108 外交特考四等 外交行政人員行政組 英文 考古題詳解

英譯中：

Negotiation is highly situational; what is effective in one context can be disastrous in another. The question of whether negotiation and bargaining will be effective as a tool in conflict resolution is also very much connected to its context.

William Zartman, Professor Emeritus of Johns Hopkins University, postulates that we need a push and a pull in order to start any negotiation process and to create an outcome. The push is the “mutual hurting stalemate” (MHS): a status quo that is painful for all the involved parties, to the extent that they prefer a change, through negotiation, over the situation into which they are locked. At the same time there should be a perceived way out of the deadlock: the pull in the form of a “mutual enticing opportunity” (MEO).

We should note here that not everything is negotiable, but in cases where there are structural problems instead of situational problems to be solved, we might at least hope for mutual respect, such as the (in)famous “Peaceful Coexistence” at the time of the Cold War, which might be called a “mutual beneficial stalemate” (MBS) — beneficial and satisfactory as it ensures a peaceful situation in such a way that the major powers can use the stand-off to control their own “allies.”

Moreover, it has been suggested that it is the pre-negotiations period which “enables parties to move from conflicting perceptions and behaviors to co-operative perceptions and behaviors.” Indeed, pre-negotiations are a necessary prerequisite for successful diplomatic negotiations; “not just a definitional construct but a preparatory phase without which the negotiation would not have taken place,” Zartman cautioned.

中譯英：

我國試辦菲律賓、泰國、汶萊來臺免簽至 109 年 7 月 31 日，是否也對印尼、越南採取免簽措施，備受關注。

交通部指出，針對大陸暫停旅客來臺自由行一事，為避免臺灣觀光業受到嚴重衝擊，研擬將開放陸客與東南亞國家民眾自第三方入境免簽。

根據內政部統計，自 106 年實施菲律賓國民來臺 14 天免簽措施以來，菲國來臺旅客人數增加 12 萬餘人次。此外，107 年新增的 30 條國際航線中，東北亞及東南亞航線超過 7 成。因此，隨著新增的航班，免簽政策可望提振觀光，並鼓勵臺灣新住民的家屬來臺探親。

外交部發言人強調，政府對印尼和越南的簽證政策，正由行政院持續透過跨部會機制審慎評估中。外交部將會配合行政院之研議，除了振興觀光業之外，將確保邊境控制、國家安全和國家利益，務必在免簽政策考量上力求周詳。

Unable to find work as a journalist, John Smith had his career ____ as an author.

It is never easy for people of extreme conservatism to ____ to social change.

Do we have an ____ plan in place if this one doesn’t work out?

This company hired an actor to ____ many lines of their products.

Although he is just a(n) ____ photographer, his photos have been published in the National Geographic Magazine for several times.

Rebecca is really ____. She definitely needs to go to a doctor and keeps a healthy lifestyle.

For many young people lucky enough to get a job after leaving school, the biggest ____ of transition to work is how few holidays they get each year.

America’s high consumption of fast food has been ____ to the fact that people are often too busy to eat a properly balanced diet.

Good teaching methodology can ____ students’ creative potential in learning.

The ____ rate of a country usually reflects the prevalence of its education.

【題組共用題幹】

Do you often feel that “If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong”? If yes, then you are living under the influence of Murphy’s Law.

Many people interpret this law as a pessimistic view of life. ____ the theory is a message of hope, a call to excellence. In 1949, the US Air Force was running a test to study the human tolerance for G-forces during rapid deceleration. Engineer Edward A. Murphy designed a special harness that had 16 sensors, each of which could be installed in two ways. At the end of one crucial experiment, it was found that the sensors provided a zero reading. Murphy’s assistant had installed all of them ____, with each sensor wired backwards. In a voice like thunder, the ____ engineer complained, “If there are two or more ways to do something and one of those results in a catastrophe, then someone will do it that way!” This is the original form of Murphy’s Law. Later Murphy ____ the sensors so that they could be installed in only one way.

As Murphy’s Law spread across the world, it was taken as a principle ____ pessimism. Murphy was unhappy with this misinterpretation. The optimistic law aims to crystallize a principle: one should always assume the worst scenario when designing objects and minimize human error.

【題組共用題幹】

Do you often feel that “If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong”? If yes, then you are living under the influence of Murphy’s Law.

