107 關務特考三等 關稅會計 審計學 考古題詳解

107 年・關務特考・三等・關稅會計
試題代碼 審計學

第 一 題25 分

【題組共用題幹】

歐盟是個關稅同盟,有 28 個會員國加入。廠商若坐落於歐盟以外國家,銷售商品至歐盟會員國時,須支付關稅,而該等稅收的 80% 係用來支持歐盟的支出。

2016 年,英國激辯是否脫歐,後主張脫歐的一方在公投中險勝。目前,英國正準備進行脫歐談判,爭執的項目甚多,其中包含脫歐「分手費」,其數額可能達 €600 億。

英國脫歐後,境管局(Border Force)須對所有進入英國的貨物進行邊境檢查。今(2018)年 3 月初,歐盟反舞弊局(European Anti-Fraud Office,法文名 Office de Lutte Anti-Fraude,簡稱 OLAF)宣稱歐盟擬處罰英國政府 €19.8 億,理由是用此款來貼補歐盟損失的關稅收入。犯罪集團的中樞位於英國,而集團使用假發票及不實的報價從中國低價進口服飾及鞋類,於歐盟黑市販賣,交易數量之多,到氾濫的地步。

歐盟 OLAF 表示,雖它已多次就該等案件警告英國海關官員,「其他會員國會採取行動」,但英國海關對進口之處理係失敗。法國國家情報和海關調查局(French National Directorate of Intelligence and Customs Investigation)的資深調查員 Bruno Collin 說:「我們提出追查貨物的要求,但我的英國同僚沒有做出任何努力,英國政府對該領域的合作沒太大興趣,大多未回應。」

OLAF 舉例,自中國進口的女性長褲,在英國的平均售價是 €0.91/kg,但棉花的市價是 €1.44/kg,而英國政府卻未能看見警訊。

歐盟 OLAF 調查人員表示,英國海關未有效查緝,在管理進口商品上出現疏失,放縱犯罪集團,讓這些犯罪集團持續茁壯,使法國、德國、西班牙,以及義大利等國從 2013 至 2016 年少收加值稅,估計使這些國家的國庫損失 €32 億。

新聞報導還說,記者詢問英國首相 Theresa May 的發言人:「英國是否會支付罰款?」發言人表示:

  1. 我們尚未自歐洲委員會收到罰款通知。
  2. OLAF 的調查報告,僅是估計數,而非罰款金額。
  3. 我們不認同該等計算。目前,英國稅務海關總署(Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs, HMRC)正仔細檢視中。
  4. 此議題與英國脫歐的談判是二回事。

HMRC 則表示:

  1. 自己追查舞弊及違規事件的紀錄傑出。
  2. 已考量 OLAF 的發現及建議。

不過,英國國會議員 Alistair Carmichael 卻有不同看法。Carmichael 屬自由民主黨(Liberal Democrat),一向反對脫歐。此事一出,他主張:「OLAF 調查的結果顯示英國脫歐有許多問題。英國境管局未能盡責,使納稅人多付十幾億英鎊,可見脫歐是個魯莽的計畫,並非好事。」

附件:2017 年 3 月 8 日 The Guardian 的新聞

The British government faces a €2bn (£1.7bn) fine for negligence that allowed criminal gangs to flood European black markets with illegal Chinese goods, EU anti-fraud investigators have said. The European anti-fraud office (known as Olaf from its French name, Office de Lutte Anti-Fraude) has recommended the UK pay €1.98bn into the EU budget to compensate for lost customs duties, as a result of a failure by British customs officials to crack down on criminal gangs using fake invoices and making false claims about the value of clothes and shoes imported from China.

Olaf said the fraud was ongoing and pointed out the cost to national exchequers(國庫) was even greater. France, Germany, Spain and Italy are estimated to have lost a combined €3.2bn from 2013 to 2016 in VAT revenues, as a result of British failures in handling imports at its ports.

The €2bn fine and accusations of neglect could stir bad feeling between the UK and the continent as Britain prepares to embark on negotiations to leave the EU, where dispute has already broken out over an estimated €60bn Brexit bill. Relations between Britain and some member states, such as France and Italy, were already strained over trade. The British government has been in the vanguard(前鋒) of countries defending EU rules that allow artificially cheap (but legal) Chinese steel into European markets, hurting European jobs and companies.

The EU’s 28 member states belong to a customs union, where a common tariff is levied on imports from outside the bloc. About 80% of customs duties are used to fund the EU budget. Anti-fraud investigators said they had repeatedly warned British customs officials about the scale of the fraud. A spokesperson said: “Despite repeated efforts deployed by Olaf, and in contrast to the actions taken by several other member states to fight against these fraudsters, the fraud hub in the UK has continued to grow.”

In one example given by the anti-fraud team, women’s trousers imported from China were declared in the UK at an average price of €0.91 a kg, although market prices for cotton were €1.44 a kg, a disparity that failed to raise the alarm for the British. A senior French anti-fraud investigator said the UK had mostly not responded to requests to trace goods. Bruno Collin, at the French National Directorate of Intelligence and Customs Investigation, told Politico that his British counterparts had not made an effort. “UK authorities are not interested at all in co-operating in this field, probably because the phenomenon does not directly affect them.”

Politicians opposed to Brexit said the findings raised more questions about the government’s plans to quit the EU’s customs union. “The UK border force is asleep at the wheel and it’s going to cost the taxpayer billions,” said Alistair Carmichael, a Liberal Democrat Members of Parliament. “This doesn’t bode well for reckless plans to leave the customs union and set up border checks for all goods coming into UK.” The decision about whether to fine the UK will be taken by the European Commission.

Asked whether the UK would pay a fine, Theresa May’s official spokesman said: “We’ve not received a bill from the European Commission. This report is not a bill. It’s an estimate. We don’t recognise the figures. HMRC are looking at it now.” The spokesman said the issue was entirely separate from Brexit negotiations. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs said it had an “excellent record in tackling fraud and rule-breaking of all kinds” and was considering Olaf’s findings and recommendations.

一、績效(performance)有效率(efficiency)及效果(effectiveness)兩個層面。本則新聞談到:過去英國海關對進口之處理係失敗,指出上述查緝之成效不彰。試論查緝成效究指效率,還是指效果?

