核心觀念

本題是「外交部英文新聞稿」寫作，重點不在逐字翻譯，而在於以正式、穩健、可對外發布的語氣，處理一艘臺灣籍遠洋漁船在海上發生重大暴力事件後的政府救援說明。

應掌握四項核心：

1. 確認事件性質：將 “a bloodbath at sea” 改寫為較正式的 a serious and deadly violent incident，避免新聞稿使用情緒化或過度渲染的字眼。
2. 掌握船舶身分：船舶在臺灣登記，外交部可表達政府將提供協助，並透過相關機關行使船旗國所能採取的行政、外交及救援措施。
3. 處理地理距離：船舶距模里西斯約 1,000 海里，表示臺灣不宜宣稱立即派遣單一救援力量抵達現場，而應強調與鄰近海上救援協調中心、沿岸國及相關國家合作。
4. 兼顧救援與外交語氣：新聞稿應同時說明政府措施、跨國協調、家屬聯繫、船員安全及後續調查，避免預先認定犯罪嫌疑人或公開未確認資訊。

本題可援引的法源背景包括《聯合國海洋法公約》、1974 年《海上人命安全國際公約》（SOLAS）、1979 年《海上搜救國際公約》（SAR Convention）及《維也納領事關係公約》。以命題當年（民國 111 年）法規及國際實務為準；現行法已修正之部分，不影響本題依命題時點作答。

解題方法

採取「新聞稿標準結構」：

1. 標題：直接交代外交部將協助臺灣籍船員。
2. 導言：說明船舶、事件性質及大致位置。
3. 政府措施：依序寫明搜救、醫療、外交協調、家屬聯繫及安全護送。
4. 後續處理：說明調查、資訊確認及持續更新。
5. 結語：重申政府對船員安全及國人權益的重視。

政府「employ all possible means」不可僅翻成 use all means，應具體展開為：

• activate emergency response mechanisms；
• contact the nearest maritime rescue coordination center；
• coordinate with Mauritius and other relevant authorities；
• seek assistance from nearby vessels；
• arrange medical evacuation and safe transportation；
• provide consular assistance and keep families informed；
• investigate the incident in accordance with law。

距離換算可作為背景理解：

$$1\text{ nautical mile}=1.852\text{ kilometers}$$

因此：

$$1,000\text{ nautical miles}\approx1,852\text{ kilometers}$$

這項資訊的寫作功能，是凸顯跨國搜救與區域協調的必要性，而不是要求考生計算抵達時間。

參考新聞稿

Press Release

Taiwan to Deploy All Possible Means to Assist Crew of Taiwan-Registered Fishing Vessel

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is deeply concerned about a serious and deadly violent incident that occurred aboard a Taiwan-registered ocean-going fishing vessel currently operating at sea approximately 1,000 nautical miles from Mauritius.

Upon learning of the incident, the Ministry immediately activated its emergency response mechanism and has been working closely with the Fisheries Agency, the Coast Guard Administration, relevant domestic authorities, and the vessel operator to verify the situation and protect the safety of all crew members.

Given the vessel’s considerable distance from Taiwan, the Ministry is contacting the Government of Mauritius and the relevant maritime rescue coordination authorities in the region to seek their assistance. The Ministry will also coordinate with nearby vessels and other app

核心觀念

本題考查外交關係中「外交使館館舍之不可侵犯性」及兩國斷交後之館舍、財產與檔案保護義務，並要求以正式外交抗議函的格式，代表我國外交部嚴正譴責尼加拉瓜政府的行為。

以命題當年（民國111年）法規及國際法規範為準，主要依據如下：

1. 《維也納外交關係公約》第22條 使館館舍不得侵犯。接受國不得進入使館館舍，並負有採取一切適當措施保護館舍免受侵入或損害之特別義務；館舍、館內財產及交通工具不得受搜索、徵用、扣押或強制執行。

2. 《維也納外交關係公約》第24條 派遣國之檔案及文件，在任何時間均不得侵犯。

3. 《維也納外交關係公約》第45條 即使兩國外交關係中斷或正式終止，接受國仍須尊重並保護使館館舍、財產及檔案。接受國得將其保管委託予第三國，但該第三國必須為派遣國所接受。