Many people interpret this law as a pessimistic view of life. ____ the theory is a message of hope, a call to excellence. In 1949, the US Air Force was running a test to study the human tolerance for G-forces during rapid deceleration. Engineer Edward A. Murphy designed a special harness that had 16 sensors, each of which could be installed in two ways. At the end of one crucial experiment, it was found that the sensors provided a zero reading. Murphy’s assistant had installed all of them ____, with each sensor wired backwards. In a voice like thunder, the ____ engineer complained, “If there are two or more ways to do something and one of those results in a catastrophe, then someone will do it that way!” This is the original form of Murphy’s Law. Later Murphy ____ the sensors so that they could be installed in only one way.

As Murphy’s Law spread across the world, it was taken as a principle ____ pessimism. Murphy was unhappy with this misinterpretation. The optimistic law aims to crystallize a principle: one should always assume the worst scenario when designing objects and minimize human error.

【題組共用題幹】

Do you often feel that “If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong”? If yes, then you are living under the influence of Murphy’s Law.

Many people interpret this law as a pessimistic view of life. ____ the theory is a message of hope, a call to excellence. In 1949, the US Air Force was running a test to study the human tolerance for G-forces during rapid deceleration. Engineer Edward A. Murphy designed a special harness that had 16 sensors, each of which could be installed in two ways. At the end of one crucial experiment, it was found that the sensors provided a zero reading. Murphy’s assistant had installed all of them ____, with each sensor wired backwards. In a voice like thunder, the ____ engineer complained, “If there are two or more ways to do something and one of those results in a catastrophe, then someone will do it that way!” This is the original form of Murphy’s Law. Later Murphy ____ the sensors so that they could be installed in only one way.

As Murphy’s Law spread across the world, it was taken as a principle ____ pessimism. Murphy was unhappy with this misinterpretation. The optimistic law aims to crystallize a principle: one should always assume the worst scenario when designing objects and minimize human error.

【題組共用題幹】

Do you often feel that “If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong”? If yes, then you are living under the influence of Murphy’s Law.

Many people interpret this law as a pessimistic view of life. ____ the theory is a message of hope, a call to excellence. In 1949, the US Air Force was running a test to study the human tolerance for G-forces during rapid deceleration. Engineer Edward A. Murphy designed a special harness that had 16 sensors, each of which could be installed in two ways. At the end of one crucial experiment, it was found that the sensors provided a zero reading. Murphy’s assistant had installed all of them ____, with each sensor wired backwards. In a voice like thunder, the ____ engineer complained, “If there are two or more ways to do something and one of those results in a catastrophe, then someone will do it that way!” This is the original form of Murphy’s Law. Later Murphy ____ the sensors so that they could be installed in only one way.

As Murphy’s Law spread across the world, it was taken as a principle ____ pessimism. Murphy was unhappy with this misinterpretation. The optimistic law aims to crystallize a principle: one should always assume the worst scenario when designing objects and minimize human error.

【題組共用題幹】

Do you often feel that “If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong”? If yes, then you are living under the influence of Murphy’s Law.

Many people interpret this law as a pessimistic view of life. ____ the theory is a message of hope, a call to excellence. In 1949, the US Air Force was running a test to study the human tolerance for G-forces during rapid deceleration. Engineer Edward A. Murphy designed a special harness that had 16 sensors, each of which could be installed in two ways. At the end of one crucial experiment, it was found that the sensors provided a zero reading. Murphy’s assistant had installed all of them ____, with each sensor wired backwards. In a voice like thunder, the ____ engineer complained, “If there are two or more ways to do something and one of those results in a catastrophe, then someone will do it that way!” This is the original form of Murphy’s Law. Later Murphy ____ the sensors so that they could be installed in only one way.

As Murphy’s Law spread across the world, it was taken as a principle ____ pessimism. Murphy was unhappy with this misinterpretation. The optimistic law aims to crystallize a principle: one should always assume the worst scenario when designing objects and minimize human error.

【題組共用題幹】

A corporation, TSheets, recently conducted a study of how many days of paid time off employees are earning and just how many days these employees are not taking. There’s a pretty big difference between these numbers — they’ve ____ that over 573 million vacation days go unused.

When we work for a company that actually provides paid time off, it really doesn’t make good personal sense to abandon taking advantage of that particular benefit. As a matter of fact, skipping vacations can lead to ____ on your health and well-being.

