108 高普考高考三級 景觀 法學知識與英文（包括中華民國憲法、法學緒論、英文） 考古題詳解

關於我國現行修憲程序之敘述，下列何者正確？

依司法院大法官解釋意旨，關於徵收私人土地所應踐行之正當行政程序，下列敘述何者錯誤？

依司法院大法官解釋，下列有關訴訟權之敘述，何者正確？

依憲法規定，有關選舉及被選舉年齡之敘述，下列何者正確？

依司法院大法官解釋意旨，下列何者非憲法服公職權之保障主體？

下列何者不屬於地方制度法所稱之地方自治團體？

有關憲法保障人民受教育之權利，下列敘述何者錯誤？

憲法第七章所定之「司法」，其掌理之事項不包括下列何者？

依司法院大法官解釋意旨，關於法官聲請釋憲之要件，下列何者錯誤？

依司法院大法官解釋意旨，有關言論及出版自由，下列敘述何者錯誤？

依司法院大法官解釋，下列關於隱私權之敘述，何者錯誤？

關於集會自由，下列何者正確？

依據憲法與總統副總統選舉罷免法，關於罷免總統之敘述，下列何者錯誤？

依憲法增修條文之規定，關於行政院覆議權之敘述，下列何者正確？

立法委員不可兼任下列何項職務？

所得稅法施行細則係依所得稅法第 121 條規定訂定，其性質為下列何者？

依據地方制度法規定，下列何者非屬應以自治條例規定之事項？

甲依法向主管機關申請許可，在決定作成前，據以准許之法規有變更，但未廢除或禁止所申請之事項。

依據中央法規標準法之規定，主管機關原則上應如何適用法規？

憲法第 7 條規定「中華民國人民，無分男女、宗教、種族、階級、黨派，在法律上一律平等」，通說上認為此處之法律，包括法律與行政命令，係採用何種法律解釋方法所獲得之結果？

下列何者適用行政程序法之程序規定？

基於法治國原則，以法律限制人民自由權利時，關於其構成要件所使用之概念，下列何者錯誤？

依民法之規定，下列就無償契約之敘述，何者正確？

下列選項中的 X 與 Y，何者結婚無效？

依民法之規定，下列有關使用借貸契約之敘述，何者正確？

乙為擔保其向甲之借款，乃以其 A 屋及丙、丁所有之 B 地、C 地設定共同抵押。於甲之債權屆期未受清償時，下列敘述何者錯誤？

關於感化教育處分相關規定，下列敘述何者錯誤？

A 餐廳推出自助餐 599 元吃到飽專案，並貼出告示：「請酌量取用，勿浪費食物，否則每人一律罰款用餐價格 10 倍。」該告示是否有效？

關於非公開發行股份有限公司年度財務報表之規定，下列敘述何者錯誤？

依全民健康保險法之規定，關於被保險人投保金額之敘述，下列何者錯誤？

依性別工作平等法第 27 條之規定，受僱者或求職者因受性騷擾而受有損害者，有關雇主之民事賠償責任，下列何者正確？

The only reasons for the old man to leave the house were to run important _____ or visit the doctor.

When you read this introductory chapter, list the points you have identified as especially _____ to your organization and keep them in mind.

We may easily _____ salespeople who approach us on the street, but we often surrender without knowing it to the ultimate salesman: mass media.

Trash is a problem that has _____ humans since they moved into cities. And dealing with it is messy and expensive.

The _____ factor that contributes to having so many immigrants move into this country is mainly about economic reasons.

Malaria was believed to be on the verge of _____ when people thought that the introduction of insecticides signaled the end of the malaria-carrying mosquito.

Lured by false promises of a good job, a stable conflict-free environment or even a loving romantic relationship, victims of human _____ are then pushed into forced labor or sexual exploitation.

【題組共用題幹】

The suspected suicide of actor and comedian Robin Williams is being linked, in part, to depression. Many Americans suffer from the condition. But, many also are trying to help people with depression. They are finding ways to bring attention to depression and ways to treat it.

For example, thousands of people take part in what are called “Out of the Darkness Walks.” ____ They also hope to raise money for suicide prevention efforts and research into depression.

