110 調查局特考三等 調查工作組(選試英文) 外國文(英文) 考古題詳解

請將下列英文翻譯成中文：

The task of forensic investigation is perhaps akin to solving a picture puzzle. Initially, there are perhaps hundreds, or even thousands, of seemingly disjointed pieces piled in a heap. When examined individually and carefully, each piece may not provide much useful information. Methodically, the various pieces are sorted and patiently fitted together according to a logical connection. Slowly, an overall picture emerges in your mind. When a significant portion of the puzzle has been solved, it then is easier for you to see where the remaining pieces fit.

請將下列中文翻譯成英文：

縱火調查可以斷定易燃液體在火災現場的樣態。調查從現場採集的破碎雜物上可以辨識出汽油、燃油和特殊溶劑。一般而言，調查無法鑑定出特定的廠牌。調查員對於疑似縱火現場的下列物品必須加以留意：蠟燭、香菸、火柴盒、汽油彈、融化的化學殘渣或是縱火犯可能使用的任何一種電子或機械設備。

英文短篇寫作：請閱讀以下短文，並依指示寫作。文長必須在三百字以內。

Some scholars argue that criminal investigators do not need a high level of investigative skill, mainly because crimes of the future will be solved through scientists who will match DNA collected from crime scenes with DNA profiles of people held in custody whose details are stored on a huge database. This perspective may suggest that investigators will no longer be required to investigate; “science,” rather than investigative skill, will convict suspects. The advantages of this approach are huge: savings on staff and training and potentially a more scientifically and technologically consistent approach to crime investigation.

What is your response to the above-mentioned argument in favor of the scientific criminal investigation? Write a 300-word essay in English to elaborate on your response; examples from the criminal investigation in Taiwan are most welcome.

The challenges created by illegal immigration in the United States are real and complex, and a(n) ____ of U.S. immigration law by Congress is long overdue.

In most countries, there are no duty-free ____ on tobacco or alcohol for travelers aged under 18. That is, they are not allowed to bring these products into the countries.

As long as malaria persists, challenges in health and human development not only go unresolved, but are ____ to perpetuate a cycle of disease, poverty, and conflict.

Young men and women everywhere have to go out into the world and find a partner and a livelihood. It is thus ____ that people all over the globe are simply confronted with similar life demands and societal expectations.

The kids would be ____ if they knew the old one had died, so I have to get a new goldfish as soon as possible.

Our racial and cultural differences enhanced our relationship and taught us a great deal about tolerance, ____, and open-mindedness.

The late 1980s saw the ____ of new trends in environmentalism and corporate social responsibility, which led to the birth of green marketing.

Sam came ____ quite successfully after combating with several world renowned top players in the solo games.

Listening to pop music has become the ____ among teenagers around the world nowadays.

The relation between these two sister schools is not ____. One of the schools show more interest in visiting the other, while the other has no intention of maintaining their partnership.

【題組共用題幹】

One of the ironies of modern life is that everyone is glued to their phones, but nobody uses them as phones anymore. Phone calls are becoming relics of a bygone era, the “phone” part of a smartphone turning vestigial as communication ____ , willingly or not, into data-oriented formats like text messaging and chat apps.

【題組共用題幹】

One of the ironies of modern life is that everyone is glued to their phones, but nobody uses them as phones anymore. Phone calls are becoming relics of a bygone era, the “phone” part of a smartphone turning vestigial as communication evolves, willingly or not, into data-oriented formats like text messaging and chat apps.

The distaste for telephony is especially acute among Millennials, ____ have come of age in a world of AIM and texting, then gchat and iMessage, but it’s hardly limited to young people. When asked, people with a distaste for phone calls argue that they are ____ , especially given alternative methods of contact that don’t make unbidden demands for someone’s undivided attention. In response, some have been diagnosed with a kind of telephoniphobia among this set. When even initiating phone calls is a problem—and even ____ ones, like phoning the local Thai place to order takeout—then anxiety rather than habit may be to blame.

But when it ____ taking phone calls, nobody seems to have admitted that using the telephone today is a different material experience than it was 20 or 30 years ago. The telephone used to be truly great, partly because of the situation of its use, and partly because of the nature of the apparatus we used to refer to as the “telephone”—especially the handset.

【題組共用題幹】

One of the ironies of modern life is that everyone is glued to their phones, but nobody uses them as phones anymore. Phone calls are becoming relics of a bygone era, the “phone” part of a smartphone turning vestigial as communication evolves, willingly or not, into data-oriented formats like text messaging and chat apps.