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗績效審計(Performance Audit)或營運審計中衡量組織施政與管理良窳之核心標準——「效率」(Efficiency)​與​「效果」(Effectiveness)​的定義區分與實務應用:

  1. 效率(Efficiency,Doing things right):
  • 定義:著重於「投入(Inputs)」與「產出(Outputs)」之間的關係。
  • 衡量指標:以最小的資源耗費獲得既定之產出,或以既定的資源產生最大之產出(即產出/投入的比率,例如:每單位查緝經費所查核的貨櫃數量、完成單筆通關申報所需的作業時間)。
  1. 效果/效能(Effectiveness,Doing the right things):
  • 定義:著重於「產出(Outputs)」與「預期成果/目標(Outcomes / Objectives)」之間的達成程度。
  • 衡量指標:評估施政作為、管制措施或查緝行動是否確實達成原定之政策目標、法規要求或預期成效(例如:是否成功遏阻走私逃漏稅、是否保障國家與同盟國庫稅收、是否瓦解犯罪集團網絡)。

解題方法

判斷「查緝成效不彰」究屬效率或效果,應依循「施政目標 →\rightarrow 執行作為 →\rightarrow 最終結果」的審計邏輯鏈進行檢視:

  1. 確立海關查緝之法定目標(Objectives): 海關進口查緝政策之最終目的,在於「防杜跨國詐欺與不法申報」、「遏止黑市走私」及「完整徵收關稅與加值稅,維護國庫利益」。
  2. 對照個案客觀事實(Facts):
  • 警訊忽視:自中國進口女裝長褲申報價格(€0.91/kg)顯著低於原物料棉花市價(€1.44/kg),海關未能建立有效辨識機制予以阻截。
  • 不法蔓延:犯罪集團利用假發票與低報貨價傾銷歐洲黑市,規模達到氾濫程度。
  • 實質損害:導致歐盟損失關稅 €19.8 億、法德西義等國損失加值稅 €32 億,各國屢次示警求助均未獲英國海關積極回應。
  1. 歸納判定: 題幹所指「過去英國海關對進口之處理係失敗,查緝之成效不彰」,其評斷基礎並非海關「查驗一件貨物耗費了多少公帑或工時」(非投入與產出之比率),而是「海關查緝行動未能達到阻絕犯罪、防止鉅額稅收損失的目標」(產出未能實現預期目標)。因此,此處的「成效」必然是指​「效果(Effectiveness)」。

兩者深度剖析與比對

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享 3 天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 一 題25 分

【題組共用題幹】

歐盟是個關稅同盟,有 28 個會員國加入。廠商若坐落於歐盟以外國家,銷售商品至歐盟會員國時,須支付關稅,而該等稅收的 80% 係用來支持歐盟的支出。

2016 年,英國激辯是否脫歐,後主張脫歐的一方在公投中險勝。目前,英國正準備進行脫歐談判,爭執的項目甚多,其中包含脫歐「分手費」,其數額可能達 €600 億。

英國脫歐後,境管局(Border Force)須對所有進入英國的貨物進行邊境檢查。今(2018)年 3 月初,歐盟反舞弊局(European Anti-Fraud Office,法文名 Office de Lutte Anti-Fraude,簡稱 OLAF)宣稱歐盟擬處罰英國政府 €19.8 億,理由是用此款來貼補歐盟損失的關稅收入。犯罪集團的中樞位於英國,而集團使用假發票及不實的報價從中國低價進口服飾及鞋類,於歐盟黑市販賣,交易數量之多,到氾濫的地步。

歐盟 OLAF 表示,雖它已多次就該等案件警告英國海關官員,「其他會員國會採取行動」,但英國海關對進口之處理係失敗。法國國家情報和海關調查局(French National Directorate of Intelligence and Customs Investigation)的資深調查員 Bruno Collin 說:「我們提出追查貨物的要求,但我的英國同僚沒有做出任何努力,英國政府對該領域的合作沒太大興趣,大多未回應。」

OLAF 舉例,自中國進口的女性長褲,在英國的平均售價是 €0.91/kg,但棉花的市價是 €1.44/kg,而英國政府卻未能看見警訊。

歐盟 OLAF 調查人員表示,英國海關未有效查緝,在管理進口商品上出現疏失,放縱犯罪集團,讓這些犯罪集團持續茁壯,使法國、德國、西班牙,以及義大利等國從 2013 至 2016 年少收加值稅,估計使這些國家的國庫損失 €32 億。

新聞報導還說,記者詢問英國首相 Theresa May 的發言人:「英國是否會支付罰款?」發言人表示:

  1. 我們尚未自歐洲委員會收到罰款通知。
  2. OLAF 的調查報告,僅是估計數,而非罰款金額。
  3. 我們不認同該等計算。目前,英國稅務海關總署(Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs, HMRC)正仔細檢視中。
  4. 此議題與英國脫歐的談判是二回事。

HMRC 則表示:

  1. 自己追查舞弊及違規事件的紀錄傑出。
  2. 已考量 OLAF 的發現及建議。

不過,英國國會議員 Alistair Carmichael 卻有不同看法。Carmichael 屬自由民主黨(Liberal Democrat),一向反對脫歐。此事一出,他主張:「OLAF 調查的結果顯示英國脫歐有許多問題。英國境管局未能盡責,使納稅人多付十幾億英鎊,可見脫歐是個魯莽的計畫,並非好事。」

附件:2017 年 3 月 8 日 The Guardian 的新聞

The British government faces a €2bn (£1.7bn) fine for negligence that allowed criminal gangs to flood European black markets with illegal Chinese goods, EU anti-fraud investigators have said. The European anti-fraud office (known as Olaf from its French name, Office de Lutte Anti-Fraude) has recommended the UK pay €1.98bn into the EU budget to compensate for lost customs duties, as a result of a failure by British customs officials to crack down on criminal gangs using fake invoices and making false claims about the value of clothes and shoes imported from China.

Olaf said the fraud was ongoing and pointed out the cost to national exchequers(國庫) was even greater. France, Germany, Spain and Italy are estimated to have lost a combined €3.2bn from 2013 to 2016 in VAT revenues, as a result of British failures in handling imports at its ports.

