109 移民特考三等 移民行政(選試英文) 外國文(英文兼試移民專業英文) 考古題詳解
第 一 題20 分
英譯中:請將下列英文譯為中文。
The definition of national security has changed over the years to include terrorism, resource scarcity, migration, and now threats to population health. During the first session of the United Nations Security Council of July 17, 2000, the UN declared the HIV/AIDS pandemic a threat to global security. This is the first time in history that an issue of public health has been elevated to such status. While it is now increasingly understood due to the COVID-19 that a pandemic constitutes a tremendous threat to the prosperity and cohesion of countries, the process by which the disease destabilizes societies, economies, governance structures, and the national security apparatus remains opaque to us.
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核心觀念
本題為民國 109 年公務人員特種考試移民行政人員考試(三等)《外國文(英文兼試移民專業英文)》之英譯中試題,測驗核心聚焦於「非傳統國家安全威脅」與「全球公共衛生治理」之專業英文閱讀與轉譯能力:
- 專業領域概念:
- 非傳統安全(Non-traditional Security):傳統國家安全側重軍事防禦與領土主權,冷戰後國安內涵擴及恐怖主義(terrorism)、資源匱乏(resource scarcity)、人口遷徙/跨國移民(migration)及公共衛生疾病(public health)。
- 國際組織運作實務:2000 年 7 月 17 日聯合國安全理事會(UNSC)召開會議並通過第 1308 號決議,首度將公衛傳染病(HIV/AIDS)正式定調為威脅全球和平與安全的重大議題。
- 語法結構測驗核心:
- 長句主從結構之拆解與重心配置(特別是
While引導之讓步子句與the process by which...介系詞關係子句)。 - 虛主詞結構(
it is understood that...)的順譯轉換。 - 抽象專有名詞於國安法政語境下的精確選詞(如
apparatus,opaque,cohesion)。
解題方法
翻譯原則採取「語意精確為先、語序自然為本」的信達雅策略,將全段四個句子進行句構剖析與逐層轉譯:
第一句:長句平行對等結構
- 原文:The definition of national security has changed over the years to include terrorism, resource scarcity, migration, and now threats to population health.
- 語法拆解:
- 主幹:
The definition of national security(主詞)+has changed(現在完成式動詞)+over the years(時間副詞)。 - 後接不定詞表延伸範疇:
to include A, B, C, and now D。
- 翻譯切入:
over the years譯為「歷年來」或「多年來」。migration在移民特考語境中,譯為「人口遷移」或「移民問題」。population health不宜生硬直譯為「人口的健康」,應譯為「群體健康」或「全體國民健康」。
第二句:時間與國際政治宣告句型
- 原文:During the first session of the United Nations Security Council of July 17, 2000, the UN declared the HIV/AIDS pandemic a threat to global security.
- 語法拆解:
- 介系詞片語引導時間/場合:
During the first session of the United Nations Security Council of July 17, 2000。 - 主要子句:
the UN(主詞)+declared(動詞)+the HIV/AIDS pandemic(受詞)+a threat to global security(受詞補語,即declare A B結構)。
- 翻譯切入:
United Nations Security Council採標準官方譯名「聯合國安全理事會」(簡稱聯合國安理會)。pandemic譯為「大流行」或「全球大流行病」。
第三句:完成式強調句型
- 原文:This is the first time in history that an issue of public health has been elevated to such status.
