109 移民特考三等 移民行政(選試越南文) 外國文(越南文兼試移民專業英文) 考古題詳解
第 一、 題20 分
Hãy dịch đoạn văn sau ra tiếng Trung:
Không để người nước ngoài cư trú quá hạn trở thành lỗ hổng trong công tác phòng chống dịch bệnh COVID-19, Sở Di Dân phối hợp với chính sách phòng chống dịch bệnh của Trung tâm phòng chống dịch bệnh Trung ương đưa ra chuyên án “Người nước ngoài cư trú quá hạn tại Đài Loan tự nguyện ra đầu thú”. Chuyên án có hiệu lực từ ngày 1/04 ~ 30/06, với các ưu đãi “không giam giữ, không hạn chế thời gian tái nhập cảnh, tiền phạt thấp”, dùng chính sách “mềm mỏng” khuyến khích người nước ngoài cư trú quá hạn tự nguyện ra đầu thú. Trong thời gian thực thi chuyên án, đối tượng bị điều tra bắt giữ hoặc tự nguyện ra đầu thú đều không có ai bị nhiễm bệnh, cho thấy chuyên án “Tự nguyện ra đầu thú” của Sở Di Dân đã đạt được mục tiêu phòng chống lây lan dịch bệnh.
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核心觀念
本題為外語翻譯(越翻中)之非選擇題型,核心評量重點為「專業時事越文之轉譯能力」及「移民行政法規與政策術語之精準掌握度」。
- 法令與政策背景(以命題當年民國 109 年法規為準):
- 涉及法規為《入出國及移民法》關於外國人逾期停(居)留、收容及管制再入國之規範。
- 涉及實務政策為民國 109 年內政部移民署配合衛生福利部「中央流行疫情指揮中心」(CECC)所推動之「擴大逾期停(居)留外來人口自行到案專案」。
- (法律變動提示:現行《入出國及移民法》已於民國 112 年大幅修正施行,全面加重逾期罰鍰至新臺幣 1 萬至 5 萬元並延長禁止入國期間最高至 7 年,但解題與術語理解仍以命題當年之專案制度為準)。
- 翻譯核心準則: 越文中含有大量新聞公文體慣用語,考生不可按字面硬翻,必須精準對接我國移民法制專用名詞(如收容、自行到案、禁止入國管制)與官方防疫用語(如破口、中央流行疫情指揮中心)。
解題方法
翻譯策略採取「結構斷句拆解」與「專業術語置換」兩步驟:
一、 語句結構拆解與轉譯路徑
- 第一句(背景與決策動機):
- 越文結構:目的狀語(
Không để người nước ngoài cư trú quá hạn trở thành lỗ hổng...)+ 主詞(Sở Di Dân)+ 協同動詞片語(phối hợp với...)+ 核心述語(đưa ra chuyên án...)。 - 切入點:目的狀語置於句首,在中文公文中宜譯為「為防杜……/為免……成為破口」;主句則依我國行政體系譯為「移民署配合……推動……專案」。
- 第二句(專案期程、寬大措施與手段):
- 越文結構:專案期程(
Chuyên án có hiệu lực từ ngày 1/04 ~ 30/06)+ 優惠條件列舉(với các ưu đãi...)+ 策略手段(dùng chính sách “mềm mỏng” khuyến khích...)。 - 切入點:將條列式之三大優惠對準移民實務名詞(不收容、不管制、低罰鍰),再以動賓結構收整其柔性政策目的。
- 第三句(執行成果與效益評估):
- 越文結構:時間狀語(
Trong thời gian thực thi chuyên án)+ 複合主詞(đối tượng bị điều tra bắt giữ hoặc tự nguyện ra đầu thú)+ 判定述語(đều không có ai bị nhiễm bệnh)+ 結論引導(cho thấy chuyên án... đã đạt được mục tiêu...)。 - 切入點:被動查緝與主動投案兩類對象需對稱處理,最後以「足見/顯示……已達成……之目標」展現公文結尾氣勢。
二、 關鍵專有名詞對照表
| 越文原文 | 考生常犯直譯(失分) | 移民專業規範譯詞(給分標準) |
