110 外交特考三等 外交領事人員英文組一 外國文(含新聞書信撰寫與編譯)(英文) 考古題詳解

Representations of the relationship between European colonizers and aboriginal peoples have long been much shaped by theoretical discourses from various historical perspectives.

The disciplines we know as history, anthropology and archaeology largely emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in the context of the encounter between Europe and other peoples. These disciplines insisted upon a particular understanding of human history. This was conceived as the reason for the fundamental differences Europeans perceived between themselves and other peoples.

The former constructed their culture as symbolizing modern and civilized by imagining the culture of aboriginal peoples as representing the ancient and backward. That is, they claimed that cultures could be divided into different periods of human history. Instead of regarding others as peoples who were contemporaneous with themselves, Europeans claimed that they were from the barbarous age.

According to this historical theory, there was a natural course of history beginning with the barbarian state, which was aboriginal, and progressing towards modern civilization, which was Europe’s present. In this theory, peoples such as aborigines were always associated with a lack or deficit.

軍隊全面潰逃。所有秩序的假象蕩然無存，士兵不再聽從他們的長官，而紀律早已消失殆盡。彈將盡，糧將絕，人不為己，天誅地滅。

那是印刻在一個國家集體意識上的災難，今日猶然。當大多數人想到在阿富汗的外國勢力干預時，總會想到 1842 年的英軍撤退行動。

Write an essay of no more than 350 words to comment on the passage below. Support your position and discourse with reasoning and/or examples from readings, studies, experience, or observations.

Many human rights professionals are reluctant to call their work diplomacy, and find “human rights diplomacy” an uncomfortable oxymoron that links two fundamentally different areas of human endeavour. The roots of the discomfort run deep. Diplomacy is traditionally understood as the cool-headed pursuit of national interests, where principles and morality can, and in some cases should, be left aside or compromised, a dispassionate exercise of realpolitik at the international level. Meanwhile, human rights work has always been about ideals and values, driven by passion and indignation over injustice. In recent decades, however, there has been a convergence of the two disparate areas of work.

For most women, nursing continues to be an oasis of opportunity—that is, if we focus on earnings potential and upward ____.

Laughter and high spirits, sheer ____ hilarity, reigns after the jovial singing party.

By and large they carried their failings inside, maintaining the mask of ____.

I am not clairvoyant, but I can ____ that some things are meant to be done.

Long ____ of hot dry weather, as well as lightning storms, can add to the risk of forest fires.

The slow-moving train cuts through endless ____ of terrain, most of which being flat and monotonous.

Vikings are well known for their ____ habits of snatching gold, silver, and booty from other peoples.

You can add the fluid to the powder or, ____, the powder to the fluid.

His sudden financial success led to his ____, which in turn led to his bankruptcy.

The word Renaissance, ____ means “rebirth.” It is referred to the restoration of the ancient Greek and Roman arts and literatures in a new era as the Renaissance.

【題組共用題幹】

Otters are carnivorous mustelids in the Lutrinae subfamily. There are 13 ____ species of otters around the world, one of which is native to the UK. But now let’s focus on two species in other areas.

One is the Eurasian otter. This species is the most widely distributed of all the otters, ____ through Eurasia up to the Arctic Circle, from Ireland to Kamchatka, and south to North Africa, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Their varied and ____ diets mean they may inhabit any unpolluted body of fresh water, including lakes, streams, rivers, and ponds, as long as there are adequate food supplies.

The other is the Sea otter. It is found most often in areas with protection from the most severe ocean winds, such as rocky coastlines, thick kelp forests, and barrier reefs. Sea otters are native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Currently stable ____ exist in parts of the Russian east coast, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and California, with reports of recolonisations in Mexico and Japan. ____ they typically forage alone, sea otters tend to rest together and link arms in single-sex groups called rafts. A raft typically contains 10 to 100 animals, but the largest raft ever seen contained over 2000 sea otters.

There are 13 ____ species of otters around the world, one of which is native to the UK.