The distaste for telephony is especially acute among Millennials, who have come of age in a world of AIM and texting, then gchat and iMessage, but it’s hardly limited to young people. When asked, people with a distaste for phone calls argue that they are ____ , especially given alternative methods of contact that don’t make unbidden demands for someone’s undivided attention. In response, some have been diagnosed with a kind of telephoniphobia among this set. When even initiating phone calls is a problem—and even innocuous ones, like phoning the local Thai place to order takeout—then anxiety rather than habit may be to blame.

But when it comes to taking phone calls, nobody seems to have admitted that using the telephone today is a different material experience than it was 20 or 30 years ago. The telephone used to be truly great, partly because of the situation of its use, and partly because of the nature of the apparatus we used to refer to as the “telephone”—especially the handset.

【題組共用題幹】

One of the ironies of modern life is that everyone is glued to their phones, but nobody uses them as phones anymore. Phone calls are becoming relics of a bygone era, the “phone” part of a smartphone turning vestigial as communication evolves, willingly or not, into data-oriented formats like text messaging and chat apps.

The distaste for telephony is especially acute among Millennials, who have come of age in a world of AIM and texting, then gchat and iMessage, but it’s hardly limited to young people. When asked, people with a distaste for phone calls argue that they are intrusive, especially given alternative methods of contact that don’t make unbidden demands for someone’s undivided attention. In response, some have been diagnosed with a kind of telephoniphobia among this set. When even initiating phone calls is a problem—and even ____ ones, like phoning the local Thai place to order takeout—then anxiety rather than habit may be to blame.

But when it comes to taking phone calls, nobody seems to have admitted that using the telephone today is a different material experience than it was 20 or 30 years ago. The telephone used to be truly great, partly because of the situation of its use, and partly because of the nature of the apparatus we used to refer to as the “telephone”—especially the handset.

【題組共用題幹】

One of the ironies of modern life is that everyone is glued to their phones, but nobody uses them as phones anymore. Phone calls are becoming relics of a bygone era, the “phone” part of a smartphone turning vestigial as communication evolves, willingly or not, into data-oriented formats like text messaging and chat apps.

The distaste for telephony is especially acute among Millennials, who have come of age in a world of AIM and texting, then gchat and iMessage, but it’s hardly limited to young people. When asked, people with a distaste for phone calls argue that they are intrusive, especially given alternative methods of contact that don’t make unbidden demands for someone’s undivided attention. In response, some have been diagnosed with a kind of telephoniphobia among this set. When even initiating phone calls is a problem—and even innocuous ones, like phoning the local Thai place to order takeout—then anxiety rather than habit may be to blame.

But when it ____ taking phone calls, nobody seems to have admitted that using the telephone today is a different material experience than it was 20 or 30 years ago. The telephone used to be truly great, partly because of the situation of its use, and partly because of the nature of the apparatus we used to refer to as the “telephone”—especially the handset.

【題組共用題幹】

Most people like to talk, but few like to listen; thus listening well is a rare talent that everyone should treasure. Because they hear more, good listeners tend to know more and to be more sensitive to what is going on around them than most people. Moreover, good listeners ____ tolerate rather than to criticize. ____ , they have fewer enemies than most people. Actually, they are probably the most loved of people. However, there are exceptions to that ____ . For example, John Steinbeck is said to have been an excellent listener, ____ he was hated by some of the people he wrote about. ____ his ability to listen contributed to his capacity to write. Nevertheless, the consequences of his listening did not make him popular. Thus, depending on what a good listener does with what he hears, he may pay a price for his talent or go unappreciated in his lifetime.

【題組共用題幹】

Most people like to talk, but few like to listen; thus listening well is a rare talent that everyone should treasure. Because they hear more, good listeners tend to know more and to be more sensitive to what is going on around them than most people. Moreover, good listeners are inclined to tolerate rather than to criticize. ____ , they have fewer enemies than most people. Actually, they are probably the most loved of people. However, there are exceptions to that ____ . For example, John Steinbeck is said to have been an excellent listener, ____ he was hated by some of the people he wrote about. ____ his ability to listen contributed to his capacity to write. Nevertheless, the consequences of his listening did not make him popular. Thus, depending on what a good listener does with what he hears, he may pay a price for his talent or go unappreciated in his lifetime.

【題組共用題幹】

Most people like to talk, but few like to listen; thus listening well is a rare talent that everyone should treasure. Because they hear more, good listeners tend to know more and to be more sensitive to what is going on around them than most people. Moreover, good listeners are inclined to tolerate rather than to criticize. Hence, they have fewer enemies than most people. Actually, they are probably the most loved of people. However, there are exceptions to that ____ . For example, John Steinbeck is said to have been an excellent listener, yet he was hated by some of the people he wrote about. ____ his ability to listen contributed to his capacity to write. Nevertheless, the consequences of his listening did not make him popular. Thus, depending on what a good listener does with what he hears, he may pay a price for his talent or go unappreciated in his lifetime.