The €2bn fine and accusations of neglect could stir bad feeling between the UK and the continent as Britain prepares to embark on negotiations to leave the EU, where dispute has already broken out over an estimated €60bn Brexit bill. Relations between Britain and some member states, such as France and Italy, were already strained over trade. The British government has been in the vanguard(前鋒) of countries defending EU rules that allow artificially cheap (but legal) Chinese steel into European markets, hurting European jobs and companies.

The EU’s 28 member states belong to a customs union, where a common tariff is levied on imports from outside the bloc. About 80% of customs duties are used to fund the EU budget. Anti-fraud investigators said they had repeatedly warned British customs officials about the scale of the fraud. A spokesperson said: “Despite repeated efforts deployed by Olaf, and in contrast to the actions taken by several other member states to fight against these fraudsters, the fraud hub in the UK has continued to grow.”

In one example given by the anti-fraud team, women’s trousers imported from China were declared in the UK at an average price of €0.91 a kg, although market prices for cotton were €1.44 a kg, a disparity that failed to raise the alarm for the British. A senior French anti-fraud investigator said the UK had mostly not responded to requests to trace goods. Bruno Collin, at the French National Directorate of Intelligence and Customs Investigation, told Politico that his British counterparts had not made an effort. “UK authorities are not interested at all in co-operating in this field, probably because the phenomenon does not directly affect them.”

Politicians opposed to Brexit said the findings raised more questions about the government’s plans to quit the EU’s customs union. “The UK border force is asleep at the wheel and it’s going to cost the taxpayer billions,” said Alistair Carmichael, a Liberal Democrat Members of Parliament. “This doesn’t bode well for reckless plans to leave the customs union and set up border checks for all goods coming into UK.” The decision about whether to fine the UK will be taken by the European Commission.

Asked whether the UK would pay a fine, Theresa May’s official spokesman said: “We’ve not received a bill from the European Commission. This report is not a bill. It’s an estimate. We don’t recognise the figures. HMRC are looking at it now.” The spokesman said the issue was entirely separate from Brexit negotiations. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs said it had an “excellent record in tackling fraud and rule-breaking of all kinds” and was considering Olaf’s findings and recommendations.

一、績效(performance)有效率(efficiency)及效果(effectiveness)兩個層面。會計師於查核財務報表是否依照一般公認會計原則編製時,應考量查核風險。試問查核風險與查核效果有何關聯?

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題以命題當年(民國 107 年)之審計準則公報為準,核心依據為審計準則公報第 48 號「瞭解受查者及其環境並評估重大不實表達風險」與第 52 號「查核抽樣」(註:現行審計準則已全面接軌國際改採 TWSA 體系,對應為 TWSA 200 與 TWSA 530)。題目要求闡明「績效維度中的效果(Effectiveness)」與「審計專業中的查核風險(Audit Risk)」兩者之間的本質連結與相互作用。

  1. 查核風險(Audit Risk, ARAR)之定義: 指財務報表存在重大不實表達時,查核人員簽發不適當查核意見(例如簽發無保留意見)的風險。其模型公式為: AR=RMM×DR=(Inherent Risk×Control Risk)×Detection RiskAR = RMM \times DR = (Inherent\ Risk \times Control\ Risk) \times Detection\ Risk 查核人員之責任,在於規劃與執行查核工作,將查核風險降低至「可接受之水準」(Acceptably low level)。

  2. 查核效果(Audit Effectiveness)之定義: 指查核人員能否「達成查核目標」的程度。在財務報表查核中,查核目標係對財務報表是否依據一般公認會計原則編製取得「高度但非絕對的確信(合理確信)」,以防範未察覺之重大不實表達。換言之,查核效果即是「查核程序能否精確查出實質重大不實表達並出具正確查核意見的能力」。

  3. 抽樣風險中的兩種類型:

  • 影響查核效果之風險(Type II 錯誤/β\beta 風險):即「誤受風險」(Risk of Incorrect Acceptance)或「控制風險評估過低風險」。當帳面存有重大不實表達而查核人員判斷為無重大不實表達時,將直接導致查核效果失敗。
  • 影響查核效率之風險(Type I 錯誤/α\alpha 風險):即「誤拒風險」(Risk of Incorrect Rejection)或「控制風險評估過高風險」。雖導致查核人員執行額外程序而虛耗資源(損害效率),但最終仍會獲致正確結論,故不損及查核效果。

解題方法

本題為典型的「觀念整合型申論題」,破題時應將題幹的管理學/績效觀念(效果 vs. 效率)平移至審計學的「查核目標與風險架構」中進行解構。答題應循序開展三個層次:

  1. 界定概念本質:分別界定查核效果(達成查出重大不實表達之目標)與查核風險(簽發不當查核意見之機率)。
  2. 闡釋關聯機制:從「互補/反向依存」、「可接受風險決定效果要求」以及「抽樣風險之誤受風險」三大角度,具體論證查核效果的高低如何決定查核風險之大小。
  3. 呼應題幹情境作結:題幹提及英國海關未對異常進口單價(棉花 €1.44/kg,女褲卻報 €0.91/kg)採取有效作為,導致黑市舞弊氾濫,即屬「效果(effectiveness)嚴重匱乏」所引發的實質監管與法令遵循風險爆發;會計師查核財報若效果不彰,後果即為承擔過高的查核風險(查核失敗)。

選項分析

本題為申論題(非選擇題),針對作答時最核心之對比構面與常見混淆概念進行深度解析:

  • 構面一:查核效果 vs. 誤受風險(Beta 風險)
  • 關聯分析:誤受風險直接左右查核效果。若查核人員將誤受風險控制在極低水準,代表查核程序具備足夠的嚴密性與代表性,足以偵測出隱藏的重大不實表達,此時查核效果極高,總體「查核風險」便能壓低至可接受水準。若誤受風險失控,查核效果落空,查核風險立即飆升。
  • 構面二:查核效率 vs. 誤拒風險(Alpha 風險)
  • 混淆防範:誤拒風險是指財務報表原本沒有重大不實表達,但查核樣本卻顯示有重大不實表達。此時查核人員會擴大樣本或追加證實程序,最終依然能查明真相、出具正確意見,因此「查核效果並未受損」、「查核風險並未增加」,受損的純粹是查核成本與工時(即查核效率)。作答時切忌將效率與效果混為一談。
🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享 3 天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 二 題25 分