因此，尼加拉瓜在與我國斷交後，逕自沒收我國原使館館舍，並移交中華人民共和國，不僅違反館舍不可侵犯性，也違反斷交後仍持續存在的保護與尊重義務。

解題方法

本題宜採「外交抗議函四段式」：

1. 表明身分與來函目的 由我國外交部代表政府，針對尼加拉瓜沒收並移交使館館舍一事提出正式抗議。

2. 具體指明違法事實與法源 清楚說明館舍係我國財產，且斷交不會使接受國取得任意沒收或處分之權利，並援引《維也納外交關係公約》第22、24及45條。

3. 表達最強烈譴責與否認法律效力 使用外交英文常見表達，例如：

• strongly condemns
• categorically rejects
• serious violation
• unlawful and unacceptable
• without prejudice to all our rights

4. 提出具體要求並保留權利 要求尼加拉瓜立即停止侵害、返還館舍及相關財產、妥善保護檔案，並保留我國依國際法採取進一步行動及請求賠償的權利。

抗議函不能只寫情緒性譴責，必須同時具備「事實、法源、要求、權利保留」四項內容，才能符合正式外交文書的完整性。

參考作答

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (Taiwan)

Diplomatic Protest Concerning the Unlawful Seizure and Transfer of the Former Embassy Premises in Nicaragua

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) presents its compliments to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Nicaragua and has the honor to convey the Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan)’s strongest protest against the unlawful confiscation of the former premises of the Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Managua and the subsequent transfer of those premises to the People’s Republic of China.

The Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) categorically condemns this arbitrary and unacceptable act. The severance of diplomatic relations between Taiwan and Nicaragua in 2021 did not grant the Nicaraguan Government the right to confiscate, appropriate, or otherwise dispose of Taiwan’s diplomatic premises and property at its discretion.

Under Articles 22, 24, and 45 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, diplomatic premises, property, archives, and documents remain protected and inviolable even after the severance of diplomatic relations. In particular, the receiving State is obligated to respect and protect the premises, property, and archives of the sending State. Any entrustment of their custody to a third State must also be acceptable to the sending State. The unilateral transfer of Taiwan’s former embassy premises to the People’s Republic of China, without the consent of the Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan), is therefore a serious violation of Nicaragua’s obligations under international law.

The Ministry further demands that the Nicaraguan Government immediately cease its unlawful interference, restore Taiwan’s ownership and control of the premises and related property, and take all necessary measures to ensu

核心觀念

本題是「外交實務英文寫作」與「國際法論證」的綜合題，重點不在逐字翻譯，而在於以正式國際訴訟文書格式，提出一套完整、克制且具證據邏輯的主權論證。

作答時應掌握下列概念：

1. Permanent Court of Arbitration（PCA）之性質 PCA 是提供仲裁行政與程序服務的國際仲裁機構，並非固定法官組成的常設法院。仲裁庭之管轄權，原則上必須來自當事國之同意，例如仲裁協定、條約仲裁條款或雙方另行簽署的 compromis。

2. 領土主權之取得與證明 國際法上主權主張通常從下列面向論證：

• 歷史發現與長期使用；
• 先占（occupation）；
• 有效統治（effective administration）；
• 國家機關之行政、軍事、司法或其他公權力行使；
• 他國之承認、默認或長期未提出抗議；
• 戰後和約及國際文件對領土處分之確認；
• 條約解釋、國際慣例與國際法院判例所建立之原則。

3. 陸地主權與海洋權利之區別 Diaoyutai Islets 的領土主權，與其周邊海域之海洋權利必須分開處理。依《聯合國海洋法公約》，島嶼主權是海洋權利的前提；領土主權若尚未確定，周邊海域之領海、專屬經濟海域及大陸礁層權利也會受到影響。

4. 國際文件之法律效力 Cairo Declaration、Potsdam Proclamation 及日本投降文書可作為戰後領土處分與國際安排之重要證據，但其是否具有獨立條約效力，必須謹慎表述。較穩妥的寫法是主張這些文件共同反映盟國及戰後國際秩序對台灣及其附屬島嶼返還中國的安排。