Steve Iselin served in the Navy for 20 years. After his retirement, he began to look for another job. That is when he began feeling hopeless. He said, “I had a great sense of dread every day. Agony is another word that comes to mind. I didn’t want to do anything that I would normally like to do. I had no interest in seeing other people.” Steve Iselin did find a job. But he left after one week because he told himself he could not do the work. Everything he did seemed very difficult. Decisions were painful, even having to choose what he would wear that day or what to eat. Mr. Iselin was suffering from depression.

Bob Gebbia heads the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. He says being depressed is very different from being sad or having a bad day. He says that about 20 million people are found to have clinical depression in the United States every year. ____ He notes that some people are more likely than others to get depressed. “Let’s say you lose your job, divorce, or, you know, a loss of someone.”

After Robin Williams’ death, the American Foundation for the Prevention of Suicide released a statement. The foundation said Mr. Williams: “brought laughter into every life he touched; Robin also suffered from depression. ____ Every 13 minutes someone dies from suicide, and it is among the top ten causes of death in the U.S.” The group said more needs to be done to prevent suicides. It called for greater attention to mental health issues, warning signs, and effective forms of intervention and treatment.

Steve Iselin was lucky. His wife recognized the signs of depression. She helped him get the expert care he needed. But he says that was not true of his brother’s son. Mr. Iselin says his nephew became depressed a few years later and killed himself. A year after his nephew’s death, Mr. Iselin visited his brother in San Francisco and heard about the “Out of the Darkness Walks.” The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention organized the event. Both men took part. ____ Since then, Steve Iselin has volunteered with the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, taking part in many community walks.

第 38 題：依文意選出最適合填入空格者。

【題組共用題幹】

The suspected suicide of actor and comedian Robin Williams is being linked, in part, to depression. Many Americans suffer from the condition. But, many also are trying to help people with depression. They are finding ways to bring attention to depression and ways to treat it.

For example, thousands of people take part in what are called “Out of the Darkness Walks.” ____ They also hope to raise money for suicide prevention efforts and research into depression.

Steve Iselin served in the Navy for 20 years. After his retirement, he began to look for another job. That is when he began feeling hopeless. He said, “I had a great sense of dread every day. Agony is another word that comes to mind. I didn’t want to do anything that I would normally like to do. I had no interest in seeing other people.” Steve Iselin did find a job. But he left after one week because he told himself he could not do the work. Everything he did seemed very difficult. Decisions were painful, even having to choose what he would wear that day or what to eat. Mr. Iselin was suffering from depression.

Bob Gebbia heads the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. He says being depressed is very different from being sad or having a bad day. He says that about 20 million people are found to have clinical depression in the United States every year. ____ He notes that some people are more likely than others to get depressed. “Let’s say you lose your job, divorce, or, you know, a loss of someone.”

After Robin Williams’ death, the American Foundation for the Prevention of Suicide released a statement. The foundation said Mr. Williams: “brought laughter into every life he touched; Robin also suffered from depression. ____ Every 13 minutes someone dies from suicide, and it is among the top ten causes of death in the U.S.” The group said more needs to be done to prevent suicides. It called for greater attention to mental health issues, warning signs, and effective forms of intervention and treatment.

Steve Iselin was lucky. His wife recognized the signs of depression. She helped him get the expert care he needed. But he says that was not true of his brother’s son. Mr. Iselin says his nephew became depressed a few years later and killed himself. A year after his nephew’s death, Mr. Iselin visited his brother in San Francisco and heard about the “Out of the Darkness Walks.” The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention organized the event. Both men took part. ____ Since then, Steve Iselin has volunteered with the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, taking part in many community walks.

第 39 題：依文意選出最適合填入空格者。

【題組共用題幹】

The suspected suicide of actor and comedian Robin Williams is being linked, in part, to depression. Many Americans suffer from the condition. But, many also are trying to help people with depression. They are finding ways to bring attention to depression and ways to treat it.

For example, thousands of people take part in what are called “Out of the Darkness Walks.” ____ They also hope to raise money for suicide prevention efforts and research into depression.