【題組共用題幹】

歐盟是個關稅同盟,有 28 個會員國加入。廠商若坐落於歐盟以外國家,銷售商品至歐盟會員國時,須支付關稅,而該等稅收的 80% 係用來支持歐盟的支出。

2016 年,英國激辯是否脫歐,後主張脫歐的一方在公投中險勝。目前,英國正準備進行脫歐談判,爭執的項目甚多,其中包含脫歐「分手費」,其數額可能達 €600 億。

英國脫歐後,境管局(Border Force)須對所有進入英國的貨物進行邊境檢查。今(2018)年 3 月初,歐盟反舞弊局(European Anti-Fraud Office,法文名 Office de Lutte Anti-Fraude,簡稱 OLAF)宣稱歐盟擬處罰英國政府 €19.8 億,理由是用此款來貼補歐盟損失的關稅收入。犯罪集團的中樞位於英國,而集團使用假發票及不實的報價從中國低價進口服飾及鞋類,於歐盟黑市販賣,交易數量之多,到氾濫的地步。

歐盟 OLAF 表示,雖它已多次就該等案件警告英國海關官員,「其他會員國會採取行動」,但英國海關對進口之處理係失敗。法國國家情報和海關調查局(French National Directorate of Intelligence and Customs Investigation)的資深調查員 Bruno Collin 說:「我們提出追查貨物的要求,但我的英國同僚沒有做出任何努力,英國政府對該領域的合作沒太大興趣,大多未回應。」

OLAF 舉例,自中國進口的女性長褲,在英國的平均售價是 €0.91/kg,但棉花的市價是 €1.44/kg,而英國政府卻未能看見警訊。

歐盟 OLAF 調查人員表示,英國海關未有效查緝,在管理進口商品上出現疏失,放縱犯罪集團,讓這些犯罪集團持續茁壯,使法國、德國、西班牙,以及義大利等國從 2013 至 2016 年少收加值稅,估計使這些國家的國庫損失 €32 億。

新聞報導還說,記者詢問英國首相 Theresa May 的發言人:「英國是否會支付罰款?」發言人表示:

  1. 我們尚未自歐洲委員會收到罰款通知。
  2. OLAF 的調查報告,僅是估計數,而非罰款金額。
  3. 我們不認同該等計算。目前,英國稅務海關總署(Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs, HMRC)正仔細檢視中。
  4. 此議題與英國脫歐的談判是二回事。

HMRC 則表示:

  1. 自己追查舞弊及違規事件的紀錄傑出。
  2. 已考量 OLAF 的發現及建議。

不過,英國國會議員 Alistair Carmichael 卻有不同看法。Carmichael 屬自由民主黨(Liberal Democrat),一向反對脫歐。此事一出,他主張:「OLAF 調查的結果顯示英國脫歐有許多問題。英國境管局未能盡責,使納稅人多付十幾億英鎊,可見脫歐是個魯莽的計畫,並非好事。」

附件:2017 年 3 月 8 日 The Guardian 的新聞

The British government faces a €2bn (£1.7bn) fine for negligence that allowed criminal gangs to flood European black markets with illegal Chinese goods, EU anti-fraud investigators have said. The European anti-fraud office (known as Olaf from its French name, Office de Lutte Anti-Fraude) has recommended the UK pay €1.98bn into the EU budget to compensate for lost customs duties, as a result of a failure by British customs officials to crack down on criminal gangs using fake invoices and making false claims about the value of clothes and shoes imported from China.

Olaf said the fraud was ongoing and pointed out the cost to national exchequers(國庫) was even greater. France, Germany, Spain and Italy are estimated to have lost a combined €3.2bn from 2013 to 2016 in VAT revenues, as a result of British failures in handling imports at its ports.

The €2bn fine and accusations of neglect could stir bad feeling between the UK and the continent as Britain prepares to embark on negotiations to leave the EU, where dispute has already broken out over an estimated €60bn Brexit bill. Relations between Britain and some member states, such as France and Italy, were already strained over trade. The British government has been in the vanguard(前鋒) of countries defending EU rules that allow artificially cheap (but legal) Chinese steel into European markets, hurting European jobs and companies.

The EU’s 28 member states belong to a customs union, where a common tariff is levied on imports from outside the bloc. About 80% of customs duties are used to fund the EU budget. Anti-fraud investigators said they had repeatedly warned British customs officials about the scale of the fraud. A spokesperson said: “Despite repeated efforts deployed by Olaf, and in contrast to the actions taken by several other member states to fight against these fraudsters, the fraud hub in the UK has continued to grow.”

In one example given by the anti-fraud team, women’s trousers imported from China were declared in the UK at an average price of €0.91 a kg, although market prices for cotton were €1.44 a kg, a disparity that failed to raise the alarm for the British. A senior French anti-fraud investigator said the UK had mostly not responded to requests to trace goods. Bruno Collin, at the French National Directorate of Intelligence and Customs Investigation, told Politico that his British counterparts had not made an effort. “UK authorities are not interested at all in co-operating in this field, probably because the phenomenon does not directly affect them.”

Politicians opposed to Brexit said the findings raised more questions about the government’s plans to quit the EU’s customs union. “The UK border force is asleep at the wheel and it’s going to cost the taxpayer billions,” said Alistair Carmichael, a Liberal Democrat Members of Parliament. “This doesn’t bode well for reckless plans to leave the customs union and set up border checks for all goods coming into UK.” The decision about whether to fine the UK will be taken by the European Commission.

Asked whether the UK would pay a fine, Theresa May’s official spokesman said: “We’ve not received a bill from the European Commission. This report is not a bill. It’s an estimate. We don’t recognise the figures. HMRC are looking at it now.” The spokesman said the issue was entirely separate from Brexit negotiations. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs said it had an “excellent record in tackling fraud and rule-breaking of all kinds” and was considering Olaf’s findings and recommendations.