|---|---|---|
người nước ngoài cư trú quá hạn | 過期居住的外國人 | 逾期停(居)留外國人(或外籍人士) |
lỗ hổng trong công tác phòng chống dịch bệnh | 疾病防治工作中的漏洞 | 防疫工作之破口(或防疫漏洞) |
Sở Di Dân | 移民所/移民處 | 內政部移民署(簡稱移民署) |
Trung tâm phòng chống dịch bệnh Trung ương | 中央防病中心 | 中央流行疫情指揮中心 |
tự nguyện ra đầu thú | 自願投案/自願自首 | 自行到案 |
không giam giữ | 不關押/不拘留/不羈押 | 不收容 |
第 二、 題25 分
Hãy dịch đoạn văn sau ra tiếng Việt:
COVID-19(新冠肺炎)疫情肆虐,出國成奢望。台北市民政局7月5日下午在信義公民會館中央廣場,舉辦「新移民特色市集」,來自日本、韓國、英國、菲律賓、印尼、泰國、馬來西亞等國家的新移民們,精心打造21個特色攤位,從家鄉美食、趣味遊戲到文創飾品DIY通通有,要讓民眾在吃喝玩樂中周遊列國。至今年6月底,共有3萬6000多名新移民在台北生活,帶來豐富多樣的文化交流,今年首次推出新移民特色市集,讓大家吃美食、做飾品、玩遊戲、看表演,各種體驗一次滿足。
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核心觀念
本題為「中譯越」題型,選材自台北市政府民政局的新聞稿,題材結合時事(COVID-19 疫情)與移民行政實務(新住民多元文化推廣與輔導)。本科目評分核心在於專有名詞對譯的精準度、長句拆解與語序重組能力,以及越南語新聞文體(phong cách báo chí)的流暢度。
- 核心專有名詞與政府體制對譯:
- 「COVID-19(新冠肺炎)」:越南官方標準用語為 dịch bệnh COVID-19 或 đại dịch COVID-19。
- 「台北市民政局」:台灣地方政府一級機關「局」在越南語習慣譯為 Cục 或 Sở。行政機關標準譯名為 Cục Dân chính thành phố Đài Bắc(或 Sở Dân chính thành phố Đài Bắc)。
- 「新移民(現行法規通稱新住民)」:標準公文及新聞用語為 tân di dân 或 di dân mới。
- 「信義公民會館」:專有名詞地名採音譯加意譯,譯為 Hội quán Công dân Xinyi(或 Nhà sinh hoạt công dân Xinyi)。
- 語序調整法則(修飾語後置): 中文習慣將時間、地點、修飾性偏正子句置於動詞主幹前方;越南語核心結構為「主詞+動詞+受詞」,形容詞及修飾子句一律後置(名詞+修飾語)。遇到中文多層次修飾的長句時,必須調整狀語位置以符合越南語表達習慣。
- 成語及文化詞彙意譯: 中文公關新聞常出現「吃喝玩樂中周遊列國」、「各種體驗一次滿足」等對仗修辭,不可逐字死譯,應轉換為符合越南語閱聽習慣的動賓結構。
解題方法
本題採「斷句重整法」與「機能對等翻譯法」,將全文切分為四個核心意群進行結構轉換:
第一段:背景鋪陳(疫情肆虐與出國受限)
- 原文:「COVID-19(新冠肺炎)疫情肆虐,出國成奢望。」
- 切入點:前句為背景狀語,後句為結果。「肆虐」轉化為越南語動詞 hoành hành;「奢望」名詞轉化為 ước mơ xa vời 或 điều xa xỉ。
- 結構推導:
第二段:核心事件主幹(主辦單位、時間、地點、活動名稱)
- 原文:「台北市民政局7月5日下午在信義公民會館中央廣場,舉辦「新移民特色市集」……」
- 切入點:將時間狀語提至句首或置於謂語動詞之後,主幹為「Cục Dân chính tổ chức hội chợ tại... vào...」。
- 結構推導:
第三段:攤位細節與主觀目的(列舉國籍與特色)
- 原文:「來自日本、韓國、英國、菲律賓、印尼、泰國、馬來西亞等國家的新移民們,精心打造21個特色攤位,從家鄉美食、趣味遊戲到文創飾品DIY通通有,要讓民眾在吃喝玩樂中周遊列國。」
- 切入點:
- 「來自……的新移民們」作為主詞:Các tân di dân đến từ...
- 動詞片語「精心打造21個特色攤位」:dày công chuẩn bị / thiết kế 21 gian hàng đặc sắc.
- 列舉句型「從……到……通通有」:từ... cho đến... đều có đủ.
- 目的子句「要讓民眾在吃喝玩樂中周遊列國」:nhằm giúp người dân như được chu du các nước thông qua các hoạt động ăn uống và vui chơi giải trí.