5. 國際訴訟文書結構 正式 pleadings 通常包括：

• Case title；
• Introduction；
• Jurisdiction；
• Statement of facts；
• Legal grounds；
• Relief requested 或 Prayer for Relief。

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解題方法

本題採用「訴訟文書格式＋分層主權論證」最為穩妥。

第一層先處理仲裁庭的管轄權，說明案件係依雙方同意或適用仲裁條款提交。第二層建立歷史權源，說明 Diaoyutai Islets 與台灣在歷史、地理及行政上不可分。第三層提出中國及中華民國政府的有效統治證據。第四層處理日本於 1895 年的占有及其法律效果。第五層以戰後國際文件證明日本已放棄相關領土。最後，說明主權確定後，台灣對鄰接海域享有相應海洋權利。

題目未提供台灣與 X 國間的仲裁協定、實際行政紀錄及 X 國抗議資料，因此範文應明確採取合理假設：雙方已透過有效仲裁協議同意將爭端提交 PCA，且台灣可提出歷史文獻、行政紀錄、官方地圖及外交照會作為證據。

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參考英文答案

IN THE MATTER OF AN ARBITRATION BETWEEN

THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA（TAIWAN） Claimant

and

COUNTRY X Respondent

MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA（TAIWAN）

I. Introduction

1. The Republic of China（Taiwan）respectfully submits this Memorial concerning the sovereignty dispute over the Diaoyutai Islets and their adjacent waters.

2. The Diaoyutai Islets have historically formed part of Taiwan’s territory. Taiwan’s title is supported by historical records, geographical connection, the exercise of governmental authority, and the post-war international settlement concerning Taiwan and its affiliated islands.

3. The Respondent’s claim is based primarily on an alleged incorporation of the Islets by Japan in 1895. That assertion cannot prevail. The Islets were not terra nullius, and Japan could not acquire valid title through unilateral incorporation of territory that had long been associated with and administered as part of Taiwan.

4. For these reasons, the Tribunal should declare that sovereignty over the Diaoyutai Islets belongs to the Republic of China（Taiwan）and that Taiwan is entitled to exercise the maritime rights arising from that sovereignty in accordance with international law.

II. Jurisdiction of the Tribunal

5. The present proceedings are submitted pursuant to the arbitration agreement concluded between the Republic of China（Taiwan）and Country X. By that agreement, the Parties consented to the submission of their dispute concerning sovereignty over the Diaoyutai Islets and the resulting maritime rights to arbitration administered by the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

6. The dispute is legal in character. It concerns the interpretation and application of international law, the determination of territorial title, the legal effect of historical conduct, and the consequences of the post-war settlement.

7. The Claimant recognizes that an arbitral tribunal derives its jurisdiction from the consent of the States concerned. The Claimant therefore relies upon the Parties’ arbitration agreement as the basis of jurisdiction in this case.

III. Statement of Facts

A. Historical connection with Taiwan

8. The Diaoyutai Islets are located in the East China Sea in close geographical proximity to Taiwan. Their historical use, naming, navigation records, and administrative treatment demonstrate their longstanding connection with Taiwan and the Chinese state.

9. Chinese historical records referred to the Islets before Japan asserted sovereignty over them. The Islets were used as navigational landmarks along the maritime route between the Chinese coast and Taiwan. Their names appeared in official and semi-official records associated with Taiwan and the surrounding waters.

10. The Islets were therefore known, identified, and treated as belonging to the geographical and political sphere of Taiwan before Japan’s purported incorporation.

B. Exercise of governmental authority

11. The Government of China exercised authority over Taiwan and the waters surrounding the Diaoyutai Islets through governmental records, navigation administration, official maps, maritime supervision, and other public acts.

12. These acts were not merely private activities. They were manifestations of governmental authority and were conducted openly and consistently with the understanding that the Islets formed part of Taiwan’s territory.

13. The absence of permanent habitation does not defeat Taiwan’s claim. Under international law, effective occupation of small and uninhabited islands may be demonstrated by the exercise of State authority appropriate to the nature of the territory.

C. Japan’s purported incorporation

14. Japan incorporated the Diaoyutai Islets in 1895 on the theory that they were terra nullius. That theory is legally unfounded.