【題組共用題幹】

Most people like to talk, but few like to listen; thus listening well is a rare talent that everyone should treasure. Because they hear more, good listeners tend to know more and to be more sensitive to what is going on around them than most people. Moreover, good listeners are inclined to tolerate rather than to criticize. Hence, they have fewer enemies than most people. Actually, they are probably the most loved of people. However, there are exceptions to that generality. For example, John Steinbeck is said to have been an excellent listener, ____ he was hated by some of the people he wrote about. ____ his ability to listen contributed to his capacity to write. Nevertheless, the consequences of his listening did not make him popular. Thus, depending on what a good listener does with what he hears, he may pay a price for his talent or go unappreciated in his lifetime.

【題組共用題幹】

Most people like to talk, but few like to listen; thus listening well is a rare talent that everyone should treasure. Because they hear more, good listeners tend to know more and to be more sensitive to what is going on around them than most people. Moreover, good listeners are inclined to tolerate rather than to criticize. Hence, they have fewer enemies than most people. Actually, they are probably the most loved of people. However, there are exceptions to that generality. For example, John Steinbeck is said to have been an excellent listener, yet he was hated by some of the people he wrote about. ____ his ability to listen contributed to his capacity to write. Nevertheless, the consequences of his listening did not make him popular. Thus, depending on what a good listener does with what he hears, he may pay a price for his talent or go unappreciated in his lifetime.

【題組共用題幹】

“Quality over quantity” is a simple concept taught to us throughout our formative years, but it’s one that fits like a square peg in a round hole in today’s corporate environment. The reason is simple—businesses are established to make money as quickly as possible and at the highest possible margins. ____ single high quality products tends to be expensive and time consuming, and they must be sold at much higher and less attractive prices to the average consumer in order to be profitable. Lower quality work, produced quickly in outsourced factories with a minimal time ____ per product, tends to be far more profitable, with higher margins as well as a lower, more attractive price point for consumers. ____ , business managers shouldn’t entirely overlook the importance of quality over quantity. If your product becomes known for its shoddy construction—and due to the Internet, ____ travels fast—your overall sales will be quickly damaged. Modern consumers are likely to ____ opinions online before purchasing goods. If your product is too cheap, it can also get easily lost in the bargain bin at Wal-Mart alongside a plethora of shoddy, similarly named foreign-made products.

【題組共用題幹】

“Quality over quantity” is a simple concept taught to us throughout our formative years, but it’s one that fits like a square peg in a round hole in today’s corporate environment. The reason is simple—businesses are established to make money as quickly as possible and at the highest possible margins. Crafting single high quality products tends to be expensive and time consuming, and they must be sold at much higher and less attractive prices to the average consumer in order to be profitable. Lower quality work, produced quickly in outsourced factories with a minimal time ____ per product, tends to be far more profitable, with higher margins as well as a lower, more attractive price point for consumers. ____ , business managers shouldn’t entirely overlook the importance of quality over quantity. If your product becomes known for its shoddy construction—and due to the Internet, ____ travels fast—your overall sales will be quickly damaged. Modern consumers are likely to ____ opinions online before purchasing goods. If your product is too cheap, it can also get easily lost in the bargain bin at Wal-Mart alongside a plethora of shoddy, similarly named foreign-made products.

【題組共用題幹】

“Quality over quantity” is a simple concept taught to us throughout our formative years, but it’s one that fits like a square peg in a round hole in today’s corporate environment. The reason is simple—businesses are established to make money as quickly as possible and at the highest possible margins. Crafting single high quality products tends to be expensive and time consuming, and they must be sold at much higher and less attractive prices to the average consumer in order to be profitable. Lower quality work, produced quickly in outsourced factories with a minimal time commitment per product, tends to be far more profitable, with higher margins as well as a lower, more attractive price point for consumers. ____ , business managers shouldn’t entirely overlook the importance of quality over quantity. If your product becomes known for its shoddy construction—and due to the Internet, ____ travels fast—your overall sales will be quickly damaged. Modern consumers are likely to ____ opinions online before purchasing goods. If your product is too cheap, it can also get easily lost in the bargain bin at Wal-Mart alongside a plethora of shoddy, similarly named foreign-made products.