第四段:統計數據與結尾活動成果
- 原文:「至今年6月底,共有3萬6000多名新移民在台北生活,帶來豐富多樣的文化交流,今年首次推出新移民特色市集,讓大家吃美食、做飾品、玩遊戲、看表演,各種體驗一次滿足。」
- 切入點:
- 時間與統計句:「至今年6月底」譯為 Tính đến cuối tháng 6 năm nay;「3萬6000多名」依越南數字規範書寫為 hơn 36.000.
- 結果子句:mang lại sự giao lưu văn hóa phong phú và đa dạng.
- 總結呼應:「各種體驗一次滿足」譯為 thỏa mãn mọi trải nghiệm chỉ trong một lần tham gia.
選項分析
本題為申論翻譯題,非客觀選擇題。評閱標準主要針對各句段常見的翻譯層次、正誤詞彙與語法盲點進行分級評估:
- 詞彙「新移民」譯法分析:
- 正確(佳):
tân di dân或di dân mới。
第 三、 題30 分
Viết văn: Hãy cho biết tình hình và chính sách chống dịch bệnh COVID-19 ở Đài Loan?
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核心觀念
- 考核核心:
- 本題為公務人員特種考試移民行政人員三等考試之「越南文寫作(Viết văn)」題型,占分通常為 20 至 30 分。核心在於評量考生將「當前重大公衛時事」結合「移民與邊境管理實務」的越語論述能力。
- 評分重點包括:專業詞彙精準度、篇章邏輯架構(引言-本論-結論三段式)、語法結構流暢度,以及對台灣重大國家政策的掌握程度。
- 時空背景與法規依據:
- 以命題當年(民國 109 年)法規為準:民國 109 年初全球爆發新型冠狀病毒肺炎(COVID-19),台灣依據《傳染病防治法》成立「中央流行疫情指揮中心」(CECC),立法院並制定通過《嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎防治及紓困振興特別條例》,依此實施邊境管制、居家檢疫、科技足跡追蹤與口罩實名制等措施。
- (註:現行法已修正,《嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎防治及紓困振興特別條例》已於民國 112 年 6 月 30 日施行屆滿廢止,指揮中心亦已解編降級;但本題解題仍須完全立足於民國 109 年當時之情境。)
解題方法
本題為開放式申論寫作題,題幹要求說明「台灣對抗 COVID-19 疫情之現況(tình hình)與政策(chính sách)」。作答宜採「標準議論文三段式架構」,字數設定在 280~350 字之間最適當:
- 引言段(Mở bài):
- 簡述 2020 年全球疫情肆虐背景。
- 破題點出台灣憑藉迅速反應與超前部署,成為國際公認的防疫典範(mô hình phòng dịch tiêu biểu)。
- 本論段(Thân bài):分為兩大核心軸線呼應題目要求:
- 現況(Tình hình):點出 2020 年台灣本土確診人數極低、維持零星境外移入,未爆發大規模社區感染,社會與經濟運作維持相對正常。
- 政策(Chính sách):分項列出 4 項標誌性防線:
- 超前部署與透明體系:成立「中央流行疫情指揮中心」(CECC),每日召開記者會公開疫情資訊。
- 邊境嚴格管制與檢疫:限制外籍人士入境、實施入境者 14 天居家檢疫,並運用大數據與「電子圍籬」定位追蹤。
- 科技防疫與物資均富:利用健保卡大數據推行「口罩實名制」,保障物資供應無虞。
- 公民素養與社會合作:民眾高度配合自主配戴口罩、勤洗手、保持社交距離。
- 結論段(Kết luận):
- 總結「台灣模式」(Mô hình Đài Loan)的成功歸功於「政府決策透明、科技嚴格管理、邊境阻絕得宜、全民高度團結」,展現國家治理與邊境管理的高效能。
選項分析(題目要素與題意剖析)
本題雖非選擇題,但閱卷評分時會檢視考生是否完整回答題幹所設定的兩大必備要件:
- 要素一:tình hình(疫情現況):
- 正確切入:必須忠實反映民國 109 年(2020 年)之實際情勢——台灣當時為全球極少數守住本土防線的地區,確診數低且無社區大流行。
- 偏誤陷阱:切忌時空錯置,若寫成 2021 年的三級警戒社區感染或 2022 年 Omicon 走向與病毒共存的狀況,即屬離題或事實錯誤,必遭重扣。
- 要素二:chính sách chống dịch bệnh(防疫政策):
- 正確切入:須精準呈現具有台灣特色的官方政策名詞(如口罩實名制、電子圍籬、中央流行疫情指揮中心、居家檢疫 14 天)。
- 偏誤陷阱:切忌只使用口語化或空洞口號(如「政府很努力」、「大家很勇敢」)而未提具體政策名稱,無法展現移民公職所需的專業公文書寫水準。
解題技巧
- 專有名詞關鍵字庫(必備得分詞彙):
- 中央流行疫情指揮中心:Trung tâm chỉ đạo phòng chống dịch bệnh trung ương (CECC)