二、OLAF 抱怨英國海關查緝不力時,責備他們未察覺警訊。該警訊之一是中國進口的女用長褲在英國的售價竟然低於棉花的市價,不過,英國稅務海關總署主張自己追查舞弊及違規事件的紀錄傑出。請用此例說明專業懷疑(professional skepticism)的意義,以及如何使用分析性程序(analytical procedures)落實專業懷疑。

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題評量審計人員在查核與舞弊偵測過程中,兩項最根本且核心的專業工具與態度:專業懷疑與分析性程序,並要求結合跨國關稅申報之實際弊端情境進行申論。 以命題當年(民國 107 年)審計準則公報為準(註:現行審計準則公報已陸續改採與國際審計準則 ISA 一致之三碼編號,惟本題所涉之法理與核心準則精神完全一致):

  1. 專業懷疑(Professional Skepticism): 依據審計準則公報第 53 號「查核之規劃與執行」(對應現行審計準則 200 號及公報第 49 號 / 240 號「舞弊之考量」),專業懷疑係指一種抱持「質疑之心態」(questioning mind)、隨時「保持警覺」(being alert)於可能顯示存有舞弊或錯誤之情況,並對查核證據進行「批判性評估」(critical assessment)的專業態度。準則特別強調:查核人員不能因過去對管理階層或當事人誠實正直之經驗與良好紀錄,即降低專業懷疑。
  2. 分析性程序(Analytical Procedures): 依據審計準則公報第 54 號「分析性程序」(對應現行審計準則 520 號),係指查核人員藉由評估財務資訊與財務資訊間,或財務資訊與非財務資訊間之「合理關聯性」,以評估各項資訊。當分析結果顯示資訊間存有顯著不一致、異常波動或悖離預期之關係時,查核人員應進一步調查並取得佐證證據。

解題方法

解答本題時,切忌僅死記法規條文,應採取「準則法理定義 →\rightarrow 扣合個案事實剖析 →\rightarrow 方法論具體落實」之邏輯推進:

  1. 第一部分:專業懷疑之意義與個案說明
  • 法理核心:定義「質疑之心態」、「對異常情事保持警覺」、「批判性評估證據」。
  • 個案對應:
  • 警訊指標:成品售價(€0.910.91/kg)竟低於主要原物料市價(棉花 €1.441.44/kg),在正常商業經濟運作下屬於「負毛利」之不可能現象,為極明顯之舞弊「紅旗」(Red Flag)。
  • 英國海關之缺失:英國海關(HMRC)主張「過去查緝紀錄傑出」,犯了「以過去良好經驗推定現狀無虞」之重大審計缺失,未對客觀存在的反常申報保持警覺,缺乏客觀批判性評估。
  1. 第二部分:如何運用分析性程序落實專業懷疑
  • 法理核心:利用「建立合理預期值 →\rightarrow 比對申報數據 →\rightarrow 辨認反常差異 →\rightarrow 採取進一步查證」之標準作業循環。
  • 個案落實步驟:
  • 步驟一(建立基準):蒐集外部非財務及市場資訊(如全球棉花原料市場現貨價格 €1.441.44/kg、合理製造成本與運輸保險費),建立成品進口單位申報價格的最低預期門檻。
  • 步驟二(交叉比對):將進口商之發票申報值(€0.910.91/kg)與預期基準比對,立即浮現顯著異常逆差(差異達 €0.530.53/kg 以上)。
  • 步驟三(觸發追查):以此異常分析結果作為觸發專業懷疑之科學客觀依據,不可僅因進口商提示書面「形式發票」即予採信,應立即對報關人啟動實地查核、追查背後金流、生產履歷與真實採購合約,落實查核查緝效能。

解題技巧

  1. 切中關鍵反差點:答題時必須明確點出題幹核心數據之矛盾——成衣長褲(含原料、人工、製造費用、運費與合理利潤)申報單價 €0.910.91/kg,竟比單純的棉花原料現貨價 €1.441.44/kg 還便宜。此等反常即為審計上之「重大不合理關聯」。
  2. 直擊審計心理偏誤:針對 HMRC 聲稱「追查舞弊紀錄傑出」這句話,精準點出審計準則之禁忌:審計人員絕不可因「以往管理紀錄良好」或「自我感覺優良」而鬆懈懷疑之心(Overconfidence / Confirmation Bias)。
  3. 程序不可只寫「計算」:分析性程序的精髓在於「調查異常差異」,如果只算出數字而不寫「後續追查進口商憑證真偽、資金流向與原產地」,就無法構成「落實專業懷疑」的完整閉環。

【答案】(實戰申論題參考擬答)

一、專業懷疑(Professional Skepticism)的意義與本例說明

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享 3 天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 三 題25 分

【題組共用題幹】

歐盟是個關稅同盟,有 28 個會員國加入。廠商若坐落於歐盟以外國家,銷售商品至歐盟會員國時,須支付關稅,而該等稅收的 80% 係用來支持歐盟的支出。

2016 年,英國激辯是否脫歐,後主張脫歐的一方在公投中險勝。目前,英國正準備進行脫歐談判,爭執的項目甚多,其中包含脫歐「分手費」,其數額可能達 €600 億。

英國脫歐後,境管局(Border Force)須對所有進入英國的貨物進行邊境檢查。今(2018)年 3 月初,歐盟反舞弊局(European Anti-Fraud Office,法文名 Office de Lutte Anti-Fraude,簡稱 OLAF)宣稱歐盟擬處罰英國政府 €19.8 億,理由是用此款來貼補歐盟損失的關稅收入。犯罪集團的中樞位於英國,而集團使用假發票及不實的報價從中國低價進口服飾及鞋類,於歐盟黑市販賣,交易數量之多,到氾濫的地步。

歐盟 OLAF 表示,雖它已多次就該等案件警告英國海關官員,「其他會員國會採取行動」,但英國海關對進口之處理係失敗。法國國家情報和海關調查局(French National Directorate of Intelligence and Customs Investigation)的資深調查員 Bruno Collin 說:「我們提出追查貨物的要求,但我的英國同僚沒有做出任何努力,英國政府對該領域的合作沒太大興趣,大多未回應。」

