Coast Guard Administration (CGA)。海洋委員會譯為 Dewan Urusan Kelautan（Ocean Affairs Council, OAC）。
第 三 題25 分
作文：
Buatlah karangan yang bertema "Kiat Terbaik Menuntaskan Penyelundup"
Isi karangan hendaknya berisi misi dan semangat kerja anda sebagai petugas Imigrasi menuntaskan kasus kasus penyelundupan. Tulislah karangan Anda maximum 500 kata, minimum 200 kata.
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核心觀念
- 命題主旨與角色設定： 本題為民國 107 年公務人員特種考試移民行政人員三等考試（選試印尼文）之專業作文題。題目設定考生為「移民官（petugas Imigrasi）」，要求以《打擊走私／偷渡者的最佳策略》（Kiat Terbaik Menuntaskan Penyelundup）為題，闡述執法職掌、具體對策，並融入公務人員的「使命感（misi）」與「工作熱忱（semangat kerja）」。
- 專業範疇界定： 在移民行政語境中，「penyelundup / penyelundupan」主要聚焦於「偷渡犯／人口走私（penyelundup manusia / human smuggler）」及於國境線上夾帶各類管制物品之跨國走私網絡。考生必須將個人視角置於國境管理的最前線，緊扣「維護國境安全（keamanan perbatasan）」、「落實人權保障（pelindungan hak asasi manusia）」與「瓦解跨國犯罪集團（sindikat kejahatan transnasional）」三大核心維度。
- 法規法理背景（以命題當年民國 107 年法規為準）： 本題涉及《入出國及移民法》關於未經許可入出國之查察、取締與國境查驗職權，以及《防制人口販運法》之查緝防制精神。（提醒：現行《入出國及移民法》與《防制人口販運法》已於民國 112 年大幅修正加重偷渡與人口販運罰責，但本題解題思維仍以命題當年法規精神為準）。
- 字數與文法規範： 題目強制規定篇幅為「200 字以上至 500 字以下」。評分著重於標準印尼語（Bahasa Indonesia Baku）的構詞能力（前綴與後綴附加詞如 me-kan, pe-an, ber-, di- 之精確派生）與公務論述的嚴謹邏輯。
解題方法
本題採「標準四段式論說文」結構進行佈局，兼顧邏輯推進與感情色彩：
- 第一段（引言與立論：破題立意）：
- 點出移民官守護國家大門與邊境主權的神聖「使命（misi）」。
- 定義偷渡與跨境走私對國家安全與人身安全的侵害，提出必須具備「堅毅不拔的敬業精神（semangat kerja yang pantang menyerah）」與「澈底根除（menuntaskan）」犯罪鏈的決心。
- 第二段（正文策略一：智慧邊境與科技情資整合）：
- 提出第一項最佳策略（Kiat Pertama）：導入高科技設備（生物辨識系統、數位資料庫聯網）快速識別偽造護照與可疑動態。
- 結合大數據情報分析與數位鑑識，在邊境第一時間阻斷犯罪鏈。
- 第三段（正文策略二：跨國執法網絡與清廉操守）：
- 提出第二項最佳策略（Kiat Kedua）：走私偷渡屬跨國有組織犯罪（kejahatan transnasional terorganisasi），必須深化與友邦移民及警政機關的情資交換。
- 強調執法人員的個人操守與道德良知（integritas moral），杜絕任何收賄與瀆職，形成內部堅實防線。
- 第四段（結語：昇華主旨與宣示決心）：
- 綜述「尖端科技、國際合作、廉能熱忱」三大支柱的綜效。
- 重申身為「國家門戶守門員（garda terdepan）」之神聖責任，在嚴正執法之餘兼顧人道關懷，確立守護國土邊界的崇高目標。
- 篇幅控制： 全文規劃約 240 至 260 字，既能充實論述各要點，又能穩居 200 至 500 字的安全區間，保留考場充分檢查修正的時間。
選項分析
本題為非選擇題（申論短文寫作題），無選項供逐一分析。評分焦點在於以下各項標準的達標程度：
- 切題程度（Relevansi Tema）：文章必須直接回答題目要求的「策略（kiat）」與「移民官的使命及工作熱忱（misi & semangat kerja）」。若僅寫走私的社會危害而未融入移民官角色與具體解決方案，將被大幅扣分。
- 組織條理（Koherensi & Struktur）：段落銜接詞（如 oleh karena itu, selain itu, di samping itu, kesimpulannya）運用是否恰當。
- 詞彙與文法精確度（Kosa Kata & Tata Bahasa）：是否正確運用印尼公務體書面語及法律專業詞彙，避免口語化詞綴。
- 篇幅合規性（Kepatuhan Jumlah Kata）：低於 200 字或高於 500 字均屬嚴重違規，扣分極重。
解題技巧
- 關鍵公務詞彙配備庫：
- 移民官：petugas Imigrasi / pejabat imigrasi
- 人口偷渡／走私犯：penyelundupan manusia / penyelundup
- 國家主權與國境安全：kedaulatan negara dan keamanan perbatasan
- 跨國有組織犯罪：kejahatan transnasional terorganisasi
- 生物辨識與智慧科技：sistem biometrik dan teknologi cerdas
- 情資交換：pertukaran informasi intelijen
- 堅韌不拔與廉潔：pantang menyerah, integritas moral, dedikasi
- 國境第一線衛士：garda terdepan pengawal pintu gerbang negara
- 常見陷阱與扣分地雷：
- 陷阱一：混淆人口偷渡（Penyelundupan Manusia）與人口販運（Perdagangan Orang）。移民行政執法首重國境非法越界、無有效證件入境與接應集團（偷渡）；人口販運則著重強迫勞動與剝削。本題宜以國境防堵偷渡集團為主軸。
- 陷阱二：詞綴殘缺（Imbuhan Rusak）。印尼文在正式公文寫作嚴禁使用口語簡稱（如切勿將 menuntaskan 寫成 tuntasin，切勿將 memperkuat 寫成 kuatkan）。
第 1 題1 分
Illegal immigrants are considered by some to be an economic ____ on the country because they use services while paying almost no taxes.