- 口罩實名制:Hệ thống phân phối khẩu trang bằng tên thật
- 電子圍籬追蹤系統:Hàng rào điện tử (Hệ thống giám sát định vị thông minh)
- 居家檢疫:Cách ly tại nhà
- 邊境管制:Kiểm soát biên giới
- 超前部署:Triển khai trước / Chuẩn bị trước một bước
- 社交距離:Giãn cách xã hội
- 句型與連接詞邏輯:
- 善用承先啟後的邏輯詞彙引導分點:Trước hết(首先)、Thứ nhất / Thứ hai / Thứ ba(第一/第二/第三)、Bên cạnh đó(此外)、Nhờ vậy(因此/多虧如此)、Tóm lại(總結),使文章層次分明。
- 時間與篇幅配置:
- 考試總時間有限,此類作文題建議在 30~35 分鐘內完成,篇幅維持在考卷約 20~25 行(約 300 字越南文),字體工整、標點與聲調符號切勿漏標。
【答案】
參考範文(Bài viết tham khảo)
Năm 2020, trong khi đại dịch COVID-19 bùng phát dữ dội và gây ra cuộc khủng hoảng y tế nghiêm trọng trên toàn thế giới, Đài Loan đã thành công trong việc ng
第 1 題1 分
Global ____ refers to the ability of a workforce to move from one country to another and successfully settle down.
核心觀念
本題考全球職場相關詞彙。mobility 有「移動能力、流動性」之意;global mobility 指勞動力跨國移動並在目的地安頓的能力或現象。
解題方法
句意是:「全球的 ____ 指勞動力能從一個國家移動到另一個國家,並成功定居的能力。」空格應填入表示「跨國流動」的名詞,global mobility 正符合定義。
選項分析
- (A) management:「管理」。
global management指全球管理,與勞動力跨國移動、定居的定義不符。 - (B) awareness:「認知、意識」。
第 2 題1 分
Most countries have made much effort in ____ human trafficking, and Taiwan is no exception.
核心觀念
本題考查動詞與受詞的搭配,以及根據句意選擇適當字義。句中談到各國投入許多心力處理「人口販運」,空格需要填入表示「打擊、對抗」的動詞。
human trafficking 是「人口販運」;combat 作動詞時,表示「對抗、打擊」,常與犯罪、疾病或問題搭配。
解題方法
句意是:「多數國家都投入許多心力打擊人口販運,台灣也不例外。」
固定搭配為 make effort in + 名詞/動名詞,表示「致力於……」。因此空格應填入動名詞 combating,即 make much effort in combating human trafficking。
選項分析
第 3 題1 分
When filling out the application form, please write ____ so the clerks can understand the written content.
核心觀念
本題考副詞的詞義與用法。空格修飾動詞片語 write,要選出能表達「書寫得清楚、易於辨認」的副詞,讓辦事人員看得懂表格內容。
解題方法
先看句意:填寫申請表時,請把內容寫得讓辦事人員能理解。關鍵線索是 so the clerks can understand the written content(以便辦事人員理解書面內容)。因此空格需要表示「字跡清楚、易辨識」的副詞。
選項分析
第 4 題1 分
A significant ____ of the demonstration taking place yesterday was the large number of participants.
核心觀念
本題考名詞字義與句意搭配。句子要表達:「昨天舉行的示威活動,一個重要的__是參與人數眾多。」空格應填能表示「面向、特點」的名詞 aspect。
解題方法
先看句型:A significant ____ of the demonstration ... was ...,意思是「這場示威的一項重要__是……」。後面的 the large number of participants(參與者人數眾多)是在說明示威活動的一項特點,因此填入表示「面向、特點」的 aspect,句意通順。
選項分析
- (A) aspect:正確。 意為「面向、方面、特點」。
an aspect of ...可表示「……的一個面向/特點」,符合句意。
第 5 題1 分
This entry permit is only ____, valid for three months.