- 語法拆解:
- 固定句型:
This is the first time in history that + S + have/has + p.p.(這是歷史上首次……)。 - 被動語態:
has been elevated to such status(被提升至如此地位)。
- 翻譯切入:
- 順應中文習慣,將被動語態轉為客觀敘述「公共衛生議題首度被提升至如此高度(地位)」。
第四句:高難度主從複合長句
- 原文:*While it is now increasingly understood due to the COVID-19 that a pandemic constitutes a tremendous threat to the prosperity and cohesion of countries, the process by which the disease destabilizes societies, economies, governance structu
第 二 題15 分
中譯英:請將下列中文譯為英文。
在1940年,大多數人認為格陵蘭只是他們的世界地圖上靠近上方毫不起眼白白的一大團罷了。幾乎沒有人,更不用說當地居民,會想到這個地方或許對超級大國有其軍事重要性。但在接下來的5年裡,對許多國家而言,格陵蘭逐漸成為重要的軍事戰略據點。
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核心觀念
本題出自民國 109 年公務人員特種考試移民行政人員考試三等「外國文(英文兼試移民專業英文)」,考驗考生處理「歷史敘事」時的英譯能力,主要評量三大核心觀念:
- 時態一致性與假設/推測語氣:全文時間軸落在「1940 年」及「接下來的 5 年裡」,全篇主幹時態必須維持過去簡單式(Past Simple Tense)。第二句表達「會想到……」涉及過去時空下的推測與可能性,須精確使用過去推測語氣(
would think/might have)。 - 多重修飾語之後位修飾原則:中文習慣將所有修飾語堆疊於名詞前(「他們的世界地圖上靠近上方毫不起眼白白的一大團」),英文則須確立核心名詞(blob / patch),並利用「形容詞前飾+介系詞片語後位修飾」重新排列語序。
- 否定主詞與對等插入語結構:考驗「幾乎沒有人……更不用說……」之否定句型及
let alone/not to mention的對等連接結構。 - 地緣政治與軍事專業詞彙對譯:包含「超級大國」(superpower)、「軍事戰略據點」(strategic military stronghold / outpost / base)等專有名詞的精準搭配。
解題方法
將原文依標點與語意切分為三個主要句進行剖析與轉譯:
第一句:在1940年,大多數人認為格陵蘭只是他們的世界地圖上靠近上方毫不起眼白白的一大團罷了。
- 結構拆解:
- 時間副詞:在1940年
In 1940, - 主詞+動詞:大多數人認為
most people considered / thought that - 受詞子句主幹:格陵蘭只是……一大團罷了
Greenland was merely / nothing more than a white blob... - 修飾語拆解:
- 「毫不起眼」:
unremarkable/inconspicuous - 「白白的一大團」:
a white blob/a patch of white - 「靠近上方」:
near the top - 「他們的世界地圖上」:
of their world maps - 語序重組:
中文「他們的世界地圖上靠近上方毫不起眼白白的一大團」,依英文「核心名詞 局部方位 載體範圍」順序調整為:
an unremarkable white blob near the top of their world maps。
第二句:幾乎沒有人,更不用說當地居民,會想到這個地方或許對超級大國有其軍事重要性。
- 結構拆解:
- 主詞:幾乎沒有人
Few people,(或Hardly anyone,) - 插入語:更不用說當地居民
let alone local residents / the locals, - 述語動詞:會想到
would have thought / would imagine - 受詞子句:這個地方或許對超級大國有其軍事重要性
that this place might have military significance to / for superpowers. - 文法檢驗:
Few本身即具否定涵義,後方引導之受詞子句使用might have表達過去推測之可能性;let alone後方連接名詞片語(local residents),與前方主詞(Few people)保持對等關係。
第三句:但在接下來的5年裡,對許多國家而言,格陵蘭逐漸成為重要的軍事戰略據點。
- 結構拆解:
- 轉折與時間狀語:但在接下來的5年裡
However, over / during the next five years,(或the following five years) - 介系詞片語:對許多國家而言
to / for many countries / nations, - 主幹句:格陵蘭逐漸成為重要的軍事戰略據點
Greenland gradually became an important strategic military outpost / base. - 用詞精準度:
「據點」在軍事地緣脈絡下應譯為
base、outpost或stronghold;「戰略的」為strategic;「軍事的」為military。
第 三 題40 分
英文寫作:請依據下列敘述,撰寫四則英文推特推文。每則推文最多字數為55個字,總字數限制為220字以內。
Choose one government department you want to work for, and write FOUR tweets to highlight its importance. Think of the first message as the “headline” that makes a promise regarding the values your chosen department offers at the national level as well as individual level. The next three messages should support the points that provide evidence to back up the values made in the first message. The word limit allowed for each message is 55 words.