【題組共用題幹】

“Quality over quantity” is a simple concept taught to us throughout our formative years, but it’s one that fits like a square peg in a round hole in today’s corporate environment. The reason is simple—businesses are established to make money as quickly as possible and at the highest possible margins. Crafting single high quality products tends to be expensive and time consuming, and they must be sold at much higher and less attractive prices to the average consumer in order to be profitable. Lower quality work, produced quickly in outsourced factories with a minimal time commitment per product, tends to be far more profitable, with higher margins as well as a lower, more attractive price point for consumers. However, business managers shouldn’t entirely overlook the importance of quality over quantity. If your product becomes known for its shoddy construction—and due to the Internet, ____ travels fast—your overall sales will be quickly damaged. Modern consumers are likely to ____ opinions online before purchasing goods. If your product is too cheap, it can also get easily lost in the bargain bin at Wal-Mart alongside a plethora of shoddy, similarly named foreign-made products.

【題組共用題幹】

“Quality over quantity” is a simple concept taught to us throughout our formative years, but it’s one that fits like a square peg in a round hole in today’s corporate environment. The reason is simple—businesses are established to make money as quickly as possible and at the highest possible margins. Crafting single high quality products tends to be expensive and time consuming, and they must be sold at much higher and less attractive prices to the average consumer in order to be profitable. Lower quality work, produced quickly in outsourced factories with a minimal time commitment per product, tends to be far more profitable, with higher margins as well as a lower, more attractive price point for consumers. However, business managers shouldn’t entirely overlook the importance of quality over quantity. If your product becomes known for its shoddy construction—and due to the Internet, word travels fast—your overall sales will be quickly damaged. Modern consumers are likely to ____ opinions online before purchasing goods. If your product is too cheap, it can also get easily lost in the bargain bin at Wal-Mart alongside a plethora of shoddy, similarly named foreign-made products.

【題組共用題幹】

In Feb. 2014, Johnson & Johnson announced that it was making all of its clinical trial data available to scientists around the world. It has hired my group, Yale University Open Data Access Project, or YODA, to fully oversee the release of the data. Everything in the company’s clinical research vaults, including unpublished raw data, will be available for independent review.

Today, more than half of the clinical trials in the United States are not published within two years of their completion or never published at all. The unreported results, not surprisingly, are often those in which a drug failed to perform better than a placebo. As a result, evidence-based medicine is, at best, based on only some of the evidence, implying that full information on a drug’s effects may never be discovered or released.

Even when studies are published, the actual data are usually not made available. End users of research—patients, doctors and policy makers—are implicitly told by the researchers to “take our word for it.” They are often forced to accept the report without the prospect of other independent scientists’ reproducing the findings—a violation of a central tenet of the scientific method.

To be fair, the decision to share data is not easy. Companies worry that their competitors will benefit, that lawyers will take advantage, and that incompetent scientists will misconstrue the data and come to mistaken conclusions. So Johnson & Johnson and companies like Medtronic that have made moves toward transparency deserve much credit. The more we share data, however, the more we find that many of these problems fail to materialize.

In 2011, YODA struck a deal with Medtronic to release all the data on one of its products—a device that stimulates the production of bone. At the time, questions had been raised about the device’s safety and about the conflicts of interests of some of the company’s researchers. Medtronic made the unusual decision to respond to the debate by releasing the device’s data for independent review. We commissioned and published two independent reviews of the data, and now have made them globally available.

Interestingly, the reviews produced somewhat conflicting results. One found that the device was no better than a bone graft and might be associated with a slight increase in cancer, while the other found that the device was effective and the cancer risk inconclusive. To us, these differences reinforce the value of open science: now the data are out there for further study.

This doesn’t mean that anyone can gain access to the data without disclosing how they intend to use it. We require those who want the data to submit a proposal and identify their research team, funding and any conflicts of interest, and exclude those who seek data for commercial or legal purposes. The applicants have to complete a short course on responsible conduct and sign an agreement that restricts them to their proposed research questions. Most important, they must agree to share whatever they find. Our intent is not to be tough gatekeepers, but to ensure that the data are used in a transparent way and contribute to overall scientific knowledge.

Which of the following statements is true about the author?

【題組共用題幹】

In Feb. 2014, Johnson & Johnson announced that it was making all of its clinical trial data available to scientists around the world. It has hired my group, Yale University Open Data Access Project, or YODA, to fully oversee the release of the data. Everything in the company’s clinical research vaults, including unpublished raw data, will be available for independent review.

Today, more than half of the clinical trials in the United States are not published within two years of their completion or never published at all. The unreported results, not surprisingly, are often those in which a drug failed to perform better than a placebo. As a result, evidence-based medicine is, at best, based on only some of the evidence, implying that full information on a drug’s effects may never be discovered or released.