核心觀念
本題考英文形容詞的字義與語境判斷。entry permit 是「入境許可」;句中 valid for three months 表示「效期為三個月」。空格要填入能描述效期有限、暫時性的形容詞。
解題方法
先抓住 valid for three months 這個線索:許可只在三個月內有效,表示它是「臨時的、暫時的」。因此應選 temporary,句意為:「這張入境許可只是臨時性的,有效期為三個月。」
選項分析
第 6 題1 分
According to official statistics, immigrants ____ almost 14% of the U.S. population.
核心觀念
本題考英文動詞的語意與搭配。句意為:「根據官方統計,移民約占美國人口的 14%。」空格後接比例,應選能表示「構成、占……一部分」的動詞 comprise。
解題方法
先看句子主詞與受詞:主詞是 immigrants(移民),受詞是 almost 14% of the U.S. population(美國人口的近 14%)。句子要表達移民「構成」美國人口的一部分,因此填入 comprise,語意與句型皆通順。
選項分析
- (A) contain:意為「包含、容納」,通常表示某物內含其他事物,例如 The box contains books.(箱子裡裝有書。
第 7 題1 分
The results of a 2019 poll found that 81% of Americans supported a path to ____ for undocumented immigrants.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字的語意與固定搭配。句中 undocumented immigrants 指「無證移民」,空格前的 a path to 表示「通往……的途徑」。要找出與移民身分及入籍相符的名詞。
解題方法
先看句意:2019 年的一項民調發現,81% 的美國人支持讓無證移民有一條通往某種身分或結果的途徑。移民政策中常見的搭配是 a path to citizenship,意為「取得公民身分的途徑」。因此空格應填 citizenship。
選項分析
- (A) civilization:意為「文明、文明社會」,不符合無證移民取得身分的語境。
第 8 題1 分
Successfully ____ travelers can use e-Gates in the major airports and seaports of Taiwan.
核心觀念
本題考單字在語境中的意思,以及動詞與受詞的搭配。句子描述旅客完成某項程序後,便可使用臺灣主要機場及海港的自動通關閘門(e-Gates)。
解題方法
先看句意:「成功__的旅客可以使用 e-Gates。」空格需要表示旅客已完成登記或註冊的動詞過去分詞,修飾 travelers。enroll 有「登記、註冊」之意,因此 Successfully enrolled travelers 即「成功完成註冊的旅客」,符合句意。
選項分析
- (A) enrolled:正確。
enroll表示登記、註冊;successfully enrolled travelers指成功完成註冊的旅客,語意與使用自動通關的資格相符。 - **(B) bounded:錯誤。
第 9 題1 分
The action to ____ an existing ARC must be taken within 30 days prior to its expiration date.
核心觀念
本題考英文動詞與句意判讀。ARC 是外僑居留證(Alien Resident Certificate);居留證到期前辦理的動作,是「延長效期、延期」,英文用 extend。
句意為:「延長既有外僑居留證的申請,必須在其到期日前 30 日內辦理。」
解題方法
先看空格後方的受詞:an existing ARC,表示要對一張既有的居留證採取某項動作;再看時間條件:within 30 days prior to its expiration date,意為「到期日前 30 日內」。這組語意指向到期前延長證件效期,因此選擇表示「延長」的動詞 extend。
選項分析
第 10 題1 分
In the eyes of the jury members, the explanation furnished by the defendant was ____ reasonable and logical.
核心觀念
本題考副詞的語意與搭配。空格位於形容詞片語 reasonable and logical 前,須選擇能自然修飾這兩個形容詞、表達「完全、非常」的副詞。
句意是:「在陪審團成員看來,被告所提出的解釋__合理且合乎邏輯。」
解題方法
先將四個選項代入句意,判斷各副詞的意思是否符合語境:
- entirely reasonable and logical 表示「完全合理且合乎邏輯」,文法與語意都通順。
- 其餘副詞分別表示「通常地」、「不規則地」及「交替地」,都不適合表達陪審團對解釋合理性的整體評價。
因此選擇 (B) entirely。
選項分析
- (A) ordinarily:「通常地、一般而言」。常用來說明事情通常發生的情形,例如 ordinarily happens(通常會發生)。此處要評價解釋是否合理,使用 ordinarily reasonable 不符合句意。
第 11 題1 分
In that community, the locals and the foreigners have a good relationship which is ____ supportive.
核心觀念
本題考副詞的語意與搭配。句中 supportive 是形容詞,意為「支持的、互相扶持的」;空格處要填副詞,修飾 supportive。句意是「在那個社群裡,當地人和外國人有良好的關係,彼此互相支持。」
解題方法
先看空格後的形容詞 supportive,判斷空格需要能修飾形容詞的副詞;再依主詞 the locals and the foreigners 的雙方關係,選出表示「彼此、相互」的字。mutually supportive 即「彼此支持的、相互扶持的」,語意與句中「良好的關係」相符。
選項分析
第 12 題1 分
Recently, with the raging development of COVID-19, many countries have mandated new arrivals to be ____ for 14 days.