OLAF 舉例,自中國進口的女性長褲,在英國的平均售價是 €0.91/kg,但棉花的市價是 €1.44/kg,而英國政府卻未能看見警訊。

歐盟 OLAF 調查人員表示,英國海關未有效查緝,在管理進口商品上出現疏失,放縱犯罪集團,讓這些犯罪集團持續茁壯,使法國、德國、西班牙,以及義大利等國從 2013 至 2016 年少收加值稅,估計使這些國家的國庫損失 €32 億。

新聞報導還說,記者詢問英國首相 Theresa May 的發言人:「英國是否會支付罰款?」發言人表示:

  1. 我們尚未自歐洲委員會收到罰款通知。
  2. OLAF 的調查報告,僅是估計數,而非罰款金額。
  3. 我們不認同該等計算。目前,英國稅務海關總署(Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs, HMRC)正仔細檢視中。
  4. 此議題與英國脫歐的談判是二回事。

HMRC 則表示:

  1. 自己追查舞弊及違規事件的紀錄傑出。
  2. 已考量 OLAF 的發現及建議。

不過,英國國會議員 Alistair Carmichael 卻有不同看法。Carmichael 屬自由民主黨(Liberal Democrat),一向反對脫歐。此事一出,他主張:「OLAF 調查的結果顯示英國脫歐有許多問題。英國境管局未能盡責,使納稅人多付十幾億英鎊,可見脫歐是個魯莽的計畫,並非好事。」

附件:2017 年 3 月 8 日 The Guardian 的新聞

The British government faces a €2bn (£1.7bn) fine for negligence that allowed criminal gangs to flood European black markets with illegal Chinese goods, EU anti-fraud investigators have said. The European anti-fraud office (known as Olaf from its French name, Office de Lutte Anti-Fraude) has recommended the UK pay €1.98bn into the EU budget to compensate for lost customs duties, as a result of a failure by British customs officials to crack down on criminal gangs using fake invoices and making false claims about the value of clothes and shoes imported from China.

Olaf said the fraud was ongoing and pointed out the cost to national exchequers(國庫) was even greater. France, Germany, Spain and Italy are estimated to have lost a combined €3.2bn from 2013 to 2016 in VAT revenues, as a result of British failures in handling imports at its ports.

The €2bn fine and accusations of neglect could stir bad feeling between the UK and the continent as Britain prepares to embark on negotiations to leave the EU, where dispute has already broken out over an estimated €60bn Brexit bill. Relations between Britain and some member states, such as France and Italy, were already strained over trade. The British government has been in the vanguard(前鋒) of countries defending EU rules that allow artificially cheap (but legal) Chinese steel into European markets, hurting European jobs and companies.

The EU’s 28 member states belong to a customs union, where a common tariff is levied on imports from outside the bloc. About 80% of customs duties are used to fund the EU budget. Anti-fraud investigators said they had repeatedly warned British customs officials about the scale of the fraud. A spokesperson said: “Despite repeated efforts deployed by Olaf, and in contrast to the actions taken by several other member states to fight against these fraudsters, the fraud hub in the UK has continued to grow.”

In one example given by the anti-fraud team, women’s trousers imported from China were declared in the UK at an average price of €0.91 a kg, although market prices for cotton were €1.44 a kg, a disparity that failed to raise the alarm for the British. A senior French anti-fraud investigator said the UK had mostly not responded to requests to trace goods. Bruno Collin, at the French National Directorate of Intelligence and Customs Investigation, told Politico that his British counterparts had not made an effort. “UK authorities are not interested at all in co-operating in this field, probably because the phenomenon does not directly affect them.”

Politicians opposed to Brexit said the findings raised more questions about the government’s plans to quit the EU’s customs union. “The UK border force is asleep at the wheel and it’s going to cost the taxpayer billions,” said Alistair Carmichael, a Liberal Democrat Members of Parliament. “This doesn’t bode well for reckless plans to leave the customs union and set up border checks for all goods coming into UK.” The decision about whether to fine the UK will be taken by the European Commission.

Asked whether the UK would pay a fine, Theresa May’s official spokesman said: “We’ve not received a bill from the European Commission. This report is not a bill. It’s an estimate. We don’t recognise the figures. HMRC are looking at it now.” The spokesman said the issue was entirely separate from Brexit negotiations. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs said it had an “excellent record in tackling fraud and rule-breaking of all kinds” and was considering Olaf’s findings and recommendations.

三、雖然上述新聞著重關稅,但亦同時提及加值型營業稅(Value Added Tax, VAT)。如台端為歐盟的審計人員,會關心以上何者?作成本判斷時是否需作成假設?假設如何?理由何在?於進行查核時,應關心那些因素?

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題以歐盟跨國關稅同盟與進口低報舞弊案為背景,測驗考生在「政府審計」、「舞弊查核」及「關務查核(完稅價格估價)」的跨領域整合能力。核心概念包括:

  1. 歐盟自有財源(Own Resources)與審計職能劃分:
  • 傳統自有財源(Traditional Own Resources, TOR):包括會員國代徵的關稅與農業稅。扣除會員國法定的徵收作業費(命題時為 20%20\%,後續修法調為 25%25\%,本題以民國 107 年命題時的 80%80\% 繳庫為準),其餘稅款直接解繳歐盟預算。關稅短漏將直接造成歐盟預算實質受損。
  • 加值型營業稅基礎自有財源(VAT-based Own Resource):各國徵收的加值稅主要歸屬於各會員國國庫,歐盟僅就調和後的各國加值稅稅基按特定比率收取少量份額。跨國加值稅流失直接重創個別會員國財政,對歐盟整體則構成內部單一市場扭曲與間接自有財源損失。
  1. 查核財務報表對舞弊之考量與分析性程序:
  • 參照國際審計準則第 240 號(ISA 240 / 臺灣審計準則公報第 43 號)「查核財務報表對舞弊之考量」,當存在管理階層怠職或內部控制失效、重大舞弊警訊(Red Flags)未被處理時,審計人員應保持高度專業懷疑。
  • 參照國際審計準則第 520 號(ISA 520 / 臺灣審計準則公報第 34 號)「分析性程序」,利用成品申報進口單價與關鍵原材料客觀市價進行實質性合理性比對,是偵測低報價格(Undervaluation)的決定性證據工具。
  1. 關稅估價法理與推計課稅(Customs Valuation & Reconstruction):
  • 關稅估價原則以「實際交易價格(Transaction Value)」為優先。但在發票造假(Fake Invoices)、虛偽陳報之舞弊情境下,實際交易價格失去公信力,海關與審計人員必須依據客觀可得資料,運用「計算價格法」或「合理方法(推計課稅)」估算真實貨價與應補稅額。