So, speaking of vacation days, how long is long enough? The consensus opinion is that even a 4-night vacation is enough to lower stress and increase well-being that ____ weeks after your return to the job. Once upon a time, folks counted down the days to Fridays at 5 when they could spend the next two days ____ the things in life that were not work-related in the least. How many 2-day weekends free from work-related tasks, thoughts, or worries are you taking these days? If you are on-call or have a Smartphone or tablet or other loose of communication, you probably don’t have “time” to stop the work-related time clock even when you’re ____ the clock officially. If you can give yourself a full 4-day holiday from work, you’re going to do a fairly good job getting work out of your system.

【題組共用題幹】

A corporation, TSheets, recently conducted a study of how many days of paid time off employees are earning and just how many days these employees are not taking. There’s a pretty big difference between these numbers — they’ve ____ that over 573 million vacation days go unused.

When we work for a company that actually provides paid time off, it really doesn’t make good personal sense to abandon taking advantage of that particular benefit. As a matter of fact, skipping vacations can lead to ____ on your health and well-being.

So, speaking of vacation days, how long is long enough? The consensus opinion is that even a 4-night vacation is enough to lower stress and increase well-being that ____ weeks after your return to the job. Once upon a time, folks counted down the days to Fridays at 5 when they could spend the next two days ____ the things in life that were not work-related in the least. How many 2-day weekends free from work-related tasks, thoughts, or worries are you taking these days? If you are on-call or have a Smartphone or tablet or other loose of communication, you probably don’t have “time” to stop the work-related time clock even when you’re ____ the clock officially. If you can give yourself a full 4-day holiday from work, you’re going to do a fairly good job getting work out of your system.

【題組共用題幹】

A corporation, TSheets, recently conducted a study of how many days of paid time off employees are earning and just how many days these employees are not taking. There’s a pretty big difference between these numbers — they’ve ____ that over 573 million vacation days go unused.

When we work for a company that actually provides paid time off, it really doesn’t make good personal sense to abandon taking advantage of that particular benefit. As a matter of fact, skipping vacations can lead to ____ on your health and well-being.

So, speaking of vacation days, how long is long enough? The consensus opinion is that even a 4-night vacation is enough to lower stress and increase well-being that ____ weeks after your return to the job. Once upon a time, folks counted down the days to Fridays at 5 when they could spend the next two days ____ the things in life that were not work-related in the least. How many 2-day weekends free from work-related tasks, thoughts, or worries are you taking these days? If you are on-call or have a Smartphone or tablet or other loose of communication, you probably don’t have “time” to stop the work-related time clock even when you’re ____ the clock officially. If you can give yourself a full 4-day holiday from work, you’re going to do a fairly good job getting work out of your system.

【題組共用題幹】

A corporation, TSheets, recently conducted a study of how many days of paid time off employees are earning and just how many days these employees are not taking. There’s a pretty big difference between these numbers — they’ve ____ that over 573 million vacation days go unused.

When we work for a company that actually provides paid time off, it really doesn’t make good personal sense to abandon taking advantage of that particular benefit. As a matter of fact, skipping vacations can lead to ____ on your health and well-being.

So, speaking of vacation days, how long is long enough? The consensus opinion is that even a 4-night vacation is enough to lower stress and increase well-being that ____ weeks after your return to the job. Once upon a time, folks counted down the days to Fridays at 5 when they could spend the next two days ____ the things in life that were not work-related in the least. How many 2-day weekends free from work-related tasks, thoughts, or worries are you taking these days? If you are on-call or have a Smartphone or tablet or other loose of communication, you probably don’t have “time” to stop the work-related time clock even when you’re ____ the clock officially. If you can give yourself a full 4-day holiday from work, you’re going to do a fairly good job getting work out of your system.

【題組共用題幹】

A corporation, TSheets, recently conducted a study of how many days of paid time off employees are earning and just how many days these employees are not taking. There’s a pretty big difference between these numbers — they’ve ____ that over 573 million vacation days go unused.

When we work for a company that actually provides paid time off, it really doesn’t make good personal sense to abandon taking advantage of that particular benefit. As a matter of fact, skipping vacations can lead to ____ on your health and well-being.