Steve Iselin served in the Navy for 20 years. After his retirement, he began to look for another job. That is when he began feeling hopeless. He said, “I had a great sense of dread every day. Agony is another word that comes to mind. I didn’t want to do anything that I would normally like to do. I had no interest in seeing other people.” Steve Iselin did find a job. But he left after one week because he told himself he could not do the work. Everything he did seemed very difficult. Decisions were painful, even having to choose what he would wear that day or what to eat. Mr. Iselin was suffering from depression.

Bob Gebbia heads the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. He says being depressed is very different from being sad or having a bad day. He says that about 20 million people are found to have clinical depression in the United States every year. ____ He notes that some people are more likely than others to get depressed. “Let’s say you lose your job, divorce, or, you know, a loss of someone.”

After Robin Williams’ death, the American Foundation for the Prevention of Suicide released a statement. The foundation said Mr. Williams: “brought laughter into every life he touched; Robin also suffered from depression. ____ Every 13 minutes someone dies from suicide, and it is among the top ten causes of death in the U.S.” The group said more needs to be done to prevent suicides. It called for greater attention to mental health issues, warning signs, and effective forms of intervention and treatment.

Steve Iselin was lucky. His wife recognized the signs of depression. She helped him get the expert care he needed. But he says that was not true of his brother’s son. Mr. Iselin says his nephew became depressed a few years later and killed himself. A year after his nephew’s death, Mr. Iselin visited his brother in San Francisco and heard about the “Out of the Darkness Walks.” The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention organized the event. Both men took part. ____ Since then, Steve Iselin has volunteered with the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, taking part in many community walks.

第 40 題：依文意選出最適合填入空格者。

【題組共用題幹】

The suspected suicide of actor and comedian Robin Williams is being linked, in part, to depression. Many Americans suffer from the condition. But, many also are trying to help people with depression. They are finding ways to bring attention to depression and ways to treat it.

For example, thousands of people take part in what are called “Out of the Darkness Walks.” ____ They also hope to raise money for suicide prevention efforts and research into depression.

Steve Iselin served in the Navy for 20 years. After his retirement, he began to look for another job. That is when he began feeling hopeless. He said, “I had a great sense of dread every day. Agony is another word that comes to mind. I didn’t want to do anything that I would normally like to do. I had no interest in seeing other people.” Steve Iselin did find a job. But he left after one week because he told himself he could not do the work. Everything he did seemed very difficult. Decisions were painful, even having to choose what he would wear that day or what to eat. Mr. Iselin was suffering from depression.

Bob Gebbia heads the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. He says being depressed is very different from being sad or having a bad day. He says that about 20 million people are found to have clinical depression in the United States every year. ____ He notes that some people are more likely than others to get depressed. “Let’s say you lose your job, divorce, or, you know, a loss of someone.”

After Robin Williams’ death, the American Foundation for the Prevention of Suicide released a statement. The foundation said Mr. Williams: “brought laughter into every life he touched; Robin also suffered from depression. ____ Every 13 minutes someone dies from suicide, and it is among the top ten causes of death in the U.S.” The group said more needs to be done to prevent suicides. It called for greater attention to mental health issues, warning signs, and effective forms of intervention and treatment.

Steve Iselin was lucky. His wife recognized the signs of depression. She helped him get the expert care he needed. But he says that was not true of his brother’s son. Mr. Iselin says his nephew became depressed a few years later and killed himself. A year after his nephew’s death, Mr. Iselin visited his brother in San Francisco and heard about the “Out of the Darkness Walks.” The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention organized the event. Both men took part. ____ Since then, Steve Iselin has volunteered with the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, taking part in many community walks.

第 41 題：依文意選出最適合填入空格者。

【題組共用題幹】

As people woke up at dawn on the farm, one person was already up. ____ An old man from Thailand claimed he has not slept for 33 years: “My insomnia started many years ago after I got a fever. ____ But nothing helps.”

Amazingly, since then he has never once been ill. He spent the day farming and taking care of his pigs and at night he patrols the village. ____ Doctors said a chronic lack of sleep often causes anorexia, lethargy and irritability.

____ He was certainly one of them.

第 42 題：依文意選出最適合填入空格者。

【題組共用題幹】

As people woke up at dawn on the farm, one person was already up. ____ An old man from Thailand claimed he has not slept for 33 years: “My insomnia started many years ago after I got a fever. ____ But nothing helps.”