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核心觀念
本題考查公務英語在社群媒體時代之「微型寫作」(Micro-blogging writing)與「公共外交/政府形象溝通」能力。應考關鍵在於掌握以下核心維度:
- 文體與語域(Genre & Register):推特(Twitter / X)推文要求精準、簡練、高傳達力(punchy and impactful),需具備標題意識(headline style)、行動導向動詞,並可適當搭配專業主題標籤(Hashtags)。
- 題目結構限制:
- 第一則推文(Tweet 1)定位為「標題承諾」(Headline Promise),必須同時涵蓋**國家層次(National level)與個人層次(Individual level)**所創造的公共價值。
- 後三則推文(Tweets 2–4)定位為「支持論據」(Supporting Evidence),必須各自提出具體事證,精準呼應第一則所許下的價值承諾。
- 字數嚴格上限:每則推文不得超過 55 字( words),總字數不得超過 220 字( words)。
- 專業專業度與機關聯結:本考科為移民行政,選擇以「內政部移民署」(National Immigration Agency, MOI)為主題,最能凸顯考生對報考職掌之熟悉度。以命題當年(民國 109 年)法規為準,《入出國及移民法》與《內政部移民署組織法》所賦予之三大核心支柱為:「國境智慧安全管理」、「防制人口販運與人權保障」及「新住民照顧輔導與多元文化融合」。(註:《入出國及移民法》後續於民國 112 年歷經大幅修正,現行法已修正,但解題仍以命題當年之基礎核心職掌為準)。
解題方法
- 機關選擇策略: 選擇「內政部移民署」(National Immigration Agency, NIA)。藉此直接調動國境安全、外來人口管理、人權防制及新住民輔導等專業英語語彙,展現考科契合度。
- 四則推文邏輯佈局:
- Tweet 1(總綱承諾/Headline):點名機關,確立雙重承諾——國家層次打造安全堅韌的國境(safe nation),個人層次保障所有旅客與移民的尊嚴、權益與包容環境(welcoming home for individuals)。
- Tweet 2(佐證一:國家層次):鎖定「智慧邊境查驗與國境執法」(Smart Borders & National Security),以自動查驗通關系統(e-Gates)與精準查核阻絕跨國犯罪,落實國安承諾。
- Tweet 3(佐證二:個人層次——人權與法治):鎖定「打擊人口販運與弱勢保護」(Human Rights Protection & Anti-Trafficking),以庇護安置、司法正義與人道關懷,落實保障個體尊嚴之承諾。
- Tweet 4(佐證三:個人與國家雙贏——多元文化融合):鎖定「新住民照顧輔導與培力」(Multicultural Inclusion & Immigrant Empowerment),以諮詢服務與二代培力獎學金,證實個體在台發展能進一步繁榮國家社會。
選項分析(命題要求檢視)
本題為非選擇題,依題目五大強制性要求逐項檢驗解題規範:
- 要求一:選擇一個欲任職之政府部門(Choose one government department)
- 符合。選定內政部移民署(National Immigration Agency),開篇直接表明投身服務的使命感。
- 要求二:恰好撰寫四則推文(Write FOUR tweets)
- 符合。明確標示 Tweet 1 至 Tweet 4,杜絕寫成傳統連貫四段落散文之失誤。
- 要求三:第一則為價值承諾標題,兼顧國家與個人層次(Headline making a promise at both national and individual levels)
- 符合。Tweet 1 明白揭櫫 "safeguard national security"(國家層次)與 "empowering every individual... with dignity and care"(個人層次)。
- 要求四:後三則提供客觀論據予以支撐(Next three messages provide evidence)
- 符合。Tweet 2(邊境科技執法)、Tweet 3(防制人口販運與移工人權)、Tweet 4(新住民輔導與世代培力),三點皆為移民署法定職掌之具體政績,證據力明確。
- 要求五:嚴格字數上限(Each message words, Total words)
- 符合。範文每則控制在 42 至 49 字之間,總字數 184 字,預留安全裕度,完全不踩超字扣分紅線。
解題技巧
- 字數安全裕度法則(Safety Margin): 英文評閱中,連字號字詞(如 cutting-edge, second-generation)與 Hashtag 往往視閱卷系統或評審標準而可能被計為一至多個單字。撰寫時應將每則目標設定在 45 字左右,保留 的裕度,切勿頂格寫到 54、55 字。
- 微型寫作結構化:
每一則推文獨立成段,標頭明確寫出
Tweet 1:、Tweet 2:等;句型運用對比與平行對稱結構(例如:building a secure Taiwan for our country and a welcoming home for every newcomer),在極少字數內營造節奏感。 - 避免常見三大扣分陷阱:
第 1 題1 分
Global ____ refers to the ability of a workforce to move from one country to another and successfully settle down.