【題組共用題幹】

Otters are carnivorous mustelids in the Lutrinae subfamily. There are 13 ____ species of otters around the world, one of which is native to the UK. But now let’s focus on two species in other areas.

One is the Eurasian otter. This species is the most widely distributed of all the otters, ____ through Eurasia up to the Arctic Circle, from Ireland to Kamchatka, and south to North Africa, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Their varied and ____ diets mean they may inhabit any unpolluted body of fresh water, including lakes, streams, rivers, and ponds, as long as there are adequate food supplies.

The other is the Sea otter. It is found most often in areas with protection from the most severe ocean winds, such as rocky coastlines, thick kelp forests, and barrier reefs. Sea otters are native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Currently stable ____ exist in parts of the Russian east coast, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and California, with reports of recolonisations in Mexico and Japan. ____ they typically forage alone, sea otters tend to rest together and link arms in single-sex groups called rafts. A raft typically contains 10 to 100 animals, but the largest raft ever seen contained over 2000 sea otters.

This species is the most widely distributed of all the otters, ____ through Eurasia up to the Arctic Circle, from Ireland to Kamchatka, and south to North Africa, Sri Lanka and Indonesia.

【題組共用題幹】

Otters are carnivorous mustelids in the Lutrinae subfamily. There are 13 ____ species of otters around the world, one of which is native to the UK. But now let’s focus on two species in other areas.

One is the Eurasian otter. This species is the most widely distributed of all the otters, ____ through Eurasia up to the Arctic Circle, from Ireland to Kamchatka, and south to North Africa, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Their varied and ____ diets mean they may inhabit any unpolluted body of fresh water, including lakes, streams, rivers, and ponds, as long as there are adequate food supplies.

The other is the Sea otter. It is found most often in areas with protection from the most severe ocean winds, such as rocky coastlines, thick kelp forests, and barrier reefs. Sea otters are native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Currently stable ____ exist in parts of the Russian east coast, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and California, with reports of recolonisations in Mexico and Japan. ____ they typically forage alone, sea otters tend to rest together and link arms in single-sex groups called rafts. A raft typically contains 10 to 100 animals, but the largest raft ever seen contained over 2000 sea otters.

Their varied and ____ diets mean they may inhabit any unpolluted body of fresh water, including lakes, streams, rivers, and ponds, as long as there are adequate food supplies.

【題組共用題幹】

Otters are carnivorous mustelids in the Lutrinae subfamily. There are 13 ____ species of otters around the world, one of which is native to the UK. But now let’s focus on two species in other areas.

One is the Eurasian otter. This species is the most widely distributed of all the otters, ____ through Eurasia up to the Arctic Circle, from Ireland to Kamchatka, and south to North Africa, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Their varied and ____ diets mean they may inhabit any unpolluted body of fresh water, including lakes, streams, rivers, and ponds, as long as there are adequate food supplies.

The other is the Sea otter. It is found most often in areas with protection from the most severe ocean winds, such as rocky coastlines, thick kelp forests, and barrier reefs. Sea otters are native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Currently stable ____ exist in parts of the Russian east coast, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and California, with reports of recolonisations in Mexico and Japan. ____ they typically forage alone, sea otters tend to rest together and link arms in single-sex groups called rafts. A raft typically contains 10 to 100 animals, but the largest raft ever seen contained over 2000 sea otters.

Currently stable ____ exist in parts of the Russian east coast, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and California, with reports of recolonisations in Mexico and Japan.

【題組共用題幹】

Otters are carnivorous mustelids in the Lutrinae subfamily. There are 13 ____ species of otters around the world, one of which is native to the UK. But now let’s focus on two species in other areas.

One is the Eurasian otter. This species is the most widely distributed of all the otters, ____ through Eurasia up to the Arctic Circle, from Ireland to Kamchatka, and south to North Africa, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Their varied and ____ diets mean they may inhabit any unpolluted body of fresh water, including lakes, streams, rivers, and ponds, as long as there are adequate food supplies.