核心觀念
本題考固定搭配與上下文詞義。句中說非法移民「使用公共服務，卻幾乎不繳稅」，因此有人認為他們對國家經濟造成負擔。常見搭配是 an economic drain on the country，意為「對國家經濟的消耗或負擔」。
解題方法
先看空格後的 on the country，再用後半句的 because 找原因：使用服務、繳稅很少，描述的是資源被消耗、財政承受負擔。因此空格應填表示「消耗、負擔」的名詞 drain。
選項分析
- (A) drain：正確。 a drain on ... 表示「對……的消耗、負擔」。an economic drain on the country 即「對國家經濟造成負擔」，與句意相符。
第 2 題1 分
Most immigrants readily form or join existing cultural, recreational, social or "homeland" associations, where mutual aid and cooperative efforts ____.
核心觀念
本題考單字的語意與搭配。句意為：多數移民容易成立或加入既有的文化、休閒、社交或「祖籍國」社團，在這些社團中，互助與合作努力會逐漸萌芽、發展。
關鍵在空格主詞 mutual aid and cooperative efforts（互助與合作努力）。依上下文，社團提供成員互相協助、合作的環境，因此空格應填表示「萌芽、開始發展」的動詞。
解題方法
先判斷句意的正負方向：移民加入社團後，互助與合作應是逐步形成、發展的正向活動。再比對選項：
- germinate：萌芽、開始發展，符合「互助與合作努力在社團中萌芽」的語意。
- 其餘選項都表示沒收、歧視或根除，與句意不合。
選項分析
- (A) confiscate：沒收、充公，常用於政府或權力機關依法或強制取得財物，例如 confiscate property（沒收財產）。不能表示互助或合作開始發展。
- (B) discriminate：歧視；
第 3 題1 分
For countries where dual citizenships are not permitted, the ____ of original nationality should be required.
對於不允許雙重國籍的國家而言，應當要求其（歸化者）放棄原有國籍。
核心觀念
- 移民專業英文法律搭配詞（Legal Collocation）： 本題測驗國際移民法與各國國籍法制中「放棄國籍」的標準法律英文專業術語。在探討國籍身分變動時，「放棄／聲明脫離國籍」的固定法政用語為 renunciation of nationality / citizenship。
- 國籍法制背景： 依各國國籍法慣例（以命題當年民國 107 年我國《國籍法》第 9 條為例，外國人申請歸化原則上應提出喪失原有國籍之證明；現行法雖針對高級專業人才等增訂免喪失原國籍之例外，但原則規範未變），單一國籍制（不承認雙重國籍）國家要求歸化者必須「拋棄／喪失」原有國籍，方能取得新國籍。
解題方法
- 句意邏輯分析：
- 句首為條件狀語 "For countries where dual citizenships are not permitted"（對於不允許雙重國籍的國家而言）。
- 既然該國制度嚴禁雙重國籍，外國人若要歸化或取得身分，主管機關必然會要求其對 "original nationality"（原有國籍）做出「放棄、割捨」的法律行為。
- 語意與詞彙搭配檢驗：
- 空格位於定冠詞 "the" 與介系詞片語 "of original nationality" 之間，需填入具備相應法律效果的名詞。
- 國際法及法學英文中，專門指涉「主動放棄、聲明拋棄（權利、信仰或國籍身分）」的正式名詞即為 renunciation（動詞為 renounce）。其餘選項皆無「拋棄法律身分」之意，故 (A) 為唯一正確解答。
選項分析
- (A) renunciation【正確】
- 詞性與詞義：名詞，意為「聲明放棄、宣告脫離、拋棄（權利、主張、國籍或信仰）」。
- 動詞搭配：源自及物動詞 renounce（例如：renounce one's citizenship）。
- 用法說明：在移民法中，renunciation of nationality 為標準法學名詞，指當事人依法自願放棄或脫離原屬國國籍之法律行為，完全切合不承認雙重國籍之情境。
- (B) recalibration【錯誤】
- 詞性與詞義：名詞，意為「重新校準、微調、重新評估」。
- 錯誤原因：源自動詞 recalibrate，主要用於儀器刻度重校，或抽象層面的政策方針、戰略評估調整。
第 4 題1 分
In many countries, the immigration law puts a ban on employing aliens unless they are lawfully ____ for permanent residence or authorized to be employed.