核心觀念
本題考全球職場相關詞彙。mobility 有「移動能力、流動性」之意;global mobility 指勞動力跨國移動並在目的地安頓的能力或現象。
解題方法
句意是:「全球的 ____ 指勞動力能從一個國家移動到另一個國家,並成功定居的能力。」空格應填入表示「跨國流動」的名詞,global mobility 正符合定義。
選項分析
- (A) management:「管理」。
global management指全球管理,與勞動力跨國移動、定居的定義不符。 - (B) awareness:「認知、意識」。
第 2 題1 分
Most countries have made much effort in ____ human trafficking, and Taiwan is no exception.
核心觀念
本題考查動詞與受詞的搭配,以及根據句意選擇適當字義。句中談到各國投入許多心力處理「人口販運」,空格需要填入表示「打擊、對抗」的動詞。
human trafficking 是「人口販運」;combat 作動詞時,表示「對抗、打擊」,常與犯罪、疾病或問題搭配。
解題方法
句意是:「多數國家都投入許多心力打擊人口販運,台灣也不例外。」
固定搭配為 make effort in + 名詞/動名詞,表示「致力於……」。因此空格應填入動名詞 combating,即 make much effort in combating human trafficking。
選項分析
第 3 題1 分
When filling out the application form, please write ____ so the clerks can understand the written content.
核心觀念
本題考副詞的詞義與用法。空格修飾動詞片語 write,要選出能表達「書寫得清楚、易於辨認」的副詞,讓辦事人員看得懂表格內容。
解題方法
先看句意:填寫申請表時,請把內容寫得讓辦事人員能理解。關鍵線索是 so the clerks can understand the written content(以便辦事人員理解書面內容)。因此空格需要表示「字跡清楚、易辨識」的副詞。
選項分析
第 4 題1 分
A significant ____ of the demonstration taking place yesterday was the large number of participants.
核心觀念
本題考名詞字義與句意搭配。句子要表達:「昨天舉行的示威活動,一個重要的__是參與人數眾多。」空格應填能表示「面向、特點」的名詞 aspect。
解題方法
先看句型:A significant ____ of the demonstration ... was ...,意思是「這場示威的一項重要__是……」。後面的 the large number of participants(參與者人數眾多)是在說明示威活動的一項特點,因此填入表示「面向、特點」的 aspect,句意通順。
選項分析
- (A) aspect:正確。 意為「面向、方面、特點」。
an aspect of ...可表示「……的一個面向/特點」,符合句意。
第 5 題1 分
This entry permit is only ____, valid for three months.
核心觀念
本題考英文形容詞的字義與語境判斷。entry permit 是「入境許可」;句中 valid for three months 表示「效期為三個月」。空格要填入能描述效期有限、暫時性的形容詞。
解題方法
先抓住 valid for three months 這個線索:許可只在三個月內有效,表示它是「臨時的、暫時的」。因此應選 temporary,句意為:「這張入境許可只是臨時性的,有效期為三個月。」
選項分析
第 6 題1 分
According to official statistics, immigrants ____ almost 14% of the U.S. population.
核心觀念
本題考英文動詞的語意與搭配。句意為:「根據官方統計,移民約占美國人口的 14%。」空格後接比例,應選能表示「構成、占……一部分」的動詞 comprise。
解題方法
先看句子主詞與受詞:主詞是 immigrants(移民),受詞是 almost 14% of the U.S. population(美國人口的近 14%)。句子要表達移民「構成」美國人口的一部分,因此填入 comprise,語意與句型皆通順。
選項分析
- (A) contain:意為「包含、容納」,通常表示某物內含其他事物,例如 The box contains books.(箱子裡裝有書。
第 7 題1 分
The results of a 2019 poll found that 81% of Americans supported a path to ____ for undocumented immigrants.