Amazingly, since then he has never once been ill. He spent the day farming and taking care of his pigs and at night he patrols the village. ____ Doctors said a chronic lack of sleep often causes anorexia, lethargy and irritability.

____ He was certainly one of them.

第 43 題：依文意選出最適合填入空格者。

【題組共用題幹】

As people woke up at dawn on the farm, one person was already up. ____ An old man from Thailand claimed he has not slept for 33 years: “My insomnia started many years ago after I got a fever. ____ But nothing helps.”

Amazingly, since then he has never once been ill. He spent the day farming and taking care of his pigs and at night he patrols the village. ____ Doctors said a chronic lack of sleep often causes anorexia, lethargy and irritability.

____ He was certainly one of them.

第 44 題：依文意選出最適合填入空格者。

【題組共用題幹】

As people woke up at dawn on the farm, one person was already up. ____ An old man from Thailand claimed he has not slept for 33 years: “My insomnia started many years ago after I got a fever. ____ But nothing helps.”

Amazingly, since then he has never once been ill. He spent the day farming and taking care of his pigs and at night he patrols the village. ____ Doctors said a chronic lack of sleep often causes anorexia, lethargy and irritability.

____ He was certainly one of them.

第 45 題：依文意選出最適合填入空格者。

【題組共用題幹】

Those who doubt the power of human beings to change Earth’s climate should look to the Arctic, and shiver.

There is no need to pore over records of temperatures and atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations. The process is starkly visible in the shrinkage of the ice that covers the Arctic ocean. In the past 30 years, the minimum coverage of summer ice has fallen by half; its volume has fallen by three-quarters. On current trends, the Arctic ocean will be largely ice-free in summer by 2040.

Climate-change sceptics will shrug. Some may even celebrate: an ice-free Arctic ocean promises a shortcut for shipping between the Pacific coast of Asia and the Atlantic coasts of Europe and the Americas, and the possibility of prospecting for perhaps a fifth of the planet’s undiscovered supplies of oil and natural gas. Such reactions are profoundly misguided. Never mind that the low price of oil and gas means searching for them in the Arctic is no longer worthwhile. Or that the much-vaunted sea passages are likely to carry only a trickle of trade. The right response is fear. The Arctic is not merely a bellwether of matters climatic, but an actor in them.

The current period of global warming that Earth is undergoing is caused by certain gases in the atmosphere, notably carbon dioxide. These admit heat, in the form of sunlight, but block its radiation back into space, in the form of longer-wave-length infra-red. That traps heat in the air, the water and the land. More carbon dioxide equals more warming--a simple equation. Except it is not simple. A number of feedback loops complicate matters. Some dampen warming down; some speed it up. Two in the Arctic may speed it up quite a lot.

One is that seawater is much darker than ice. It absorbs heat rather than reflecting it back into space. That melts more ice, which leaves more seawater exposed, which melts more ice. And so on. This helps explain why the Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the planet. The deal on climate change made in Paris in 2015 is meant to stop Earth’s surface temperature rising by more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. In the unlikely event that it is fully implemented, winter temperatures over the Arctic ocean will still warm by between 5°C and 9°C compared with their 1986-2005 average.

The second feedback loop concerns not the water but the land. In the Arctic much of this is permafrost. That frozen soil locks up a lot of organic material. If the permafrost melts its organic contents can escape as a result of fire or decay, in the form of carbon dioxide or methane (which is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2). This will speed up global warming directly--and the soot from the fires, when it settles on the ice, will darken it and thus speed its melting still more.

第 46 題：Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

Those who doubt the power of human beings to change Earth’s climate should look to the Arctic, and shiver.

There is no need to pore over records of temperatures and atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations. The process is starkly visible in the shrinkage of the ice that covers the Arctic ocean. In the past 30 years, the minimum coverage of summer ice has fallen by half; its volume has fallen by three-quarters. On current trends, the Arctic ocean will be largely ice-free in summer by 2040.

Climate-change sceptics will shrug. Some may even celebrate: an ice-free Arctic ocean promises a shortcut for shipping between the Pacific coast of Asia and the Atlantic coasts of Europe and the Americas, and the possibility of prospecting for perhaps a fifth of the planet’s undiscovered supplies of oil and natural gas. Such reactions are profoundly misguided. Never mind that the low price of oil and gas means searching for them in the Arctic is no longer worthwhile. Or that the much-vaunted sea passages are likely to carry only a trickle of trade. The right response is fear. The Arctic is not merely a bellwether of matters climatic, but an actor in them.