The other is the Sea otter. It is found most often in areas with protection from the most severe ocean winds, such as rocky coastlines, thick kelp forests, and barrier reefs. Sea otters are native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Currently stable ____ exist in parts of the Russian east coast, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and California, with reports of recolonisations in Mexico and Japan. ____ they typically forage alone, sea otters tend to rest together and link arms in single-sex groups called rafts. A raft typically contains 10 to 100 animals, but the largest raft ever seen contained over 2000 sea otters.

____ they typically forage alone, sea otters tend to rest together and link arms in single-sex groups called rafts.

【題組共用題幹】

I kept coming across “the vagus nerve” in relation to deep breathing and mental calmness: in the new book Yang Sheng: The Art of Chinese Self-Healing, a Harvard Health blog post, and many other recent publications. It sounded as if we had something like a secret piano key, under our skin, to press internally to calm us down.

In reality, the vagus nerve is not a single inner cord, stretching from the head to the stomach; it is a squiggly, shaggy, branching nerve connecting most of the major organs between the brain and colon, like a system of roots or cables. It is the longest nerve in the body, and technically it comes as a pair of two vagus nerves, one for the right side of the body and one for the left. It’s called “vagus” because it wanders, like a vagrant, among the organs. The vagus nerve has been described as “largely responsible for the mind-body connection,” for its role as a mediator between thinking and feeling, and I’m tempted to think of it as something like a physical manifestation of the soul.

“Stimulating the vagus nerve to the heart has a really powerful effect on slowing the heart rate,” said Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann, associate professor of neurology at NYU-Langone. And this, specifically, is what relaxes us. The vagus nerve is basically listening to the way we breathe, and it sends the brain and the heart whatever message our breath indicates. Breathing slowly, for instance, reduces the oxygen demands of the heart muscle, and our heart rate drops.

I was surprised by the idea that it’s specifically the exhale that triggers the relaxation response, but Norcliffe-Kaufmann confirmed: “Vagal activity is highest, and heart rate lowest, when you’re exhaling.” She mentioned that the ideal, most calming way to breathe is six times a minute: five seconds in, five seconds out. She also noted that in the study that determined this rate, researchers found that this style of slow breathing is also what practitioners naturally lapse into during meditation with mantras, and during the Ave Maria prayer with rosaries. “Each time you do either the rosary prayer or a meditation mantra,” Norcliffe-Kaufmann said, “it naturally synchronizes your breathing at six times per minute.” Some other practices believed to improve vagal tone include laughing, singing, humming, yoga, acupuncture, and splashing the face with cold water—or having a full-body cold rinse.

“If you’re in a stressful situation,” Norcliffe-Kaufmann said, “and when you’re like, How do I respond, how do I respond?—Just consciously slow down your breathing for one minute, or even a few seconds, you can put yourself in a calmer state, and be able to better communicate.”

What is the tone of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

I kept coming across “the vagus nerve” in relation to deep breathing and mental calmness: in the new book Yang Sheng: The Art of Chinese Self-Healing, a Harvard Health blog post, and many other recent publications. It sounded as if we had something like a secret piano key, under our skin, to press internally to calm us down.

In reality, the vagus nerve is not a single inner cord, stretching from the head to the stomach; it is a squiggly, shaggy, branching nerve connecting most of the major organs between the brain and colon, like a system of roots or cables. It is the longest nerve in the body, and technically it comes as a pair of two vagus nerves, one for the right side of the body and one for the left. It’s called “vagus” because it wanders, like a vagrant, among the organs. The vagus nerve has been described as “largely responsible for the mind-body connection,” for its role as a mediator between thinking and feeling, and I’m tempted to think of it as something like a physical manifestation of the soul.

“Stimulating the vagus nerve to the heart has a really powerful effect on slowing the heart rate,” said Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann, associate professor of neurology at NYU-Langone. And this, specifically, is what relaxes us. The vagus nerve is basically listening to the way we breathe, and it sends the brain and the heart whatever message our breath indicates. Breathing slowly, for instance, reduces the oxygen demands of the heart muscle, and our heart rate drops.