核心觀念
本題考「動詞與介系詞搭配」及移民、居留語境中的法律用語。句意是：許多國家的移民法禁止雇用外國人，除非該外國人已依法獲准永久居留，或已獲准工作。
空格前有副詞 lawfully（依法），後接 for permanent residence（永久居留）。符合語意與搭配的是 be admitted for permanent residence，意為「獲准永久居留」。
解題方法
先看句型：are lawfully ____ for permanent residence。空格需要能與 for permanent residence 搭配、表示「依法獲准」的過去分詞。admit 用於正式准入或許可；在移民語境中，be admitted for permanent residence 表示「獲准永久居留」。句中後半的 or authorized to be employed（或獲准受雇）也與前半形成兩種合法資格的並列。
選項分析
- (A) admitted：正確。
admit有「准許進入、准入」之意。be admitted for permanent residence是符合移民語境的搭配，表示依法獲准永久居留。
第 5 題1 分
Tourism operators targeting senior tourists usually provide activities that are not too physically ____.
核心觀念
本題考查形容詞搭配。句中 physically demanding 表示「在體力上要求高的、耗費體力的」，常用來描述活動、工作或任務。
句意為：以年長遊客為對象的觀光業者，通常會提供體力要求不太高的活動。
解題方法
先看空格前的 physically（在體力上），再看句意：業者為年長遊客安排活動，通常會避免活動過於耗費體力。因此，空格應填入表示「要求高、費力」的形容詞；not too 則表示「不要太……」。
選項分析
- (A) adapting：動詞 adapt 的現在分詞，表示「適應、調整」，不表示活動耗費體力；physically adapting 也不符合此處語意。
第 6 題1 分
A passenger would be deemed a/an ____ when he/she is interdicted by an immigration officer for attempting to use a stolen passport to board a plane.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字在移民查驗情境中的意思。乘客企圖使用遭竊護照登機，遭移民官查獲，題目要判斷他會被視為哪一種人。
impostor 指「冒名者、假冒他人者」，可用於描述冒用他人身分或證件的人，符合題幹情境。
解題方法
先抓題幹關鍵：use a stolen passport（使用遭竊護照）以及 interdicted by an immigration officer（遭移民官攔查）。使用遭竊護照登機，表示乘客以不實身分或他人證件進行冒用，因此應選表示「冒名者」的 impostor。
選項分析
第 7 題1 分
People who skip or skimp on breakfast are more likely to have signs of plaque in their arteries than those who eat ____ breakfast.
核心觀念
本題測驗「語境反義對比（Contextual Contrast）」與「字首 sub- 易混淆形容詞辨析及飲食搭配詞（Collocation）」。
考生須掌握兩大解題焦點：
- 比較結構中的語意反差：題幹透過比較級介系詞
than形成兩類人群生活型態的強烈對比。前半句的動詞為skip（略過、不吃）與skimp on（克扣、吃得極少），因此後半句修飾早餐的形容詞必須是與其語意相反的「份量充足的、豐盛的」。 - 搭配詞運用：a substantial breakfast/meal 為英語中極常見之固定搭配，表示「豐盛飽足的早餐／餐點」。
題目與全文翻譯
題目： People who skip or skimp on breakfast are more likely to have signs of plaque in their arteries than those who eat ____ breakfast.
完整翻譯： 不吃早餐或早餐吃得極為簡略敷衍的人，比起吃豐盛早餐的人，動脈中出現斑塊（動脈粥狀硬化斑塊）的機率更高。
解題方法
- 分析句子結構與對比焦點：
- 主詞群一：
People who skip or skimp on breakfast（略過或草草打發早餐的人）。 - 比較核心：
are more likely to have signs of plaque in their arteries than...（比起……更可能動脈硬化）。 - 主詞群二（對照組）：
those who eat ____ breakfast（吃……早餐的人）。
- 尋找語意線索（Clue）：
skip意為「跳過、不吃」。skimp on意為「節省、敷衍、捨不得花費／供給足夠份量」。- 題幹將兩組人進行對比，對照組既然是其相反行為，空格必填入表示「足量、充實、豐盛」的形容詞。
- 帶入選項檢驗：
- 四個選項皆是以字首 sub-（在……之下、實質）開頭的形容詞。經比對，僅 (D) substantial 具有「大量的、豐盛的」之意，能修飾 breakfast 並與 skimp on 構成反義對比。
選項分析
- (A) submissive【錯誤】
- 詞性與字義：形容詞，意為「順從的、服從的、唯唯諾諾的」。
- 構詞解析：源自動詞 submit（屈服、呈交）+ 形容詞字尾 -ive。
第 8 題1 分
Gender stereotypes are set in children as early as age 6, so it's crucial to introduce an age-____ curriculum with regard to gender equality.