核心觀念
本題考英文單字的語意與固定搭配。句中 undocumented immigrants 指「無證移民」,空格前的 a path to 表示「通往……的途徑」。要找出與移民身分及入籍相符的名詞。
解題方法
先看句意:2019 年的一項民調發現,81% 的美國人支持讓無證移民有一條通往某種身分或結果的途徑。移民政策中常見的搭配是 a path to citizenship,意為「取得公民身分的途徑」。因此空格應填 citizenship。
選項分析
- (A) civilization:意為「文明、文明社會」,不符合無證移民取得身分的語境。
第 8 題1 分
Successfully ____ travelers can use e-Gates in the major airports and seaports of Taiwan.
核心觀念
本題考單字在語境中的意思,以及動詞與受詞的搭配。句子描述旅客完成某項程序後,便可使用臺灣主要機場及海港的自動通關閘門(e-Gates)。
解題方法
先看句意:「成功__的旅客可以使用 e-Gates。」空格需要表示旅客已完成登記或註冊的動詞過去分詞,修飾 travelers。enroll 有「登記、註冊」之意,因此 Successfully enrolled travelers 即「成功完成註冊的旅客」,符合句意。
選項分析
- (A) enrolled:正確。
enroll表示登記、註冊;successfully enrolled travelers指成功完成註冊的旅客,語意與使用自動通關的資格相符。 - **(B) bounded:錯誤。
第 9 題1 分
The action to ____ an existing ARC must be taken within 30 days prior to its expiration date.
核心觀念
本題考英文動詞與句意判讀。ARC 是外僑居留證(Alien Resident Certificate);居留證到期前辦理的動作,是「延長效期、延期」,英文用 extend。
句意為:「延長既有外僑居留證的申請,必須在其到期日前 30 日內辦理。」
解題方法
先看空格後方的受詞:an existing ARC,表示要對一張既有的居留證採取某項動作;再看時間條件:within 30 days prior to its expiration date,意為「到期日前 30 日內」。這組語意指向到期前延長證件效期,因此選擇表示「延長」的動詞 extend。
選項分析
第 10 題1 分
In the eyes of the jury members, the explanation furnished by the defendant was ____ reasonable and logical.
核心觀念
本題考副詞的語意與搭配。空格位於形容詞片語 reasonable and logical 前,須選擇能自然修飾這兩個形容詞、表達「完全、非常」的副詞。
句意是:「在陪審團成員看來,被告所提出的解釋__合理且合乎邏輯。」
解題方法
先將四個選項代入句意,判斷各副詞的意思是否符合語境:
- entirely reasonable and logical 表示「完全合理且合乎邏輯」,文法與語意都通順。
- 其餘副詞分別表示「通常地」、「不規則地」及「交替地」,都不適合表達陪審團對解釋合理性的整體評價。
因此選擇 (B) entirely。
選項分析
- (A) ordinarily:「通常地、一般而言」。常用來說明事情通常發生的情形,例如 ordinarily happens(通常會發生)。此處要評價解釋是否合理,使用 ordinarily reasonable 不符合句意。
第 11 題1 分
In that community, the locals and the foreigners have a good relationship which is ____ supportive.
核心觀念
本題考副詞的語意與搭配。句中 supportive 是形容詞,意為「支持的、互相扶持的」;空格處要填副詞,修飾 supportive。句意是「在那個社群裡,當地人和外國人有良好的關係,彼此互相支持。」
解題方法
先看空格後的形容詞 supportive,判斷空格需要能修飾形容詞的副詞;再依主詞 the locals and the foreigners 的雙方關係,選出表示「彼此、相互」的字。mutually supportive 即「彼此支持的、相互扶持的」,語意與句中「良好的關係」相符。
選項分析
第 12 題1 分
Recently, with the raging development of COVID-19, many countries have mandated new arrivals to be ____ for 14 days.
核心觀念
本題考查英文單字辨義與常見搭配。句意是:「近來隨著 COVID-19 疫情迅速蔓延,許多國家規定新入境者須接受 14 天的__。」關鍵線索是「新入境者」與「14 天」,符合為防止傳染病散播而「隔離」的情境。
解題方法
先判斷空格需要表達的意思:新入境者須在一段期間內與他人隔開,以降低疾病傳播風險。英文常用 be quarantined for 14 days,表示「被隔離 14 天」。句中的 mandated 表示「規定、強制要求」,也與 quarantined 的被動語態相搭配。
選項分析
第 13 題1 分
In a workplace, you should develop a good ____ with colleagues, and they will be willing to help you when needed.