15. A territory cannot be treated as terra nullius merely because it is uninhabited or because no permanent settlement exists. The relevant question is whether the territory was subject to the sovereignty or administration of another State.

16. At the time of Japan’s incorporation, the Islets had already been historically connected with Taiwan and included within the territorial understanding of the Chinese state. Japan’s unilateral act therefore did not create a valid title superior to Taiwan’s pre-existing title.

17. In addition, the incorporation occurred in the context of the Sino-Japanese conflict and the transfer of Taiwan to Japan. It cannot be separated from the broader circumstances in which Japan acquired control over Taiwan and nearby islands.

D. The post-war settlement

18. During the Second World War, the Allied Powers adopted a series of instruments concerning territories taken by Japan. The Cairo Declaration stated that territories Japan had taken from China, including Formosa and the Pescadores, should be restored to China.

19. The Potsdam Proclamation reaffirmed the terms of the Cairo Declaration, and Japan accepted those terms in its Instrument of Surrender.

20. These instruments must be read together as part of the post-war settlement. Their object was to terminate Japan’s wartime territorial acquisitions and restore the territories taken from China.

21. Japan later renounced all right, title, and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores in the Treaty of Peace with Japan. The Treaty of Taipei likewise recognized Japan’s renunciation of those territories.

22. The fact that the Diaoyutai Islets were not separately named in every post-war instrument does not remove them from the settlement. Small islands historically forming part of Taiwan follow the legal status of the principal territory with which they are geographically and administratively connected.

核心觀念

本題不是一般議論文，而是「外交部正式聲明」（formal statement）。考生須以臺灣外交部名義，針對斯里蘭卡的政治與經濟危機提出具外交分寸的政府立場。

作答重點包括：

1. 表達關切與同理：說明臺灣注意到斯里蘭卡的財政困境、社會動盪及民生物資短缺。
2. 重申人道立場：將人民福祉、基本生活需求與弱勢族群列為優先。
3. 提出具體回應：提供人道援助、醫療物資、民生必需品或透過適當管道協助。
4. 尊重主權與不干涉原則：不評論斯里蘭卡內政，也不對其政治人物或政黨表態。
5. 展現合作意願：與友好國家、國際組織及非政府組織協調，共同協助危機處理。
6. 維持外交語氣：措辭須正式、克制、客觀，避免使用煽情、批判或命令式語言。

本題主要考查外交英文寫作、正式聲明格式、危機回應語言及人道外交概念，並非法律條文或計算題。

解題方法

建議採用「背景—立場—行動—原則—展望」五段式：

1. 背景：承認斯里蘭卡目前面臨嚴重的經濟與政治挑戰。
2. 立場：表達臺灣政府對斯里蘭卡人民處境的關切。
3. 行動：提出人道援助與實際合作措施。
4. 原則：強調尊重斯里蘭卡主權、人民意願及和平解決爭端。
5. 展望：表明臺灣願與相關夥伴持續合作，協助斯里蘭卡恢復民生與經濟穩定。

文章格式可採正式聲明常見架構：

• 標題：Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• 開頭：說明發布聲明的原因
• 主文：交代關切、具體措施與外交原則
• 結尾：提出後續合作意願
• 落款：Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)

題目使用「government bankruptcy」，正式英文可改寫為 sovereign default、severe fiscal crisis 或 economic crisis。其中 sovereign default 比「government bankruptcy」更符合國家財政危機的外交及財經語境。

參考作答

Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) on the Situation in Sri Lanka

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is deeply concerned about the severe economic and political crisis currently facing Sri Lanka. The country’s sovereign default, shortages of essential goods, and continuing social unrest have placed significant hardships on the Sri Lankan people, particularly vulnerable groups, children, and low-income families.

The Government of Taiwan attaches great importance to the protection of human dignity and the well-being of civilians. In response to the urgent needs of the Sri Lankan people, Taiwan will provide humanitarian assistance through appropriate channels, including the donation of essential supplies and other forms of emergency relief. We will also work with relevant international organizations, friendly countries, and nongovernmental organizations to ensure that assistance reaches those in need as efficiently as possible.

Taiwan respects Sri Lanka’s sovereignty and its people’s right to determine their own future. We sincerely hope that all parties concerned will exercise restraint, refrain from violence, and resolve their di