解題方法

回答本申論題應緊扣題幹引導,依序針對四大子問題展開論述:

一、歐盟審計人員關心何者(關稅 vs. 加值稅)

身為「歐盟審計人員」(例如歐洲審計院 European Court of Auditors, ECA,或歐盟反舞弊局 OLAF 的查核官員),兩者皆會關心,但關心的性質、直接程度與法定職責層次不同:

  1. 關稅(主要且直接關心):
  • 直接影響歐盟核心預算:關稅收入淨額的 80%80\% 直接作為歐盟傳統自有財源(TOR)。英國海關若因失職放任低報關稅,直接造成歐盟國庫損失(OLAF 估算達 €19.8 億),歐盟審計人員負有直接查核、追討及確定違失責任之法定職責。
  1. 加值型營業稅(VAT,附隨且系統性關心):
  • 間接影響歐盟預算與單一市場完整性:進口關稅低報通常是跨國加值稅舞弊(如「歐盟海關第 42 號免稅程序關聯舞弊」或黑市交易)的前置犯罪手法。雖然加值稅損失直接受害者為個別會員國國庫(題幹提及法、德、西、義少收 €32 億),但各國稅基流失亦會影響歐盟加值稅自有資源提撥,且嚴重破壞歐盟單一市場競爭秩序。

二、作成本判斷時是否需作成假設?假設如何?

必須作成假設。

在犯罪集團全面偽造發票、欠缺可信原始帳冊憑證的情況下,推估進口商品的合理完稅價格與損失稅額,必須建立客觀量化基準,常見假設如下:

  1. 原料成本底限假設(原材料基準假設):
  • 假設加工製成之紡織成品,其合理的單位申報價格(€/kg)不得低於生產該產品所耗用主要基本原材料(原棉)的國際公開市場行情: C成品>C原棉+C加工+C運費C_{\text{成品}} > C_{\text{原棉}} + C_{\text{加工}} + C_{\text{運費}}
  • 例如長褲申報進口均價 €0.91/kg,而棉花市價為 €1.44/kg,即假設該申報價格嚴重倒掛、絕非真實商業交易。
  1. 常態產銷附加價值與利潤率假設:
  • 假設正常的服飾與鞋類供應鏈中,包含基本之加工製造費用(裁剪、車縫、水洗)、包裝費、跨國海空運費、保險費,以及出口商與進口商之常態毛利率,以同業合理平均成本結構百分比推估成品最低出廠完稅價格。
  1. 全數流向黑市或未報稅消費假設:
  • 假設被低報之大量服飾與鞋類全數流入歐盟地下黑市販售,且其低報差額未在後續國內銷售環節如實申報繳納加值稅,據此推估總體稅基侵蝕之規模。

三、作成假設之理由何在?

  1. 真實憑證滅失與發票不可信:
  • 舞弊行為中交易雙方串通使用假發票及虛假低報報價,原始申報單據失去真實性,無法適用第一道「交易價格法」,必須以可客觀驗證的第三方獨立數據進行重構。
  1. 提供法律訴訟與追償之客觀可量化依據:
  • 歐盟向英國政府追討 €19.8 億罰款/補償款,必須禁得起英國行政覆議與歐洲法院(ECJ)的司法審查。
🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享 3 天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 四 題25 分

【題組共用題幹】

歐盟是個關稅同盟,有 28 個會員國加入。廠商若坐落於歐盟以外國家,銷售商品至歐盟會員國時,須支付關稅,而該等稅收的 80% 係用來支持歐盟的支出。

2016 年,英國激辯是否脫歐,後主張脫歐的一方在公投中險勝。目前,英國正準備進行脫歐談判,爭執的項目甚多,其中包含脫歐「分手費」,其數額可能達 €600 億。

英國脫歐後,境管局(Border Force)須對所有進入英國的貨物進行邊境檢查。今(2018)年 3 月初,歐盟反舞弊局(European Anti-Fraud Office,法文名 Office de Lutte Anti-Fraude,簡稱 OLAF)宣稱歐盟擬處罰英國政府 €19.8 億,理由是用此款來貼補歐盟損失的關稅收入。犯罪集團的中樞位於英國,而集團使用假發票及不實的報價從中國低價進口服飾及鞋類,於歐盟黑市販賣,交易數量之多,到氾濫的地步。

歐盟 OLAF 表示,雖它已多次就該等案件警告英國海關官員,「其他會員國會採取行動」,但英國海關對進口之處理係失敗。法國國家情報和海關調查局(French National Directorate of Intelligence and Customs Investigation)的資深調查員 Bruno Collin 說:「我們提出追查貨物的要求,但我的英國同僚沒有做出任何努力,英國政府對該領域的合作沒太大興趣,大多未回應。」

OLAF 舉例,自中國進口的女性長褲,在英國的平均售價是 €0.91/kg,但棉花的市價是 €1.44/kg,而英國政府卻未能看見警訊。

歐盟 OLAF 調查人員表示,英國海關未有效查緝,在管理進口商品上出現疏失,放縱犯罪集團,讓這些犯罪集團持續茁壯,使法國、德國、西班牙,以及義大利等國從 2013 至 2016 年少收加值稅,估計使這些國家的國庫損失 €32 億。

新聞報導還說,記者詢問英國首相 Theresa May 的發言人:「英國是否會支付罰款?」發言人表示:

  1. 我們尚未自歐洲委員會收到罰款通知。
  2. OLAF 的調查報告,僅是估計數,而非罰款金額。
  3. 我們不認同該等計算。目前,英國稅務海關總署(Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs, HMRC)正仔細檢視中。
  4. 此議題與英國脫歐的談判是二回事。

HMRC 則表示:

  1. 自己追查舞弊及違規事件的紀錄傑出。
  2. 已考量 OLAF 的發現及建議。

不過,英國國會議員 Alistair Carmichael 卻有不同看法。Carmichael 屬自由民主黨(Liberal Democrat),一向反對脫歐。此事一出,他主張:「OLAF 調查的結果顯示英國脫歐有許多問題。英國境管局未能盡責,使納稅人多付十幾億英鎊,可見脫歐是個魯莽的計畫,並非好事。」

附件:2017 年 3 月 8 日 The Guardian 的新聞

The British government faces a €2bn (£1.7bn) fine for negligence that allowed criminal gangs to flood European black markets with illegal Chinese goods, EU anti-fraud investigators have said. The European anti-fraud office (known as Olaf from its French name, Office de Lutte Anti-Fraude) has recommended the UK pay €1.98bn into the EU budget to compensate for lost customs duties, as a result of a failure by British customs officials to crack down on criminal gangs using fake invoices and making false claims about the value of clothes and shoes imported from China.