Even when studies are published, the actual data are usually not made available. End users of research—patients, doctors and policy makers—are implicitly told by the researchers to “take our word for it.” They are often forced to accept the report without the prospect of other independent scientists’ reproducing the findings—a violation of a central tenet of the scientific method.

To be fair, the decision to share data is not easy. Companies worry that their competitors will benefit, that lawyers will take advantage, and that incompetent scientists will misconstrue the data and come to mistaken conclusions. So Johnson & Johnson and companies like Medtronic that have made moves toward transparency deserve much credit. The more we share data, however, the more we find that many of these problems fail to materialize.

In 2011, YODA struck a deal with Medtronic to release all the data on one of its products—a device that stimulates the production of bone. At the time, questions had been raised about the device’s safety and about the conflicts of interests of some of the company’s researchers. Medtronic made the unusual decision to respond to the debate by releasing the device’s data for independent review. We commissioned and published two independent reviews of the data, and now have made them globally available.

Interestingly, the reviews produced somewhat conflicting results. One found that the device was no better than a bone graft and might be associated with a slight increase in cancer, while the other found that the device was effective and the cancer risk inconclusive. To us, these differences reinforce the value of open science: now the data are out there for further study.

This doesn’t mean that anyone can gain access to the data without disclosing how they intend to use it. We require those who want the data to submit a proposal and identify their research team, funding and any conflicts of interest, and exclude those who seek data for commercial or legal purposes. The applicants have to complete a short course on responsible conduct and sign an agreement that restricts them to their proposed research questions. Most important, they must agree to share whatever they find. Our intent is not to be tough gatekeepers, but to ensure that the data are used in a transparent way and contribute to overall scientific knowledge.

Which is the best title for the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

In Feb. 2014, Johnson & Johnson announced that it was making all of its clinical trial data available to scientists around the world. It has hired my group, Yale University Open Data Access Project, or YODA, to fully oversee the release of the data. Everything in the company’s clinical research vaults, including unpublished raw data, will be available for independent review.

Today, more than half of the clinical trials in the United States are not published within two years of their completion or never published at all. The unreported results, not surprisingly, are often those in which a drug failed to perform better than a placebo. As a result, evidence-based medicine is, at best, based on only some of the evidence, implying that full information on a drug’s effects may never be discovered or released.

Even when studies are published, the actual data are usually not made available. End users of research—patients, doctors and policy makers—are implicitly told by the researchers to “take our word for it.” They are often forced to accept the report without the prospect of other independent scientists’ reproducing the findings—a violation of a central tenet of the scientific method.

To be fair, the decision to share data is not easy. Companies worry that their competitors will benefit, that lawyers will take advantage, and that incompetent scientists will misconstrue the data and come to mistaken conclusions. So Johnson & Johnson and companies like Medtronic that have made moves toward transparency deserve much credit. The more we share data, however, the more we find that many of these problems fail to materialize.

In 2011, YODA struck a deal with Medtronic to release all the data on one of its products—a device that stimulates the production of bone. At the time, questions had been raised about the device’s safety and about the conflicts of interests of some of the company’s researchers. Medtronic made the unusual decision to respond to the debate by releasing the device’s data for independent review. We commissioned and published two independent reviews of the data, and now have made them globally available.

Interestingly, the reviews produced somewhat conflicting results. One found that the device was no better than a bone graft and might be associated with a slight increase in cancer, while the other found that the device was effective and the cancer risk inconclusive. To us, these differences reinforce the value of open science: now the data are out there for further study.

This doesn’t mean that anyone can gain access to the data without disclosing how they intend to use it. We require those who want the data to submit a proposal and identify their research team, funding and any conflicts of interest, and exclude those who seek data for commercial or legal purposes. The applicants have to complete a short course on responsible conduct and sign an agreement that restricts them to their proposed research questions. Most important, they must agree to share whatever they find. Our intent is not to be tough gatekeepers, but to ensure that the data are used in a transparent way and contribute to overall scientific knowledge.

According to the passage, what happened after more companies made their data available to the public?

【題組共用題幹】

In Feb. 2014, Johnson & Johnson announced that it was making all of its clinical trial data available to scientists around the world. It has hired my group, Yale University Open Data Access Project, or YODA, to fully oversee the release of the data. Everything in the company’s clinical research vaults, including unpublished raw data, will be available for independent review.

Today, more than half of the clinical trials in the United States are not published within two years of their completion or never published at all. The unreported results, not surprisingly, are often those in which a drug failed to perform better than a placebo. As a result, evidence-based medicine is, at best, based on only some of the evidence, implying that full information on a drug’s effects may never be discovered or released.