The current period of global warming that Earth is undergoing is caused by certain gases in the atmosphere, notably carbon dioxide. These admit heat, in the form of sunlight, but block its radiation back into space, in the form of longer-wave-length infra-red. That traps heat in the air, the water and the land. More carbon dioxide equals more warming--a simple equation. Except it is not simple. A number of feedback loops complicate matters. Some dampen warming down; some speed it up. Two in the Arctic may speed it up quite a lot.

One is that seawater is much darker than ice. It absorbs heat rather than reflecting it back into space. That melts more ice, which leaves more seawater exposed, which melts more ice. And so on. This helps explain why the Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the planet. The deal on climate change made in Paris in 2015 is meant to stop Earth’s surface temperature rising by more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. In the unlikely event that it is fully implemented, winter temperatures over the Arctic ocean will still warm by between 5°C and 9°C compared with their 1986-2005 average.

The second feedback loop concerns not the water but the land. In the Arctic much of this is permafrost. That frozen soil locks up a lot of organic material. If the permafrost melts its organic contents can escape as a result of fire or decay, in the form of carbon dioxide or methane (which is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2). This will speed up global warming directly--and the soot from the fires, when it settles on the ice, will darken it and thus speed its melting still more.

第 47 題：Which of the following best describes the function of the last two paragraphs?

【題組共用題幹】

Those who doubt the power of human beings to change Earth’s climate should look to the Arctic, and shiver.

There is no need to pore over records of temperatures and atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations. The process is starkly visible in the shrinkage of the ice that covers the Arctic ocean. In the past 30 years, the minimum coverage of summer ice has fallen by half; its volume has fallen by three-quarters. On current trends, the Arctic ocean will be largely ice-free in summer by 2040.

Climate-change sceptics will shrug. Some may even celebrate: an ice-free Arctic ocean promises a shortcut for shipping between the Pacific coast of Asia and the Atlantic coasts of Europe and the Americas, and the possibility of prospecting for perhaps a fifth of the planet’s undiscovered supplies of oil and natural gas. Such reactions are profoundly misguided. Never mind that the low price of oil and gas means searching for them in the Arctic is no longer worthwhile. Or that the much-vaunted sea passages are likely to carry only a trickle of trade. The right response is fear. The Arctic is not merely a bellwether of matters climatic, but an actor in them.

The current period of global warming that Earth is undergoing is caused by certain gases in the atmosphere, notably carbon dioxide. These admit heat, in the form of sunlight, but block its radiation back into space, in the form of longer-wave-length infra-red. That traps heat in the air, the water and the land. More carbon dioxide equals more warming--a simple equation. Except it is not simple. A number of feedback loops complicate matters. Some dampen warming down; some speed it up. Two in the Arctic may speed it up quite a lot.

One is that seawater is much darker than ice. It absorbs heat rather than reflecting it back into space. That melts more ice, which leaves more seawater exposed, which melts more ice. And so on. This helps explain why the Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the planet. The deal on climate change made in Paris in 2015 is meant to stop Earth’s surface temperature rising by more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. In the unlikely event that it is fully implemented, winter temperatures over the Arctic ocean will still warm by between 5°C and 9°C compared with their 1986-2005 average.

The second feedback loop concerns not the water but the land. In the Arctic much of this is permafrost. That frozen soil locks up a lot of organic material. If the permafrost melts its organic contents can escape as a result of fire or decay, in the form of carbon dioxide or methane (which is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2). This will speed up global warming directly--and the soot from the fires, when it settles on the ice, will darken it and thus speed its melting still more.

第 48 題：Which of the following phrases best corresponds to the words “much darker” in the beginning of paragraph four?

【題組共用題幹】

Those who doubt the power of human beings to change Earth’s climate should look to the Arctic, and shiver.

There is no need to pore over records of temperatures and atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations. The process is starkly visible in the shrinkage of the ice that covers the Arctic ocean. In the past 30 years, the minimum coverage of summer ice has fallen by half; its volume has fallen by three-quarters. On current trends, the Arctic ocean will be largely ice-free in summer by 2040.