核心觀念
本題考查英文單字辨義與常見搭配。句意是:「近來隨著 COVID-19 疫情迅速蔓延,許多國家規定新入境者須接受 14 天的__。」關鍵線索是「新入境者」與「14 天」,符合為防止傳染病散播而「隔離」的情境。
解題方法
先判斷空格需要表達的意思:新入境者須在一段期間內與他人隔開,以降低疾病傳播風險。英文常用 be quarantined for 14 days,表示「被隔離 14 天」。句中的 mandated 表示「規定、強制要求」,也與 quarantined 的被動語態相搭配。
選項分析
第 13 題1 分
In a workplace, you should develop a good ____ with colleagues, and they will be willing to help you when needed.
核心觀念
本題考固定搭配與詞義判讀。句意是:「在職場上,你應該和同事建立良好的__,他們在你需要時就會願意幫助你。」空格需要填入表示人際關係融洽、彼此理解與信任的名詞。
解題方法
先看句意:建立良好的同事關係,才能促使同事在需要時提供協助。develop a good rapport with someone 是常見搭配,意為「與某人建立良好的融洽關係」。因此選 rapport。
選項分析
- (A) rapport:正確。 指融洽、和諧的人際關係或默契。
a good rapport with colleagues即「與同事建立良好的關係」,符合句意。 - **(B) disparity:錯誤。
第 14 題1 分
People ____ may hold different views on various issues; that is why communication plays a key role in building understanding.
核心觀念
本題考固定搭配 from one generation to the next,意思是「從一個世代到下一個世代」。題目也測驗如何從句意判斷片語:不同世代的人對各種議題可能有不同看法,因此溝通有助於建立理解。
解題方法
將選項代入句子,檢視句意與文法:
People from one generation to the next may hold different views on various issues; that is why communication plays a key role in building understanding.
前半句意為:「不同世代的人對各種議題可能持有不同看法。」後半句說明因此溝通在建立理解上扮演重要角色,前後因果連貫。
選項分析
第 15 題1 分
Some ____ of immigration argue that the freedom of movement both within and between countries is a basic human right.
核心觀念
本題考查 字彙辨義與語境判斷。句意為:「有些__移民的人主張,國內與國際間的遷徙自由都是基本人權。」空格應填入表示「支持者、倡議者」的人,才能與後面的主張內容銜接。
解題方法
先看句型:Some ____ of immigration argue that ...,其中 argue that ... 表示「主張……」。空格需要填入能指稱「某種立場的支持者」的名詞;proponents of immigration 即「移民的支持者」,符合句意與搭配。
選項分析
- (A) provocations:
provocation指「挑釁、激怒的言行」,provocations of immigration無法表示移民議題的支持者,語意不通。
第 16 題1 分
The uneven development typical of our economic system means that the difference between the most ____ and the poorest countries is growing bigger all the time.
核心觀念
本題考形容詞的詞義與語境判斷。句中用 the most ____ and the poorest countries 對照「最……的國家」與「最貧窮的國家」,空格應填入和 poorest 意義相反、且能描述國家經濟狀況的形容詞。affluent 意為「富裕的」,符合句意。
解題方法
句意是:「我們經濟制度中典型的不均衡發展,意味著最富裕的國家與最貧窮的國家之間的差距,正持續擴大。」
先抓住 the most 與 the poorest 的對照,再看句意中的 difference ... is growing bigger,可知比較的是國家間的經濟差距。因此空格需要表示「富裕」的形容詞。
選項分析
- (A) establishing:establish 是「建立、設立」;establishing 是現在分詞或動名詞,不能自然表示國家的財富程度。
第 17 題1 分
Competition from immigrants in a particular profession may ____ underemployment in that profession, but increase wages for other natives.
核心觀念
本題考查字義與上下文判斷。句意是:特定職業中的移民競爭,可能使該職業的就業不足情形「更加嚴重」,但同時提高其他本國人的工資。空格需要填入表示「加劇、惡化」的動詞。
解題方法
先看句子的轉折詞 but:前半句描述移民競爭對特定職業造成不利影響,後半句則指出其他本國人的工資可能上升。underemployment 指「就業不足」,例如工作時數不足,或從事的工作未充分運用個人的技能與資格。因此,能自然搭配「使就業不足加劇」的動詞是 aggravate。
選項分析
- (A) captivate:意為「吸引、迷住」,通常用於吸引人的注意或使人著迷;不能表示使就業不足惡化。
第 18 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Failure: We all avoid it, and most of us fear it. However, without failure, progress would be impossible. Indeed, the word success comes from the Latin succedere, meaning “to come after.” And what does success usually come after? Failure. It seems that one cannot exist without the other.