So, speaking of vacation days, how long is long enough? The consensus opinion is that even a 4-night vacation is enough to lower stress and increase well-being that ____ weeks after your return to the job. Once upon a time, folks counted down the days to Fridays at 5 when they could spend the next two days ____ the things in life that were not work-related in the least. How many 2-day weekends free from work-related tasks, thoughts, or worries are you taking these days? If you are on-call or have a Smartphone or tablet or other loose of communication, you probably don’t have “time” to stop the work-related time clock even when you’re ____ the clock officially. If you can give yourself a full 4-day holiday from work, you’re going to do a fairly good job getting work out of your system.

【題組共用題幹】

At 20, Sarah was shy but lived a normal life. Then, when her marriage broke up a year later, she suddenly believed she was extremely ugly. “Sometimes I’d lie in bed all day because I couldn’t face the mirrors in the bathroom,” she says. “If I did go out, I’d cover my face with my hands. If I saw myself in a mirror, I’d burst into tears and run home.” After spending $35,000 in three years on cosmetic surgery, Sarah saw a television program about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and recognized the symptoms. She saw Dr. David Veale, an expert in BDD, and had two months in hospital and two months of daily therapy. Today, she is coping with her condition.

BDD is an illness characterized by distorted body image—sufferers are affected by small or imagined defects in their appearance. “It’s still underdiagnosed,” says Veale. “That’s dangerous as there’s a high rate of suicide with it.” The condition affects one in 100 people, and some experts believe the number of sufferers is growing fast, thanks to the increasing emphasis on physical perfection in society and the media. It often starts in teenage years and can be triggered by stress, extreme teasing, or sexual abuse.

It affects as many men as women, particularly those who are sensitive, perfectionist or work in an artistic field. It can take the form of a general feeling of ugliness or can focus on a particular body part, most commonly the face. Sufferers may do everything they can to hide their “flaw” and can develop obsessive rituals such as checking their appearance, adjusting their hair, or measuring the hated body part. They can become addicted to cosmetic surgery or weightlifting.

Once established, BDD causes a change in the brain chemistry, particularly of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which regulates happiness and satisfaction. The most effective treatment seems to be a combination of cognitive therapy and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug, such as Prozac.

21. What is this passage mainly about?

【題組共用題幹】

At 20, Sarah was shy but lived a normal life. Then, when her marriage broke up a year later, she suddenly believed she was extremely ugly. “Sometimes I’d lie in bed all day because I couldn’t face the mirrors in the bathroom,” she says. “If I did go out, I’d cover my face with my hands. If I saw myself in a mirror, I’d burst into tears and run home.” After spending $35,000 in three years on cosmetic surgery, Sarah saw a television program about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and recognized the symptoms. She saw Dr. David Veale, an expert in BDD, and had two months in hospital and two months of daily therapy. Today, she is coping with her condition.

BDD is an illness characterized by distorted body image—sufferers are affected by small or imagined defects in their appearance. “It’s still underdiagnosed,” says Veale. “That’s dangerous as there’s a high rate of suicide with it.” The condition affects one in 100 people, and some experts believe the number of sufferers is growing fast, thanks to the increasing emphasis on physical perfection in society and the media. It often starts in teenage years and can be triggered by stress, extreme teasing, or sexual abuse.

It affects as many men as women, particularly those who are sensitive, perfectionist or work in an artistic field. It can take the form of a general feeling of ugliness or can focus on a particular body part, most commonly the face. Sufferers may do everything they can to hide their “flaw” and can develop obsessive rituals such as checking their appearance, adjusting their hair, or measuring the hated body part. They can become addicted to cosmetic surgery or weightlifting.

Once established, BDD causes a change in the brain chemistry, particularly of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which regulates happiness and satisfaction. The most effective treatment seems to be a combination of cognitive therapy and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug, such as Prozac.

22. Which of the following is true about Sarah?

【題組共用題幹】

At 20, Sarah was shy but lived a normal life. Then, when her marriage broke up a year later, she suddenly believed she was extremely ugly. “Sometimes I’d lie in bed all day because I couldn’t face the mirrors in the bathroom,” she says. “If I did go out, I’d cover my face with my hands. If I saw myself in a mirror, I’d burst into tears and run home.” After spending $35,000 in three years on cosmetic surgery, Sarah saw a television program about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and recognized the symptoms. She saw Dr. David Veale, an expert in BDD, and had two months in hospital and two months of daily therapy. Today, she is coping with her condition.