核心觀念
本題考固定搭配與詞義判讀。句意是:「在職場上,你應該和同事建立良好的__,他們在你需要時就會願意幫助你。」空格需要填入表示人際關係融洽、彼此理解與信任的名詞。
解題方法
先看句意:建立良好的同事關係,才能促使同事在需要時提供協助。develop a good rapport with someone 是常見搭配,意為「與某人建立良好的融洽關係」。因此選 rapport。
選項分析
- (A) rapport:正確。 指融洽、和諧的人際關係或默契。
a good rapport with colleagues即「與同事建立良好的關係」,符合句意。 - **(B) disparity:錯誤。
第 14 題1 分
People ____ may hold different views on various issues; that is why communication plays a key role in building understanding.
核心觀念
本題考固定搭配 from one generation to the next,意思是「從一個世代到下一個世代」。題目也測驗如何從句意判斷片語:不同世代的人對各種議題可能有不同看法,因此溝通有助於建立理解。
解題方法
將選項代入句子,檢視句意與文法:
People from one generation to the next may hold different views on various issues; that is why communication plays a key role in building understanding.
前半句意為:「不同世代的人對各種議題可能持有不同看法。」後半句說明因此溝通在建立理解上扮演重要角色,前後因果連貫。
選項分析
第 15 題1 分
Some ____ of immigration argue that the freedom of movement both within and between countries is a basic human right.
核心觀念
本題考查 字彙辨義與語境判斷。句意為:「有些__移民的人主張,國內與國際間的遷徙自由都是基本人權。」空格應填入表示「支持者、倡議者」的人,才能與後面的主張內容銜接。
解題方法
先看句型:Some ____ of immigration argue that ...,其中 argue that ... 表示「主張……」。空格需要填入能指稱「某種立場的支持者」的名詞;proponents of immigration 即「移民的支持者」,符合句意與搭配。
選項分析
- (A) provocations:
provocation指「挑釁、激怒的言行」,provocations of immigration無法表示移民議題的支持者,語意不通。
第 16 題1 分
The uneven development typical of our economic system means that the difference between the most ____ and the poorest countries is growing bigger all the time.
核心觀念
本題考形容詞的詞義與語境判斷。句中用 the most ____ and the poorest countries 對照「最……的國家」與「最貧窮的國家」,空格應填入和 poorest 意義相反、且能描述國家經濟狀況的形容詞。affluent 意為「富裕的」,符合句意。
解題方法
句意是:「我們經濟制度中典型的不均衡發展,意味著最富裕的國家與最貧窮的國家之間的差距,正持續擴大。」
先抓住 the most 與 the poorest 的對照,再看句意中的 difference ... is growing bigger,可知比較的是國家間的經濟差距。因此空格需要表示「富裕」的形容詞。
選項分析
- (A) establishing:establish 是「建立、設立」;establishing 是現在分詞或動名詞,不能自然表示國家的財富程度。
第 17 題1 分
Competition from immigrants in a particular profession may ____ underemployment in that profession, but increase wages for other natives.
核心觀念
本題考查字義與上下文判斷。句意是:特定職業中的移民競爭,可能使該職業的就業不足情形「更加嚴重」,但同時提高其他本國人的工資。空格需要填入表示「加劇、惡化」的動詞。
解題方法
先看句子的轉折詞 but:前半句描述移民競爭對特定職業造成不利影響,後半句則指出其他本國人的工資可能上升。underemployment 指「就業不足」,例如工作時數不足,或從事的工作未充分運用個人的技能與資格。因此,能自然搭配「使就業不足加劇」的動詞是 aggravate。
選項分析
- (A) captivate:意為「吸引、迷住」,通常用於吸引人的注意或使人著迷;不能表示使就業不足惡化。
第 18 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Failure: We all avoid it, and most of us fear it. However, without failure, progress would be impossible. Indeed, the word success comes from the Latin succedere, meaning “to come after.” And what does success usually come after? Failure. It seems that one cannot exist without the other.
Accepting failure is not easy for many, though. We are often reluctant to admit failure because our professional reputations depend on success. However, things are slowly changing, notably in the field of business and science. In the past decade, for instance, some scientific journals—mostly in medicine and conservation—have published reports of failed experiments. The belief is that the science community can also learn from “negative” results and that this can eventually lead to positive outcomes.