Accepting failure is not easy for many, though. We are often reluctant to admit failure because our professional reputations depend on success. However, things are slowly changing, notably in the field of business and science. In the past decade, for instance, some scientific journals—mostly in medicine and conservation—have published reports of failed experiments. The belief is that the science community can also learn from “negative” results and that this can eventually lead to positive outcomes.
In many ways, the business world already understands the value of negative results. To encourage entrepreneurship, the Netherlands-based ABN AMRO bank started an Institute of Brilliant Failures to learn more about what works and what doesn’t in banking. Similarly, Eli Lilly and Company, the pharmaceutical corporation, has “R&D outcome celebrations”—failure parties—to study data about drugs that don’t work. (Almost 90 percent of all drug trials fail, and the drugs cannot be sold.)
In fact, one of the business world’s most famous failures eventually became one of its biggest successes, in part because the product’s makers learned from their mistakes. In the early 1990s, Apple Corporation created a hand-held device called the Apple Newton. The product, though unique at the time, was expensive and heavy; moreover, some of its most important features didn’t work properly. Consequently, it became one of Apple’s biggest failures, and in 1998, the company stopped selling it. However, Apple’s CEO, Steve Jobs, believed the product had potential and he began to explore ways of improving it. In time, this led to the creation of the iPhone and the iPad, two of the company’s most successful products.
The story of the Apple Newton can teach us another important lesson about failure. Not only should we try to learn from it; if we want to succeed, we must also be persistent. Though Apple stopped selling the Newton in 1998, the first iPhone wasn’t available until 2007. It took a lot of research and hard work to go from the Apple Newton to iPhone, but in the end, the effort paid off.
Ultimately, there is a lot we can learn by studying mistakes. Perhaps the most important lesson is that failure and success are two sides of the same coin. One truly cannot exist without the other.
What is the best way to summarize the reading passage?
核心觀念
本題考主旨摘要。摘要應抓住全文反覆強調的中心思想,避免只挑某一段的例子或細節。文章主旨是:失敗可以帶來學習與改進,但要從失敗走向成功,還需要持續努力。
解題方法
先觀察首段與末段:文章開頭指出「沒有失敗,進步便不可能」,結尾則再次強調失敗與成功是同一枚硬幣的兩面,彼此相連。中間各段以科學研究、企業作法及 Apple Newton 的例子,說明人們能從失敗中學習,並持續改進,最終取得成功。
因此,最能概括全文的選項,應保留「成功之前可能需要經歷失敗」這層關係,而不能把它說成必然結果,也不能只談恐懼或接受失敗的困難。
選項分析
- (A) Success and fear are basically the same thing. 錯誤。文章提到人們害怕失敗,但沒有說成功與恐懼相同;恐懼只是開頭引出的背景。
第 19 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Failure: We all avoid it, and most of us fear it. However, without failure, progress would be impossible. Indeed, the word success comes from the Latin succedere, meaning “to come after.” And what does success usually come after? Failure. It seems that one cannot exist without the other.
Accepting failure is not easy for many, though. We are often reluctant to admit failure because our professional reputations depend on success. However, things are slowly changing, notably in the field of business and science. In the past decade, for instance, some scientific journals—mostly in medicine and conservation—have published reports of failed experiments. The belief is that the science community can also learn from “negative” results and that this can eventually lead to positive outcomes.
In many ways, the business world already understands the value of negative results. To encourage entrepreneurship, the Netherlands-based ABN AMRO bank started an Institute of Brilliant Failures to learn more about what works and what doesn’t in banking. Similarly, Eli Lilly and Company, the pharmaceutical corporation, has “R&D outcome celebrations”—failure parties—to study data about drugs that don’t work. (Almost 90 percent of all drug trials fail, and the drugs cannot be sold.)
In fact, one of the business world’s most famous failures eventually became one of its biggest successes, in part because the product’s makers learned from their mistakes. In the early 1990s, Apple Corporation created a hand-held device called the Apple Newton. The product, though unique at the time, was expensive and heavy; moreover, some of its most important features didn’t work properly. Consequently, it became one of Apple’s biggest failures, and in 1998, the company stopped selling it. However, Apple’s CEO, Steve Jobs, believed the product had potential and he began to explore ways of improving it. In time, this led to the creation of the iPhone and the iPad, two of the company’s most successful products.