核心觀念
本題考查複合形容詞 age-appropriate 的搭配與語意。appropriate 作形容詞，意為「適當的、合宜的」；age-appropriate 指「符合某年齡層需求或理解能力的」。句中 curriculum 是「課程」，因此空格應填能表達「適齡課程」的字。
解題方法
先看句意：性別刻板印象在兒童年僅 6 歲時便已形成，因此介紹性別平等課程時，課程內容與教學方式應符合兒童的年齡與發展程度。英文常用 age-appropriate curriculum 表示「適齡課程」，與句意吻合。
選項分析
- (A) proof：「證明；證據」，常見於 waterproof（防水的）、proof of identity（身分證明）。age-proof curriculum 不是表示「適齡課程」的常見搭配。
- (B) appropriate：「適當的、合宜的」。
第 9 題1 分
Love, positivity, health, and family are all ingredients found in the ____ to happiness.
核心觀念
本題考辨近義字在固定搭配中的用法。句中提到愛、正向思考、健康與家庭，都是通往幸福的「要素」，因此空格應填入表示「食譜、配方」的 recipe。英文常用 the recipe to/for happiness 比喻「幸福的要素或秘訣」。
解題方法
先看空格前的 ingredients（材料、成分）。材料通常放進食譜中，兩者語意相互呼應；再看句意，愛、正向思考、健康與家庭被比喻為幸福的組成要素，因此 recipe 最符合上下文。
句意：愛、正向思考、健康與家庭，都是幸福的配方中包含的要素。
選項分析
- (A) receipt：名詞，指「收據」或「收到、接收」。它不表示配方，不能與 ingredients 構成此處的比喻搭配。
第 10 題1 分
Full-time foreign students are not ____ to receive a work permit. That is, they are not allowed to work temporarily in this country.
核心觀念
本題考「形容詞＋介系詞」搭配與上下文語意。句意是：「全職外籍學生不＿＿領取工作許可；也就是說，他們不被允許在本國暫時工作。」空格應填表示「符合資格的」形容詞 eligible，常見搭配為 be eligible to do something（有資格做某事）。
解題方法
先看後一句的 That is，表示後文是在換句話說、解釋前句：外籍學生不被允許工作。因此前句應表達「沒有資格取得工作許可」，即 are not eligible to receive a work permit。句型中的 to receive 也符合 eligible to + 原形動詞 的用法。
選項分析
- (A) eligible：符合。be eligible to receive 表示「有資格領取」，搭配否定詞 not 後即為「沒有資格領取
第 11 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Roger White (2016) assumes that religion is a potential marker of cultural similarity between societies. Two societies that share a common religion or that ____ the same dominant religion are likely more culturally similar than are two societies that stick to different religious beliefs. Similar to language, which acts as a representation of culture and a means ____ culture can be transmitted, to the extent that religious views ____ or influence broader attitudes, norms, expectations, and mores, it can be viewed as a ____ that allows culture to be communicated across people and time periods. ____, the researcher employs two measures off religious distance between parent and host countries as a potential proxy variable for cultural differences. The results obtained from his study support his assumptions.
核心觀念
本題考查動詞片語搭配（Collocation）、文意邏輯對等（Parallel Structure）與近義詞呼應（Contextual Synonyms）。 在英文篇章閱讀中，動詞與名詞的搭配常具有固定習慣（如「信仰／信奉宗教」的慣用動詞）；同時，作者常在並列句或對比句中運用不同詞彙表達相同概念，考生須具備辨識「對等連接詞前後語義呼應」及「比較結構中相對詞彙對照」的能力。
解題方法
- 分析句型結構： 原句主幹為：
Two societies [that share a common religion or that ____ the same dominant religion] are likely more culturally similar than are two societies [that stick to different religious beliefs].
- 主詞為 Two societies，後方接由對等連接詞
or連接的兩個形容詞子句（關係代名詞子句）：that share a common religion與that [____] the same dominant religion。 - 比較對象為後方的 two societies that stick to different religious beliefs。
- 掌握上下文邏輯與近義線索：
- 線索一（並列同義）：
or連接的兩個子句修飾同一個主詞，因此空格處所填動詞語義必須與前半句的share（共享、擁有相同）同向，表示「信奉、遵循」同一主要宗教。 - 線索二（前後對照）：比較句後半段提到「堅持／信奉不同宗教信仰」（stick to different religious beliefs），空格處填入的詞彙需與
stick to（堅持、信守）形成同義對照。在英語中，adhere to即為stick to的正式／學術同義詞。
- 搭配詞檢驗：
空格後方的受詞為
the same dominant religion（同一個主流宗教），四個選項中僅有adhere to能與宗教、信仰搭配，表示「信奉、恪守某宗教」。
選項分析
第 12 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Roger White (2016) assumes that religion is a potential marker of cultural similarity between societies. Two societies that share a common religion or that ____ the same dominant religion are likely more culturally similar than are two societies that stick to different religious beliefs. Similar to language, which acts as a representation of culture and a means ____ culture can be transmitted, to the extent that religious views ____ or influence broader attitudes, norms, expectations, and mores, it can be viewed as a ____ that allows culture to be communicated across people and time periods. ____, the researcher employs two measures off religious distance between parent and host countries as a potential proxy variable for cultural differences. The results obtained from his study support his assumptions.