BDD is an illness characterized by distorted body image—sufferers are affected by small or imagined defects in their appearance. “It’s still underdiagnosed,” says Veale. “That’s dangerous as there’s a high rate of suicide with it.” The condition affects one in 100 people, and some experts believe the number of sufferers is growing fast, thanks to the increasing emphasis on physical perfection in society and the media. It often starts in teenage years and can be triggered by stress, extreme teasing, or sexual abuse.

It affects as many men as women, particularly those who are sensitive, perfectionist or work in an artistic field. It can take the form of a general feeling of ugliness or can focus on a particular body part, most commonly the face. Sufferers may do everything they can to hide their “flaw” and can develop obsessive rituals such as checking their appearance, adjusting their hair, or measuring the hated body part. They can become addicted to cosmetic surgery or weightlifting.

Once established, BDD causes a change in the brain chemistry, particularly of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which regulates happiness and satisfaction. The most effective treatment seems to be a combination of cognitive therapy and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug, such as Prozac.

23. Why is the word “flaw” in the third paragraph put in quotation marks (“ ”)?

【題組共用題幹】

At 20, Sarah was shy but lived a normal life. Then, when her marriage broke up a year later, she suddenly believed she was extremely ugly. “Sometimes I’d lie in bed all day because I couldn’t face the mirrors in the bathroom,” she says. “If I did go out, I’d cover my face with my hands. If I saw myself in a mirror, I’d burst into tears and run home.” After spending $35,000 in three years on cosmetic surgery, Sarah saw a television program about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and recognized the symptoms. She saw Dr. David Veale, an expert in BDD, and had two months in hospital and two months of daily therapy. Today, she is coping with her condition.

BDD is an illness characterized by distorted body image—sufferers are affected by small or imagined defects in their appearance. “It’s still underdiagnosed,” says Veale. “That’s dangerous as there’s a high rate of suicide with it.” The condition affects one in 100 people, and some experts believe the number of sufferers is growing fast, thanks to the increasing emphasis on physical perfection in society and the media. It often starts in teenage years and can be triggered by stress, extreme teasing, or sexual abuse.

It affects as many men as women, particularly those who are sensitive, perfectionist or work in an artistic field. It can take the form of a general feeling of ugliness or can focus on a particular body part, most commonly the face. Sufferers may do everything they can to hide their “flaw” and can develop obsessive rituals such as checking their appearance, adjusting their hair, or measuring the hated body part. They can become addicted to cosmetic surgery or weightlifting.

Once established, BDD causes a change in the brain chemistry, particularly of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which regulates happiness and satisfaction. The most effective treatment seems to be a combination of cognitive therapy and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug, such as Prozac.

24. What is a person affected by BDD least likely to do?

【題組共用題幹】

At 20, Sarah was shy but lived a normal life. Then, when her marriage broke up a year later, she suddenly believed she was extremely ugly. “Sometimes I’d lie in bed all day because I couldn’t face the mirrors in the bathroom,” she says. “If I did go out, I’d cover my face with my hands. If I saw myself in a mirror, I’d burst into tears and run home.” After spending $35,000 in three years on cosmetic surgery, Sarah saw a television program about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and recognized the symptoms. She saw Dr. David Veale, an expert in BDD, and had two months in hospital and two months of daily therapy. Today, she is coping with her condition.

BDD is an illness characterized by distorted body image—sufferers are affected by small or imagined defects in their appearance. “It’s still underdiagnosed,” says Veale. “That’s dangerous as there’s a high rate of suicide with it.” The condition affects one in 100 people, and some experts believe the number of sufferers is growing fast, thanks to the increasing emphasis on physical perfection in society and the media. It often starts in teenage years and can be triggered by stress, extreme teasing, or sexual abuse.

It affects as many men as women, particularly those who are sensitive, perfectionist or work in an artistic field. It can take the form of a general feeling of ugliness or can focus on a particular body part, most commonly the face. Sufferers may do everything they can to hide their “flaw” and can develop obsessive rituals such as checking their appearance, adjusting their hair, or measuring the hated body part. They can become addicted to cosmetic surgery or weightlifting.

Once established, BDD causes a change in the brain chemistry, particularly of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which regulates happiness and satisfaction. The most effective treatment seems to be a combination of cognitive therapy and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug, such as Prozac.

25. Which of the following statements about BDD is NOT true?