I was surprised by the idea that it’s specifically the exhale that triggers the relaxation response, but Norcliffe-Kaufmann confirmed: “Vagal activity is highest, and heart rate lowest, when you’re exhaling.” She mentioned that the ideal, most calming way to breathe is six times a minute: five seconds in, five seconds out. She also noted that in the study that determined this rate, researchers found that this style of slow breathing is also what practitioners naturally lapse into during meditation with mantras, and during the Ave Maria prayer with rosaries. “Each time you do either the rosary prayer or a meditation mantra,” Norcliffe-Kaufmann said, “it naturally synchronizes your breathing at six times per minute.” Some other practices believed to improve vagal tone include laughing, singing, humming, yoga, acupuncture, and splashing the face with cold water—or having a full-body cold rinse.

“If you’re in a stressful situation,” Norcliffe-Kaufmann said, “and when you’re like, How do I respond, how do I respond?—Just consciously slow down your breathing for one minute, or even a few seconds, you can put yourself in a calmer state, and be able to better communicate.”

According to the author, which of the following could induce the most calming way to breathe?

【題組共用題幹】

I kept coming across “the vagus nerve” in relation to deep breathing and mental calmness: in the new book Yang Sheng: The Art of Chinese Self-Healing, a Harvard Health blog post, and many other recent publications. It sounded as if we had something like a secret piano key, under our skin, to press internally to calm us down.

In reality, the vagus nerve is not a single inner cord, stretching from the head to the stomach; it is a squiggly, shaggy, branching nerve connecting most of the major organs between the brain and colon, like a system of roots or cables. It is the longest nerve in the body, and technically it comes as a pair of two vagus nerves, one for the right side of the body and one for the left. It’s called “vagus” because it wanders, like a vagrant, among the organs. The vagus nerve has been described as “largely responsible for the mind-body connection,” for its role as a mediator between thinking and feeling, and I’m tempted to think of it as something like a physical manifestation of the soul.

“Stimulating the vagus nerve to the heart has a really powerful effect on slowing the heart rate,” said Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann, associate professor of neurology at NYU-Langone. And this, specifically, is what relaxes us. The vagus nerve is basically listening to the way we breathe, and it sends the brain and the heart whatever message our breath indicates. Breathing slowly, for instance, reduces the oxygen demands of the heart muscle, and our heart rate drops.

I was surprised by the idea that it’s specifically the exhale that triggers the relaxation response, but Norcliffe-Kaufmann confirmed: “Vagal activity is highest, and heart rate lowest, when you’re exhaling.” She mentioned that the ideal, most calming way to breathe is six times a minute: five seconds in, five seconds out. She also noted that in the study that determined this rate, researchers found that this style of slow breathing is also what practitioners naturally lapse into during meditation with mantras, and during the Ave Maria prayer with rosaries. “Each time you do either the rosary prayer or a meditation mantra,” Norcliffe-Kaufmann said, “it naturally synchronizes your breathing at six times per minute.” Some other practices believed to improve vagal tone include laughing, singing, humming, yoga, acupuncture, and splashing the face with cold water—or having a full-body cold rinse.

“If you’re in a stressful situation,” Norcliffe-Kaufmann said, “and when you’re like, How do I respond, how do I respond?—Just consciously slow down your breathing for one minute, or even a few seconds, you can put yourself in a calmer state, and be able to better communicate.”

Based on the study discussed in the passage, what specifically causes the relaxation response?

【題組共用題幹】

I kept coming across “the vagus nerve” in relation to deep breathing and mental calmness: in the new book Yang Sheng: The Art of Chinese Self-Healing, a Harvard Health blog post, and many other recent publications. It sounded as if we had something like a secret piano key, under our skin, to press internally to calm us down.