核心觀念
本題考介系詞片語 by which 的用法。它可譯為「藉由……、透過……」，用來表示方法或媒介。題幹句型為：
a means by which culture can be transmitted 一種文化得以傳遞的方式
解題方法
先看空格前後的名詞與子句：a means ____ culture can be transmitted。後面的 culture can be transmitted 是完整子句，句意是「文化可以被傳遞」。空格需要引出「透過什麼方式傳遞」，因此填入 by which，相當於 by means of which。
選項分析
- (A) by which：正確。
by which表示「藉由該方式」，承接前面的a means，符合「文化藉由某種方式傳遞」的語意與句構。
第 13 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Roger White (2016) assumes that religion is a potential marker of cultural similarity between societies. Two societies that share a common religion or that ____ the same dominant religion are likely more culturally similar than are two societies that stick to different religious beliefs. Similar to language, which acts as a representation of culture and a means ____ culture can be transmitted, to the extent that religious views ____ or influence broader attitudes, norms, expectations, and mores, it can be viewed as a ____ that allows culture to be communicated across people and time periods. ____, the researcher employs two measures off religious distance between parent and host countries as a potential proxy variable for cultural differences. The results obtained from his study support his assumptions.
核心觀念
本題考介系詞片語 align with 的語意與上下文判讀。align with 表示「與……一致、相符」，可用來描述兩個社會具有相同的主流宗教。題幹指出，共享相同宗教或具有相同主流宗教的社會，文化上較可能相似；因此空格需要表達「具有相同的主流宗教」。
解題方法
先抓住句中的比較關係：兩個社會若共享同一宗教，或其主流宗教相同，便比信奉不同宗教的社會更可能具有文化相似性。
空格所在片語為 ____ the same dominant religion。填入 align with 後，意思是「與相同的主流宗教一致」，符合前後文。此處的 align with 表示宗教信仰上的相符或一致。
選項分析
- (A) align with：正確。 意為「與……一致、相符」。align with the same dominant religion 表示兩個社會的主流宗教相同，符合文化相似的論述。
第 14 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Roger White (2016) assumes that religion is a potential marker of cultural similarity between societies. Two societies that share a common religion or that ____ the same dominant religion are likely more culturally similar than are two societies that stick to different religious beliefs. Similar to language, which acts as a representation of culture and a means ____ culture can be transmitted, to the extent that religious views ____ or influence broader attitudes, norms, expectations, and mores, it can be viewed as a ____ that allows culture to be communicated across people and time periods. ____, the researcher employs two measures off religious distance between parent and host countries as a potential proxy variable for cultural differences. The results obtained from his study support his assumptions.
核心觀念
本題考的是依上下文判斷英文單字。空格所在句談宗教觀點如何承載、傳遞文化，因此需要填入表示「媒介、載體」的名詞。
解題方法
句子指出，宗教觀點會形塑或影響更廣泛的態度、規範、期待與習俗；因此，宗教可被視為一種讓文化在人群與不同時期間傳播的「載體」。能符合這個意思的是 vessel，此處作比喻用法，指承載或傳遞某種事物的媒介。
選項分析
- (A) block：意為「阻擋、阻塞」或「方塊」，不符合宗教作為文化傳遞媒介的語意。
- (B) pedal：意為「踏板」或「踩踏」，與句意無關。
第 15 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Roger White (2016) assumes that religion is a potential marker of cultural similarity between societies. Two societies that share a common religion or that ____ the same dominant religion are likely more culturally similar than are two societies that stick to different religious beliefs. Similar to language, which acts as a representation of culture and a means ____ culture can be transmitted, to the extent that religious views ____ or influence broader attitudes, norms, expectations, and mores, it can be viewed as a ____ that allows culture to be communicated across people and time periods. ____, the researcher employs two measures off religious distance between parent and host countries as a potential proxy variable for cultural differences. The results obtained from his study support his assumptions.