In many ways, the business world already understands the value of negative results. To encourage entrepreneurship, the Netherlands-based ABN AMRO bank started an Institute of Brilliant Failures to learn more about what works and what doesn’t in banking. Similarly, Eli Lilly and Company, the pharmaceutical corporation, has “R&D outcome celebrations”—failure parties—to study data about drugs that don’t work. (Almost 90 percent of all drug trials fail, and the drugs cannot be sold.)
In fact, one of the business world’s most famous failures eventually became one of its biggest successes, in part because the product’s makers learned from their mistakes. In the early 1990s, Apple Corporation created a hand-held device called the Apple Newton. The product, though unique at the time, was expensive and heavy; moreover, some of its most important features didn’t work properly. Consequently, it became one of Apple’s biggest failures, and in 1998, the company stopped selling it. However, Apple’s CEO, Steve Jobs, believed the product had potential and he began to explore ways of improving it. In time, this led to the creation of the iPhone and the iPad, two of the company’s most successful products.
The story of the Apple Newton can teach us another important lesson about failure. Not only should we try to learn from it; if we want to succeed, we must also be persistent. Though Apple stopped selling the Newton in 1998, the first iPhone wasn’t available until 2007. It took a lot of research and hard work to go from the Apple Newton to iPhone, but in the end, the effort paid off.
Ultimately, there is a lot we can learn by studying mistakes. Perhaps the most important lesson is that failure and success are two sides of the same coin. One truly cannot exist without the other.
What is the best way to summarize the reading passage?
核心觀念
本題考主旨摘要。摘要應抓住全文反覆強調的中心思想,避免只挑某一段的例子或細節。文章主旨是:失敗可以帶來學習與改進,但要從失敗走向成功,還需要持續努力。
解題方法
先觀察首段與末段:文章開頭指出「沒有失敗,進步便不可能」,結尾則再次強調失敗與成功是同一枚硬幣的兩面,彼此相連。中間各段以科學研究、企業作法及 Apple Newton 的例子,說明人們能從失敗中學習,並持續改進,最終取得成功。
因此,最能概括全文的選項,應保留「成功之前可能需要經歷失敗」這層關係,而不能把它說成必然結果,也不能只談恐懼或接受失敗的困難。
選項分析
- (A) Success and fear are basically the same thing. 錯誤。文章提到人們害怕失敗,但沒有說成功與恐懼相同;恐懼只是開頭引出的背景。
第 19 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Failure: We all avoid it, and most of us fear it. However, without failure, progress would be impossible. Indeed, the word success comes from the Latin succedere, meaning “to come after.” And what does success usually come after? Failure. It seems that one cannot exist without the other.
Accepting failure is not easy for many, though. We are often reluctant to admit failure because our professional reputations depend on success. However, things are slowly changing, notably in the field of business and science. In the past decade, for instance, some scientific journals—mostly in medicine and conservation—have published reports of failed experiments. The belief is that the science community can also learn from “negative” results and that this can eventually lead to positive outcomes.
In many ways, the business world already understands the value of negative results. To encourage entrepreneurship, the Netherlands-based ABN AMRO bank started an Institute of Brilliant Failures to learn more about what works and what doesn’t in banking. Similarly, Eli Lilly and Company, the pharmaceutical corporation, has “R&D outcome celebrations”—failure parties—to study data about drugs that don’t work. (Almost 90 percent of all drug trials fail, and the drugs cannot be sold.)
In fact, one of the business world’s most famous failures eventually became one of its biggest successes, in part because the product’s makers learned from their mistakes. In the early 1990s, Apple Corporation created a hand-held device called the Apple Newton. The product, though unique at the time, was expensive and heavy; moreover, some of its most important features didn’t work properly. Consequently, it became one of Apple’s biggest failures, and in 1998, the company stopped selling it. However, Apple’s CEO, Steve Jobs, believed the product had potential and he began to explore ways of improving it. In time, this led to the creation of the iPhone and the iPad, two of the company’s most successful products.