Climate-change sceptics will shrug. Some may even celebrate: an ice-free Arctic ocean promises a shortcut for shipping between the Pacific coast of Asia and the Atlantic coasts of Europe and the Americas, and the possibility of prospecting for perhaps a fifth of the planet’s undiscovered supplies of oil and natural gas. Such reactions are profoundly misguided. Never mind that the low price of oil and gas means searching for them in the Arctic is no longer worthwhile. Or that the much-vaunted sea passages are likely to carry only a trickle of trade. The right response is fear. The Arctic is not merely a bellwether of matters climatic, but an actor in them.

The current period of global warming that Earth is undergoing is caused by certain gases in the atmosphere, notably carbon dioxide. These admit heat, in the form of sunlight, but block its radiation back into space, in the form of longer-wave-length infra-red. That traps heat in the air, the water and the land. More carbon dioxide equals more warming--a simple equation. Except it is not simple. A number of feedback loops complicate matters. Some dampen warming down; some speed it up. Two in the Arctic may speed it up quite a lot.

One is that seawater is much darker than ice. It absorbs heat rather than reflecting it back into space. That melts more ice, which leaves more seawater exposed, which melts more ice. And so on. This helps explain why the Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the planet. The deal on climate change made in Paris in 2015 is meant to stop Earth’s surface temperature rising by more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. In the unlikely event that it is fully implemented, winter temperatures over the Arctic ocean will still warm by between 5°C and 9°C compared with their 1986-2005 average.

The second feedback loop concerns not the water but the land. In the Arctic much of this is permafrost. That frozen soil locks up a lot of organic material. If the permafrost melts its organic contents can escape as a result of fire or decay, in the form of carbon dioxide or methane (which is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2). This will speed up global warming directly--and the soot from the fires, when it settles on the ice, will darken it and thus speed its melting still more.

第 49 題：Which of the following is the tone of the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Those who doubt the power of human beings to change Earth’s climate should look to the Arctic, and shiver.

There is no need to pore over records of temperatures and atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations. The process is starkly visible in the shrinkage of the ice that covers the Arctic ocean. In the past 30 years, the minimum coverage of summer ice has fallen by half; its volume has fallen by three-quarters. On current trends, the Arctic ocean will be largely ice-free in summer by 2040.

Climate-change sceptics will shrug. Some may even celebrate: an ice-free Arctic ocean promises a shortcut for shipping between the Pacific coast of Asia and the Atlantic coasts of Europe and the Americas, and the possibility of prospecting for perhaps a fifth of the planet’s undiscovered supplies of oil and natural gas. Such reactions are profoundly misguided. Never mind that the low price of oil and gas means searching for them in the Arctic is no longer worthwhile. Or that the much-vaunted sea passages are likely to carry only a trickle of trade. The right response is fear. The Arctic is not merely a bellwether of matters climatic, but an actor in them.

The current period of global warming that Earth is undergoing is caused by certain gases in the atmosphere, notably carbon dioxide. These admit heat, in the form of sunlight, but block its radiation back into space, in the form of longer-wave-length infra-red. That traps heat in the air, the water and the land. More carbon dioxide equals more warming--a simple equation. Except it is not simple. A number of feedback loops complicate matters. Some dampen warming down; some speed it up. Two in the Arctic may speed it up quite a lot.

One is that seawater is much darker than ice. It absorbs heat rather than reflecting it back into space. That melts more ice, which leaves more seawater exposed, which melts more ice. And so on. This helps explain why the Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the planet. The deal on climate change made in Paris in 2015 is meant to stop Earth’s surface temperature rising by more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. In the unlikely event that it is fully implemented, winter temperatures over the Arctic ocean will still warm by between 5°C and 9°C compared with their 1986-2005 average.

The second feedback loop concerns not the water but the land. In the Arctic much of this is permafrost. That frozen soil locks up a lot of organic material. If the permafrost melts its organic contents can escape as a result of fire or decay, in the form of carbon dioxide or methane (which is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2). This will speed up global warming directly--and the soot from the fires, when it settles on the ice, will darken it and thus speed its melting still more.

第 50 題：What is the main idea of the passage?