Even when studies are published, the actual data are usually not made available. End users of research—patients, doctors and policy makers—are implicitly told by the researchers to “take our word for it.” They are often forced to accept the report without the prospect of other independent scientists’ reproducing the findings—a violation of a central tenet of the scientific method.

To be fair, the decision to share data is not easy. Companies worry that their competitors will benefit, that lawyers will take advantage, and that incompetent scientists will misconstrue the data and come to mistaken conclusions. So Johnson & Johnson and companies like Medtronic that have made moves toward transparency deserve much credit. The more we share data, however, the more we find that many of these problems fail to materialize.

In 2011, YODA struck a deal with Medtronic to release all the data on one of its products—a device that stimulates the production of bone. At the time, questions had been raised about the device’s safety and about the conflicts of interests of some of the company’s researchers. Medtronic made the unusual decision to respond to the debate by releasing the device’s data for independent review. We commissioned and published two independent reviews of the data, and now have made them globally available.

Interestingly, the reviews produced somewhat conflicting results. One found that the device was no better than a bone graft and might be associated with a slight increase in cancer, while the other found that the device was effective and the cancer risk inconclusive. To us, these differences reinforce the value of open science: now the data are out there for further study.

This doesn’t mean that anyone can gain access to the data without disclosing how they intend to use it. We require those who want the data to submit a proposal and identify their research team, funding and any conflicts of interest, and exclude those who seek data for commercial or legal purposes. The applicants have to complete a short course on responsible conduct and sign an agreement that restricts them to their proposed research questions. Most important, they must agree to share whatever they find. Our intent is not to be tough gatekeepers, but to ensure that the data are used in a transparent way and contribute to overall scientific knowledge.

According to the passage, who is most likely to be permitted to use the data?

【題組共用題幹】

In Feb. 2014, Johnson & Johnson announced that it was making all of its clinical trial data available to scientists around the world. It has hired my group, Yale University Open Data Access Project, or YODA, to fully oversee the release of the data. Everything in the company’s clinical research vaults, including unpublished raw data, will be available for independent review.

Today, more than half of the clinical trials in the United States are not published within two years of their completion or never published at all. The unreported results, not surprisingly, are often those in which a drug failed to perform better than a placebo. As a result, evidence-based medicine is, at best, based on only some of the evidence, implying that full information on a drug’s effects may never be discovered or released.

Even when studies are published, the actual data are usually not made available. End users of research—patients, doctors and policy makers—are implicitly told by the researchers to “take our word for it.” They are often forced to accept the report without the prospect of other independent scientists’ reproducing the findings—a violation of a central tenet of the scientific method.

To be fair, the decision to share data is not easy. Companies worry that their competitors will benefit, that lawyers will take advantage, and that incompetent scientists will misconstrue the data and come to mistaken conclusions. So Johnson & Johnson and companies like Medtronic that have made moves toward transparency deserve much credit. The more we share data, however, the more we find that many of these problems fail to materialize.

In 2011, YODA struck a deal with Medtronic to release all the data on one of its products—a device that stimulates the production of bone. At the time, questions had been raised about the device’s safety and about the conflicts of interests of some of the company’s researchers. Medtronic made the unusual decision to respond to the debate by releasing the device’s data for independent review. We commissioned and published two independent reviews of the data, and now have made them globally available.

Interestingly, the reviews produced somewhat conflicting results. One found that the device was no better than a bone graft and might be associated with a slight increase in cancer, while the other found that the device was effective and the cancer risk inconclusive. To us, these differences reinforce the value of open science: now the data are out there for further study.

This doesn’t mean that anyone can gain access to the data without disclosing how they intend to use it. We require those who want the data to submit a proposal and identify their research team, funding and any conflicts of interest, and exclude those who seek data for commercial or legal purposes. The applicants have to complete a short course on responsible conduct and sign an agreement that restricts them to their proposed research questions. Most important, they must agree to share whatever they find. Our intent is not to be tough gatekeepers, but to ensure that the data are used in a transparent way and contribute to overall scientific knowledge.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

【題組共用題幹】

An unmanned aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. About 700,000 drones were sold in 2015, and the number skyrocketed to almost 3 million in 2017 in the U.S. Ordinary people and small businesses use these flying devices to do all sorts of things, from aerial photography to crop-dusting to just having fun. It also enables shipping to remote places and assists search and rescue missions for humans and livestock alike. But the technology has a dark side.

Terrorists and criminals could use drones to conduct illegal surveillance, carry out chemical, biological, and radiological attacks as well as more traditional attacks on large open-air venues such as concerts, sporting events and government facilities. It was reported that criminals used small drones to block FBI agents from observing a hostage situation in 2017.