核心觀念 本題為克漏字測驗中的**篇章邏輯銜接副詞（Transitional Adverbs）**題型，測驗考生在學術英文語境下，掌握前後文「因果推論與研究方法承接」的邏輯關係能力。 學術寫作中，當作者從前述的「理論假設／概念推導（Theoretical Assumption）」進展到後述的「實證操作／變數選取（Empirical Operationalization）」時，必須使用表「相應地／因此」的順接副詞來銜接。
解題方法
- 分析前文語境（立論前提）： 文章前半段提出 Roger White 的理論假設：宗教是社會間文化相似性的潛在標記（a potential marker of cultural similarity），且宗教扮演傳遞文化規範的媒介。此處確立了「宗教差異可反映文化差異」的理論前提。
- 分析後文語境（研究操作）： 空格所在句為「, the researcher employs two measures of religious distance between parent and host countries as a potential proxy variable for cultural differences.（，該研究者採用母國與地主國間的兩種宗教距離衡量指標，作為文化差異的潛在替代變數）」。
- 辨析前後邏輯鏈：
- 前句：宗教能夠代表並傳遞文化（理論基礎）。
- 後句：研究者選用「宗教距離」當作「文化差異」的替代變數（實證方法）。
- 兩者為順理成章的因果承接與相應對策，意即「基於前述理論，研究者相應地／因此採取了此種衡量方式」。故空格需填入表「相應地、因此」之轉折副詞。
第 16 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
In April 1968, Britain was debating the Race Relations Act, which made it illegal to deny a person employment, housing or public services based on race or national origin. The law was intended to protect immigrants from Commonwealth nations, especially former colonies in the Caribbean, India, and Pakistan. The first of these immigrants, 492 Jamaicans, had arrived 20 years earlier. Hundreds of thousands followed.
"The immigrants were called over," says Sathnam Sanghera, an author whose Sikh parents emigrated from India during that time. "There was a labor shortage. There weren't enough people to run the factories after the war." The immigrants were granted British citizenship and helped rebuild Britain after World War II. But they faced racism. Landlords wouldn't rent to them. Some employers turned them away. The Race Relations Act was intended to protect immigrants.
The tension was especially obvious in Wolverhampton, one of the first cities in Britain to experience mass immigration. Enoch Powell, who represented Wolverhampton in Parliament, feared a race war coming because of mass immigration. On April 20, 1968, he took the stage at a Conservative Party event at the Midlands Hotel in Birmingham and gave an incendiary speech that would come to define him—and divide his country. In the speech, Powell warned, "that tragic and intractable phenomenon which we watch with horror on the other side of the Atlantic ... is coming upon us here by our own volition and our own neglect." He attacked the bill that outlawed discrimination. He said it was whites who were facing deprivation and that Britain "must be mad, literally mad, as a nation to be permitting" large numbers of immigrants to enter. The Times of London immediately labeled it an "evil speech." Conservative Party leader Edward Heath dismissed Powell from the party leadership. But polls showed a majority of Britons supported Powell. Many protested, saying, "Powell was right." The speech emboldened racists.
What is this passage mainly about?
核心觀念
本題考查英文閱讀測驗的主旨判斷。作答時要找出貫穿全文的核心議題，而不是只選擇文章提到的單一法案、城市或歷史背景。
文章主要呈現英國移民增加後引發的種族與社會緊張：移民遭遇歧視，政府以《種族關係法》（Race Relations Act）禁止歧視；同時，保守派政治人物鮑威爾（Enoch Powell）發表反移民演說，演說獲得部分民眾支持，也助長了種族主義。
解題方法
先看首段交代的法律背景，再注意後文的轉折與篇幅重點：文章從移民受歧視談起，接著著重描寫鮑威爾反對該法、警告大量移民將造成危機，以及他的演說如何引發支持與抗議。由此可知，全文焦點不只是介紹一項法律，而是英國社會對移民的反對與相關衝突。
選項分析
(A) Race Relations Act. 《種族關係法》是文章的重要背景，法案旨在禁止基於種族或國籍的就業、住房及公共服務歧視。但文章並非以說明法案內容或制定過程為主，後半段的重點是反移民演說及其社會影響，因此不是全文主旨。
第 17 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
In April 1968, Britain was debating the Race Relations Act, which made it illegal to deny a person employment, housing or public services based on race or national origin. The law was intended to protect immigrants from Commonwealth nations, especially former colonies in the Caribbean, India, and Pakistan. The first of these immigrants, 492 Jamaicans, had arrived 20 years earlier. Hundreds of thousands followed.
"The immigrants were called over," says Sathnam Sanghera, an author whose Sikh parents emigrated from India during that time. "There was a labor shortage. There weren't enough people to run the factories after the war." The immigrants were granted British citizenship and helped rebuild Britain after World War II. But they faced racism. Landlords wouldn't rent to them. Some employers turned them away. The Race Relations Act was intended to protect immigrants.
The tension was especially obvious in Wolverhampton, one of the first cities in Britain to experience mass immigration. Enoch Powell, who represented Wolverhampton in Parliament, feared a race war coming because of mass immigration. On April 20, 1968, he took the stage at a Conservative Party event at the Midlands Hotel in Birmingham and gave an incendiary speech that would come to define him—and divide his country. In the speech, Powell warned, "that tragic and intractable phenomenon which we watch with horror on the other side of the Atlantic ... is coming upon us here by our own volition and our own neglect." He attacked the bill that outlawed discrimination. He said it was whites who were facing deprivation and that Britain "must be mad, literally mad, as a nation to be permitting" large numbers of immigrants to enter. The Times of London immediately labeled it an "evil speech." Conservative Party leader Edward Heath dismissed Powell from the party leadership. But polls showed a majority of Britons supported Powell. Many protested, saying, "Powell was right." The speech emboldened racists.