In reality, the vagus nerve is not a single inner cord, stretching from the head to the stomach; it is a squiggly, shaggy, branching nerve connecting most of the major organs between the brain and colon, like a system of roots or cables. It is the longest nerve in the body, and technically it comes as a pair of two vagus nerves, one for the right side of the body and one for the left. It’s called “vagus” because it wanders, like a vagrant, among the organs. The vagus nerve has been described as “largely responsible for the mind-body connection,” for its role as a mediator between thinking and feeling, and I’m tempted to think of it as something like a physical manifestation of the soul.

“Stimulating the vagus nerve to the heart has a really powerful effect on slowing the heart rate,” said Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann, associate professor of neurology at NYU-Langone. And this, specifically, is what relaxes us. The vagus nerve is basically listening to the way we breathe, and it sends the brain and the heart whatever message our breath indicates. Breathing slowly, for instance, reduces the oxygen demands of the heart muscle, and our heart rate drops.

I was surprised by the idea that it’s specifically the exhale that triggers the relaxation response, but Norcliffe-Kaufmann confirmed: “Vagal activity is highest, and heart rate lowest, when you’re exhaling.” She mentioned that the ideal, most calming way to breathe is six times a minute: five seconds in, five seconds out. She also noted that in the study that determined this rate, researchers found that this style of slow breathing is also what practitioners naturally lapse into during meditation with mantras, and during the Ave Maria prayer with rosaries. “Each time you do either the rosary prayer or a meditation mantra,” Norcliffe-Kaufmann said, “it naturally synchronizes your breathing at six times per minute.” Some other practices believed to improve vagal tone include laughing, singing, humming, yoga, acupuncture, and splashing the face with cold water—or having a full-body cold rinse.

“If you’re in a stressful situation,” Norcliffe-Kaufmann said, “and when you’re like, How do I respond, how do I respond?—Just consciously slow down your breathing for one minute, or even a few seconds, you can put yourself in a calmer state, and be able to better communicate.”

Which of the following could be a possible source of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

I kept coming across “the vagus nerve” in relation to deep breathing and mental calmness: in the new book Yang Sheng: The Art of Chinese Self-Healing, a Harvard Health blog post, and many other recent publications. It sounded as if we had something like a secret piano key, under our skin, to press internally to calm us down.

In reality, the vagus nerve is not a single inner cord, stretching from the head to the stomach; it is a squiggly, shaggy, branching nerve connecting most of the major organs between the brain and colon, like a system of roots or cables. It is the longest nerve in the body, and technically it comes as a pair of two vagus nerves, one for the right side of the body and one for the left. It’s called “vagus” because it wanders, like a vagrant, among the organs. The vagus nerve has been described as “largely responsible for the mind-body connection,” for its role as a mediator between thinking and feeling, and I’m tempted to think of it as something like a physical manifestation of the soul.

“Stimulating the vagus nerve to the heart has a really powerful effect on slowing the heart rate,” said Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann, associate professor of neurology at NYU-Langone. And this, specifically, is what relaxes us. The vagus nerve is basically listening to the way we breathe, and it sends the brain and the heart whatever message our breath indicates. Breathing slowly, for instance, reduces the oxygen demands of the heart muscle, and our heart rate drops.

I was surprised by the idea that it’s specifically the exhale that triggers the relaxation response, but Norcliffe-Kaufmann confirmed: “Vagal activity is highest, and heart rate lowest, when you’re exhaling.” She mentioned that the ideal, most calming way to breathe is six times a minute: five seconds in, five seconds out. She also noted that in the study that determined this rate, researchers found that this style of slow breathing is also what practitioners naturally lapse into during meditation with mantras, and during the Ave Maria prayer with rosaries. “Each time you do either the rosary prayer or a meditation mantra,” Norcliffe-Kaufmann said, “it naturally synchronizes your breathing at six times per minute.” Some other practices believed to improve vagal tone include laughing, singing, humming, yoga, acupuncture, and splashing the face with cold water—or having a full-body cold rinse.

“If you’re in a stressful situation,” Norcliffe-Kaufmann said, “and when you’re like, How do I respond, how do I respond?—Just consciously slow down your breathing for one minute, or even a few seconds, you can put yourself in a calmer state, and be able to better communicate.”

According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?