Drones could be used to smuggle as well. Last year, the U.S. Border Patrol agents arrested a 25-year-old man for using a drone to ferry drugs across the southwest border. Since October 2017, officials have reported over three-dozen sightings of drones operating near the U.S. border. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is concerned that drones could show smugglers in Mexico vulnerable points on the border where people and/or drugs can cross over and sneak into the country undetected.

A wide variety of counter-drone measures have been developed in response to this security threat. For example, DJI, the world’s leading maker of unmanned aerial vehicles, enforced geofencing, a virtual geographical boundary across most of Iraq and Syria, and stopped terrorists from using its drones in both countries in 2017. Both France and the Netherlands have been quietly training eagles to take down drones deemed as hostile. The Police of Wuhan, China have developed a signal-jamming gun of their own. This gun disrupts the drone’s radio signals and forces it to land. Instead of relying on radio frequencies, SkyWall offers net-based options for police and governments. It fires projectiles that could be turned into a net to “nonviolently” down the drone.

How can drones benefit us?

【題組共用題幹】

An unmanned aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. About 700,000 drones were sold in 2015, and the number skyrocketed to almost 3 million in 2017 in the U.S. Ordinary people and small businesses use these flying devices to do all sorts of things, from aerial photography to crop-dusting to just having fun. It also enables shipping to remote places and assists search and rescue missions for humans and livestock alike. But the technology has a dark side.

Terrorists and criminals could use drones to conduct illegal surveillance, carry out chemical, biological, and radiological attacks as well as more traditional attacks on large open-air venues such as concerts, sporting events and government facilities. It was reported that criminals used small drones to block FBI agents from observing a hostage situation in 2017.

Drones could be used to smuggle as well. Last year, the U.S. Border Patrol agents arrested a 25-year-old man for using a drone to ferry drugs across the southwest border. Since October 2017, officials have reported over three-dozen sightings of drones operating near the U.S. border. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is concerned that drones could show smugglers in Mexico vulnerable points on the border where people and/or drugs can cross over and sneak into the country undetected.

A wide variety of counter-drone measures have been developed in response to this security threat. For example, DJI, the world’s leading maker of unmanned aerial vehicles, enforced geofencing, a virtual geographical boundary across most of Iraq and Syria, and stopped terrorists from using its drones in both countries in 2017. Both France and the Netherlands have been quietly training eagles to take down drones deemed as hostile. The Police of Wuhan, China have developed a signal-jamming gun of their own. This gun disrupts the drone’s radio signals and forces it to land. Instead of relying on radio frequencies, SkyWall offers net-based options for police and governments. It fires projectiles that could be turned into a net to “nonviolently” down the drone.

According to the passage, in which of the following industries are drones NOT yet used?

【題組共用題幹】

An unmanned aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. About 700,000 drones were sold in 2015, and the number skyrocketed to almost 3 million in 2017 in the U.S. Ordinary people and small businesses use these flying devices to do all sorts of things, from aerial photography to crop-dusting to just having fun. It also enables shipping to remote places and assists search and rescue missions for humans and livestock alike. But the technology has a dark side.

Terrorists and criminals could use drones to conduct illegal surveillance, carry out chemical, biological, and radiological attacks as well as more traditional attacks on large open-air venues such as concerts, sporting events and government facilities. It was reported that criminals used small drones to block FBI agents from observing a hostage situation in 2017.

Drones could be used to smuggle as well. Last year, the U.S. Border Patrol agents arrested a 25-year-old man for using a drone to ferry drugs across the southwest border. Since October 2017, officials have reported over three-dozen sightings of drones operating near the U.S. border. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is concerned that drones could show smugglers in Mexico vulnerable points on the border where people and/or drugs can cross over and sneak into the country undetected.

A wide variety of counter-drone measures have been developed in response to this security threat. For example, DJI, the world’s leading maker of unmanned aerial vehicles, enforced geofencing, a virtual geographical boundary across most of Iraq and Syria, and stopped terrorists from using its drones in both countries in 2017. Both France and the Netherlands have been quietly training eagles to take down drones deemed as hostile. The Police of Wuhan, China have developed a signal-jamming gun of their own. This gun disrupts the drone’s radio signals and forces it to land. Instead of relying on radio frequencies, SkyWall offers net-based options for police and governments. It fires projectiles that could be turned into a net to “nonviolently” down the drone.

What is a potential threat from a drone?