Which of the following best describes the intention of drafting the Race Relations Act?
核心觀念
本題測驗「閱讀測驗：細節理解與同義代換（Locating Specific Information & Paraphrasing）」。考生須精確掌握題幹關鍵字「intention of drafting the Race Relations Act（起草《族群關係法》的意圖／目的）」，並在篇章中迅速定位立法背景、保護對象及規範內容，辨識出關鍵詞彙的同義改寫（如：protect safeguard）。
解題方法
- 題幹關鍵字定位： 抓取核心名詞「Race Relations Act」與提問核心「intention（意圖／目的）」，回文搜尋該法案的立法目的。
- 原文線索檢索：
- 第一段明確指出：「In April 1968, Britain was debating the Race Relations Act, which made it illegal to deny a person employment, housing or public services based on race or national origin. The law was intended to protect immigrants from Commonwealth nations...」（該法將因種族或國籍而拒絕提供就業、住宅或公共服務的行為定為違法。該法旨在保護來自大英國協國家的移民……）。
- 第二段末句再次重申：「The Race Relations Act was intended to protect immigrants（《族群關係法》旨在保護移民）。」
- 比對選項並驗證改寫： 原文的「protect（保護）」與「deny ... based on race（基於種族而拒絕／差別對待）」在選項 (C) 中改寫為「safeguard（保護）」與「treated based on race（基於種族受差別對待）」，語意完全契合。
第 18 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
In April 1968, Britain was debating the Race Relations Act, which made it illegal to deny a person employment, housing or public services based on race or national origin. The law was intended to protect immigrants from Commonwealth nations, especially former colonies in the Caribbean, India, and Pakistan. The first of these immigrants, 492 Jamaicans, had arrived 20 years earlier. Hundreds of thousands followed.
"The immigrants were called over," says Sathnam Sanghera, an author whose Sikh parents emigrated from India during that time. "There was a labor shortage. There weren't enough people to run the factories after the war." The immigrants were granted British citizenship and helped rebuild Britain after World War II. But they faced racism. Landlords wouldn't rent to them. Some employers turned them away. The Race Relations Act was intended to protect immigrants.
The tension was especially obvious in Wolverhampton, one of the first cities in Britain to experience mass immigration. Enoch Powell, who represented Wolverhampton in Parliament, feared a race war coming because of mass immigration. On April 20, 1968, he took the stage at a Conservative Party event at the Midlands Hotel in Birmingham and gave an incendiary speech that would come to define him—and divide his country. In the speech, Powell warned, "that tragic and intractable phenomenon which we watch with horror on the other side of the Atlantic ... is coming upon us here by our own volition and our own neglect." He attacked the bill that outlawed discrimination. He said it was whites who were facing deprivation and that Britain "must be mad, literally mad, as a nation to be permitting" large numbers of immigrants to enter. The Times of London immediately labeled it an "evil speech." Conservative Party leader Edward Heath dismissed Powell from the party leadership. But polls showed a majority of Britons supported Powell. Many protested, saying, "Powell was right." The speech emboldened racists.
What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
核心觀念 本題測驗「段落主旨判斷」（Identifying the Main Idea of a Paragraph），屬於公職英文閱讀測驗最常考的題型之一。考生需具備以下閱讀能力：
- 區分「主旨（Main Idea）」與「支持性細節（Supporting Details）」：主旨是能夠統攝全段核心意旨的句子；引言、數據、個案背景皆屬支持細節，不可「以偏概全（Too narrow）」。
- 掌握轉折詞（Contrast Marker）：英文論說文常利用轉折詞（如 But, However, Yet）帶出全段真正要強調的矛盾、困境或核心論點。
解題方法 解答段落主旨題，應先拆解第二段的論點推展層次（Information Hierarchy）：
- 背景引言（引述證言）：
- "The immigrants were called over," says Sathnam Sanghera... "There was a labor shortage. There weren't enough people to run the factories after the war."
- 作家提及雙親自印度移民，說明戰後缺工是招募移民的背景。此處為證言細節。
- 段落重心與轉折核心（Topic / Pivot Sentences）：
- "The immigrants were granted British citizenship and helped rebuild Britain after World War II."（移民獲得公民權並協助戰後重建）
- "But they faced racism."（然而他們卻遭遇了種族歧視）
- 支持例證（Supporting Examples）：
- Landlords wouldn't rent to them. Some employers turned them away.
- 房東拒租、雇主拒聘，具體說明「面臨種族歧視」的現實。
- 小結：
- The Race Relations Act was intended to protect immigrants.
第 19 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
In April 1968, Britain was debating the Race Relations Act, which made it illegal to deny a person employment, housing or public services based on race or national origin. The law was intended to protect immigrants from Commonwealth nations, especially former colonies in the Caribbean, India, and Pakistan. The first of these immigrants, 492 Jamaicans, had arrived 20 years earlier. Hundreds of thousands followed.