The story of the Apple Newton can teach us another important lesson about failure. Not only should we try to learn from it; if we want to succeed, we must also be persistent. Though Apple stopped selling the Newton in 1998, the first iPhone wasn’t available until 2007. It took a lot of research and hard work to go from the Apple Newton to iPhone, but in the end, the effort paid off.
Ultimately, there is a lot we can learn by studying mistakes. Perhaps the most important lesson is that failure and success are two sides of the same coin. One truly cannot exist without the other.
Why are some scientific journals starting to publish the results of failed experiments?
核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解與因果關係判斷。第二段指出,有些科學期刊開始刊登失敗實驗的報告,是因為科學界相信「負面結果」也能提供學習材料,最終促成正面成果。
解題方法
先定位題目詢問的段落:第二段提到,過去十年來,一些科學期刊開始刊登失敗實驗的報告。緊接著的句子說明原因:科學界也能從「負面」結果中學習,而這些結果最終可能帶來正面成果。這與選項 D 的意思相符。
選項分析
- (A) to encourage new experiments in other fields:錯誤。文章沒有說刊登失敗實驗是為了鼓勵其他領域進行新實驗。
- (B) so that people can discuss and share their findings at failure parties:錯誤。「failure parties」是藥廠 Eli Lilly 的做法,用來檢討無效藥物的資料,與科學期刊刊登失敗實驗的原因不同。
第 20 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Failure: We all avoid it, and most of us fear it. However, without failure, progress would be impossible. Indeed, the word success comes from the Latin succedere, meaning “to come after.” And what does success usually come after? Failure. It seems that one cannot exist without the other.
Accepting failure is not easy for many, though. We are often reluctant to admit failure because our professional reputations depend on success. However, things are slowly changing, notably in the field of business and science. In the past decade, for instance, some scientific journals—mostly in medicine and conservation—have published reports of failed experiments. The belief is that the science community can also learn from “negative” results and that this can eventually lead to positive outcomes.
In many ways, the business world already understands the value of negative results. To encourage entrepreneurship, the Netherlands-based ABN AMRO bank started an Institute of Brilliant Failures to learn more about what works and what doesn’t in banking. Similarly, Eli Lilly and Company, the pharmaceutical corporation, has “R&D outcome celebrations”—failure parties—to study data about drugs that don’t work. (Almost 90 percent of all drug trials fail, and the drugs cannot be sold.)
In fact, one of the business world’s most famous failures eventually became one of its biggest successes, in part because the product’s makers learned from their mistakes. In the early 1990s, Apple Corporation created a hand-held device called the Apple Newton. The product, though unique at the time, was expensive and heavy; moreover, some of its most important features didn’t work properly. Consequently, it became one of Apple’s biggest failures, and in 1998, the company stopped selling it. However, Apple’s CEO, Steve Jobs, believed the product had potential and he began to explore ways of improving it. In time, this led to the creation of the iPhone and the iPad, two of the company’s most successful products.
The story of the Apple Newton can teach us another important lesson about failure. Not only should we try to learn from it; if we want to succeed, we must also be persistent. Though Apple stopped selling the Newton in 1998, the first iPhone wasn’t available until 2007. It took a lot of research and hard work to go from the Apple Newton to iPhone, but in the end, the effort paid off.
Ultimately, there is a lot we can learn by studying mistakes. Perhaps the most important lesson is that failure and success are two sides of the same coin. One truly cannot exist without the other.
Which advice would the author most likely agree with?
核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解,重點是掌握文章主旨,並把作者提出的教訓對應到選項。文章指出,失敗能提供學習機會;要從錯誤中找出原因、吸取經驗,並持續努力,才有機會走向成功。
解題方法
先看題目問作者最可能認同哪項建議,再回到文章結尾找作者明確提出的教訓。文中說:「Not only should we try to learn from it; if we want to succeed, we must also be persistent.」其中 it 指失敗;作者主張從失敗中學習,並保持毅力。Apple Newton 的例子也說明,Apple 從產品缺失中改進,後來才推出 iPhone 和 iPad。
因此,符合文章主旨的建議是:犯錯後檢視問題、從中學習。
選項分析
- (A) If you want to be successful, ask successful people what they did to succeed. 錯誤。文章沒有建議向成功人士請教;它著重的是從自身或團隊的失敗與錯誤中學習。