The story of the Apple Newton can teach us another important lesson about failure. Not only should we try to learn from it; if we want to succeed, we must also be persistent. Though Apple stopped selling the Newton in 1998, the first iPhone wasn’t available until 2007. It took a lot of research and hard work to go from the Apple Newton to iPhone, but in the end, the effort paid off.
Ultimately, there is a lot we can learn by studying mistakes. Perhaps the most important lesson is that failure and success are two sides of the same coin. One truly cannot exist without the other.
Why are some scientific journals starting to publish the results of failed experiments?
核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解與因果關係判斷。第二段指出,有些科學期刊開始刊登失敗實驗的報告,是因為科學界相信「負面結果」也能提供學習材料,最終促成正面成果。
解題方法
先定位題目詢問的段落:第二段提到,過去十年來,一些科學期刊開始刊登失敗實驗的報告。緊接著的句子說明原因:科學界也能從「負面」結果中學習,而這些結果最終可能帶來正面成果。這與選項 D 的意思相符。
選項分析
- (A) to encourage new experiments in other fields:錯誤。文章沒有說刊登失敗實驗是為了鼓勵其他領域進行新實驗。
- (B) so that people can discuss and share their findings at failure parties:錯誤。「failure parties」是藥廠 Eli Lilly 的做法,用來檢討無效藥物的資料,與科學期刊刊登失敗實驗的原因不同。
第 20 題1 分
【題組共用題幹】
Failure: We all avoid it, and most of us fear it. However, without failure, progress would be impossible. Indeed, the word success comes from the Latin succedere, meaning “to come after.” And what does success usually come after? Failure. It seems that one cannot exist without the other.
Accepting failure is not easy for many, though. We are often reluctant to admit failure because our professional reputations depend on success. However, things are slowly changing, notably in the field of business and science. In the past decade, for instance, some scientific journals—mostly in medicine and conservation—have published reports of failed experiments. The belief is that the science community can also learn from “negative” results and that this can eventually lead to positive outcomes.
In many ways, the business world already understands the value of negative results. To encourage entrepreneurship, the Netherlands-based ABN AMRO bank started an Institute of Brilliant Failures to learn more about what works and what doesn’t in banking. Similarly, Eli Lilly and Company, the pharmaceutical corporation, has “R&D outcome celebrations”—failure parties—to study data about drugs that don’t work. (Almost 90 percent of all drug trials fail, and the drugs cannot be sold.)
In fact, one of the business world’s most famous failures eventually became one of its biggest successes, in part because the product’s makers learned from their mistakes. In the early 1990s, Apple Corporation created a hand-held device called the Apple Newton. The product, though unique at the time, was expensive and heavy; moreover, some of its most important features didn’t work properly. Consequently, it became one of Apple’s biggest failures, and in 1998, the company stopped selling it. However, Apple’s CEO, Steve Jobs, believed the product had potential and he began to explore ways of improving it. In time, this led to the creation of the iPhone and the iPad, two of the company’s most successful products.
The story of the Apple Newton can teach us another important lesson about failure. Not only should we try to learn from it; if we want to succeed, we must also be persistent. Though Apple stopped selling the Newton in 1998, the first iPhone wasn’t available until 2007. It took a lot of research and hard work to go from the Apple Newton to iPhone, but in the end, the effort paid off.
Ultimately, there is a lot we can learn by studying mistakes. Perhaps the most important lesson is that failure and success are two sides of the same coin. One truly cannot exist without the other.
Which advice would the author most likely agree with?
核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解,重點是掌握文章主旨,並把作者提出的教訓對應到選項。文章指出,失敗能提供學習機會;要從錯誤中找出原因、吸取經驗,並持續努力,才有機會走向成功。
解題方法
先看題目問作者最可能認同哪項建議,再回到文章結尾找作者明確提出的教訓。文中說:「Not only should we try to learn from it; if we want to succeed, we must also be persistent.」其中 it 指失敗;作者主張從失敗中學習,並保持毅力。Apple Newton 的例子也說明,Apple 從產品缺失中改進,後來才推出 iPhone 和 iPad。
因此,符合文章主旨的建議是:犯錯後檢視問題、從中學習。
選項分析
- (A) If you want to be successful, ask successful people what they did to succeed. 錯誤。文章沒有建議向成功人士請教;它著重的是從自身或團隊的失敗與錯誤中學習。