"The immigrants were called over," says Sathnam Sanghera, an author whose Sikh parents emigrated from India during that time. "There was a labor shortage. There weren't enough people to run the factories after the war." The immigrants were granted British citizenship and helped rebuild Britain after World War II. But they faced racism. Landlords wouldn't rent to them. Some employers turned them away. The Race Relations Act was intended to protect immigrants.
The tension was especially obvious in Wolverhampton, one of the first cities in Britain to experience mass immigration. Enoch Powell, who represented Wolverhampton in Parliament, feared a race war coming because of mass immigration. On April 20, 1968, he took the stage at a Conservative Party event at the Midlands Hotel in Birmingham and gave an incendiary speech that would come to define him—and divide his country. In the speech, Powell warned, "that tragic and intractable phenomenon which we watch with horror on the other side of the Atlantic ... is coming upon us here by our own volition and our own neglect." He attacked the bill that outlawed discrimination. He said it was whites who were facing deprivation and that Britain "must be mad, literally mad, as a nation to be permitting" large numbers of immigrants to enter. The Times of London immediately labeled it an "evil speech." Conservative Party leader Edward Heath dismissed Powell from the party leadership. But polls showed a majority of Britons supported Powell. Many protested, saying, "Powell was right." The speech emboldened racists.
According to the third paragraph, why did Powell attack the bill?
核心觀念
本題考查依據指定段落擷取原因，並辨認人物的主張。第三段提到 Powell 反對的是禁止種族歧視的法案，關鍵在於他聲稱「白人正面臨剝奪」，並警告英國不應讓大量移民入境。
解題方法
先定位題目指定的第三段，再找出 Powell 攻擊法案的理由。段落明確說，他認為面臨 deprivation（剝奪、不利處境）的是 whites（白人），並批評英國容許大量移民進入。這表示他反對法案，是因為他認為法案保護移民，卻忽視了白人所受的不利待遇。
因此，選項須與「白人受到歧視」這項主張相符。
選項分析
-
(A) Immigrants were being mistreated. 意為「移民受到不公平對待」。段落確實提到房東拒絕出租、雇主拒絕雇用移民，但這是說明法案制定的背景，不是 Powell 攻擊法案的理由。
-
(B) People neglected immigration laws. 意為「人們忽視移民法規」。Powell 引述中雖提到 “our own neglect”，但指的是英國因疏忽而讓移民問題發展，不是說人們違反或忽視移民法規，因此不符合選項內容。
第 20 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
In April 1968, Britain was debating the Race Relations Act, which made it illegal to deny a person employment, housing or public services based on race or national origin. The law was intended to protect immigrants from Commonwealth nations, especially former colonies in the Caribbean, India, and Pakistan. The first of these immigrants, 492 Jamaicans, had arrived 20 years earlier. Hundreds of thousands followed.
"The immigrants were called over," says Sathnam Sanghera, an author whose Sikh parents emigrated from India during that time. "There was a labor shortage. There weren't enough people to run the factories after the war." The immigrants were granted British citizenship and helped rebuild Britain after World War II. But they faced racism. Landlords wouldn't rent to them. Some employers turned them away. The Race Relations Act was intended to protect immigrants.
The tension was especially obvious in Wolverhampton, one of the first cities in Britain to experience mass immigration. Enoch Powell, who represented Wolverhampton in Parliament, feared a race war coming because of mass immigration. On April 20, 1968, he took the stage at a Conservative Party event at the Midlands Hotel in Birmingham and gave an incendiary speech that would come to define him—and divide his country. In the speech, Powell warned, "that tragic and intractable phenomenon which we watch with horror on the other side of the Atlantic ... is coming upon us here by our own volition and our own neglect." He attacked the bill that outlawed discrimination. He said it was whites who were facing deprivation and that Britain "must be mad, literally mad, as a nation to be permitting" large numbers of immigrants to enter. The Times of London immediately labeled it an "evil speech." Conservative Party leader Edward Heath dismissed Powell from the party leadership. But polls showed a majority of Britons supported Powell. Many protested, saying, "Powell was right." The speech emboldened racists.
Which of the following is true about Enoch Powell and his speech?
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解與細節判斷，重點是分清楚三件事：1968 年《Race Relations Act》（種族關係法）的立法目的、Enoch Powell 對法案的立場，以及其所屬保守黨領袖對他的處置。
解題方法
先定位題幹對 Powell 演說及其後續影響的敘述：
- Powell 攻擊禁止歧視的法案，並以種族衝突與白人受剝奪等說法煽動反對情緒。
- 保守黨領袖 Edward Heath 不認同 Powell 的立場，將他撤離黨內領導職務。
- 不過，民調顯示多數英國民眾支持 Powell，演說也使種族主義者更受鼓舞。
因此，判斷選項時，應以「保守黨領袖撤除 Powell 職務」作為黨的立場線索；民眾支持 Powell，不能直接推論保守黨支持他的種族主義觀點。
選項分析
- (A) Powell's speech initiated Britain's immigration laws. 錯。題幹指出《Race Relations Act》旨在保護移民免受種族或國籍歧視；Powell 的演說是在法案辯論期間發表，且是攻擊該法案，並非促成英國移民法規的起點。