Olaf said the fraud was ongoing and pointed out the cost to national exchequers(國庫) was even greater. France, Germany, Spain and Italy are estimated to have lost a combined €3.2bn from 2013 to 2016 in VAT revenues, as a result of British failures in handling imports at its ports.

The €2bn fine and accusations of neglect could stir bad feeling between the UK and the continent as Britain prepares to embark on negotiations to leave the EU, where dispute has already broken out over an estimated €60bn Brexit bill. Relations between Britain and some member states, such as France and Italy, were already strained over trade. The British government has been in the vanguard(前鋒) of countries defending EU rules that allow artificially cheap (but legal) Chinese steel into European markets, hurting European jobs and companies.

The EU’s 28 member states belong to a customs union, where a common tariff is levied on imports from outside the bloc. About 80% of customs duties are used to fund the EU budget. Anti-fraud investigators said they had repeatedly warned British customs officials about the scale of the fraud. A spokesperson said: “Despite repeated efforts deployed by Olaf, and in contrast to the actions taken by several other member states to fight against these fraudsters, the fraud hub in the UK has continued to grow.”

In one example given by the anti-fraud team, women’s trousers imported from China were declared in the UK at an average price of €0.91 a kg, although market prices for cotton were €1.44 a kg, a disparity that failed to raise the alarm for the British. A senior French anti-fraud investigator said the UK had mostly not responded to requests to trace goods. Bruno Collin, at the French National Directorate of Intelligence and Customs Investigation, told Politico that his British counterparts had not made an effort. “UK authorities are not interested at all in co-operating in this field, probably because the phenomenon does not directly affect them.”

Politicians opposed to Brexit said the findings raised more questions about the government’s plans to quit the EU’s customs union. “The UK border force is asleep at the wheel and it’s going to cost the taxpayer billions,” said Alistair Carmichael, a Liberal Democrat Members of Parliament. “This doesn’t bode well for reckless plans to leave the customs union and set up border checks for all goods coming into UK.” The decision about whether to fine the UK will be taken by the European Commission.

Asked whether the UK would pay a fine, Theresa May’s official spokesman said: “We’ve not received a bill from the European Commission. This report is not a bill. It’s an estimate. We don’t recognise the figures. HMRC are looking at it now.” The spokesman said the issue was entirely separate from Brexit negotiations. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs said it had an “excellent record in tackling fraud and rule-breaking of all kinds” and was considering Olaf’s findings and recommendations.

四、英國脫歐的「分手費」金額可能高達 €600 億,如果「分手費」的金額可以減半,英國國會議員 Alistair Carmichael 的看法是否可能不同?其看法如果不同,是否影響英國政府審計人員評估該國政府的營運風險(business risk)?

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  1. 營運風險(Business Risk)之定義與評估
  • 依據命題當年(民國 107 年)適用之審計準則公報第 43 號「查核人員對受查者及其環境之瞭解及重大不實表達風險之評估」(對應國際審計準則 ISA 315;現行法已修正發布為審計準則公報第 75 號):
  • 營運風險係指源自重大狀況、事件、情況、作為(或不作為),可能對受查者達成其目標及執行其策略之能力產生不利影響之風險;或源自設定不當目標及策略之風險。
  1. 公部門(政府)審計之營運風險特性
  • 政府審計人員評估政府機關之營運風險時,著眼於施政目標之達成、法令遵循、內部控制制度之有效性、邊境查緝與稅收徵處之作業能量,以及重大政策變革(如脫歐)對國家財政與行政效能所帶來的全面性衝擊。
  1. 審計人員之客觀性與專業懷疑
  • 審計人員評估受查機關之風險,必須立足於客觀事實、內部控制之健全程度與具體證據,而非受個別政治人物或國會議員的主觀政治主張、政黨立場或言論風向所左右。

解題方法

本題包含兩個層次的子問題,須分別就「政治人物立場的邏輯成因」與「審計人員評估營運風險的客觀依據」進行層層推導:

子題一:若「分手費」金額減半,國會議員 Alistair Carmichael 的看法是否可能不同?

  1. 分析 Carmichael 的核心論點與政治立場:
  • Carmichael 屬於一貫反對脫歐的自由民主黨(Liberal Democrat)。
  • 依題幹及外電引文,Carmichael 批評脫歐為「魯莽計畫」的核心論據,並非單純聚焦於「脫歐分手費(Brexit bill)之多寡」,而是聚焦於​「英國邊境管理機構(Border Force)作業機能失靈、查緝能量嚴重不足」(The UK border force is asleep at the wheel and it’s going to cost the taxpayer billions)。
  • 其邏輯為:英國目前仍在歐盟關稅同盟內,海關對進口貨物的內部控制即已崩潰,導致犯罪集團走私氾濫、國庫面臨數十億歐元損失與追償;一旦全面脫歐,海關必須獨立承擔對所有進入英國貨物的全額邊境查驗,必然引發更大規模的管理危機。
  1. 推導結論:
  • 「分手費減半」僅代表一次性政治協議金額降低,無法解決英國境管局與海關內部控制缺失、查緝量能匱乏與走私防範失靈的客觀結構性問題。
  • 因此,Carmichael 不可能僅因分手費金額由 €600€600 億減半為 €300€300 億而改變其反對脫歐、批判脫歐計畫過於魯莽的主張(其看法不可能不同)。

子題二:其看法如果不同,是否影響英國政府審計人員評估該國政府的營運風險(business risk)?

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享 3 天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

其他考古題