【題組共用題幹】

An unmanned aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. About 700,000 drones were sold in 2015, and the number skyrocketed to almost 3 million in 2017 in the U.S. Ordinary people and small businesses use these flying devices to do all sorts of things, from aerial photography to crop-dusting to just having fun. It also enables shipping to remote places and assists search and rescue missions for humans and livestock alike. But the technology has a dark side.

Terrorists and criminals could use drones to conduct illegal surveillance, carry out chemical, biological, and radiological attacks as well as more traditional attacks on large open-air venues such as concerts, sporting events and government facilities. It was reported that criminals used small drones to block FBI agents from observing a hostage situation in 2017.

Drones could be used to smuggle as well. Last year, the U.S. Border Patrol agents arrested a 25-year-old man for using a drone to ferry drugs across the southwest border. Since October 2017, officials have reported over three-dozen sightings of drones operating near the U.S. border. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is concerned that drones could show smugglers in Mexico vulnerable points on the border where people and/or drugs can cross over and sneak into the country undetected.

A wide variety of counter-drone measures have been developed in response to this security threat. For example, DJI, the world’s leading maker of unmanned aerial vehicles, enforced geofencing, a virtual geographical boundary across most of Iraq and Syria, and stopped terrorists from using its drones in both countries in 2017. Both France and the Netherlands have been quietly training eagles to take down drones deemed as hostile. The Police of Wuhan, China have developed a signal-jamming gun of their own. This gun disrupts the drone’s radio signals and forces it to land. Instead of relying on radio frequencies, SkyWall offers net-based options for police and governments. It fires projectiles that could be turned into a net to “nonviolently” down the drone.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the anti-drone measures in the passage?

【題組共用題幹】

An unmanned aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. About 700,000 drones were sold in 2015, and the number skyrocketed to almost 3 million in 2017 in the U.S. Ordinary people and small businesses use these flying devices to do all sorts of things, from aerial photography to crop-dusting to just having fun. It also enables shipping to remote places and assists search and rescue missions for humans and livestock alike. But the technology has a dark side.

Terrorists and criminals could use drones to conduct illegal surveillance, carry out chemical, biological, and radiological attacks as well as more traditional attacks on large open-air venues such as concerts, sporting events and government facilities. It was reported that criminals used small drones to block FBI agents from observing a hostage situation in 2017.

Drones could be used to smuggle as well. Last year, the U.S. Border Patrol agents arrested a 25-year-old man for using a drone to ferry drugs across the southwest border. Since October 2017, officials have reported over three-dozen sightings of drones operating near the U.S. border. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is concerned that drones could show smugglers in Mexico vulnerable points on the border where people and/or drugs can cross over and sneak into the country undetected.

A wide variety of counter-drone measures have been developed in response to this security threat. For example, DJI, the world’s leading maker of unmanned aerial vehicles, enforced geofencing, a virtual geographical boundary across most of Iraq and Syria, and stopped terrorists from using its drones in both countries in 2017. Both France and the Netherlands have been quietly training eagles to take down drones deemed as hostile. The Police of Wuhan, China have developed a signal-jamming gun of their own. This gun disrupts the drone’s radio signals and forces it to land. Instead of relying on radio frequencies, SkyWall offers net-based options for police and governments. It fires projectiles that could be turned into a net to “nonviolently” down the drone.

In response to the fast developing drone technology mentioned in this passage, what action should a national security officer take?

【題組共用題幹】

While in the United States the general belief in astrology is limited to glancing at horoscopes in newspapers and magazines, in India people take their star signs very seriously.

Astrology programs are shown on many of India’s 320 television channels, and at least a dozen radio stations are devoted entirely to astrology 24 hours a day. Kolkata housewife Lata Banerji always starts her day by turning on the astrology channel Shristi to find out what the day holds for her and whether she will have to face any kind of domestic crisis. She also receives information on what food she should eat to avoid illness. “It gives me the confidence I need to face the day,” she says. “Americans go to a therapist every week to cope with life. I get my sense of well-being from the advice I get from astrologers.”

One of the most famous displays of deep belief in astrology came when the Bollywood actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai, 33, announced her engagement to 31-year-old actor Abhishek Bachchan. Unfortunately, astrologers predicted poor health or an early death for her husband, so Aishwarya attempted to avert disaster by marrying a banana tree first in the hope that the bad luck would affect the tree instead of her new husband. Although this may sound bizarre to us, only a few people in India have been shocked by this behavior.

Indians seek astrological advice on everything, from marriage and having children to when to buy a new car and whether to accept a job offer. Some programs specialize in medical astrology, with callers asking about health issues, while others provide investment and business advice. Astrology is even important in politics, with prime ministers asking their astrologers for a “promising” date before announcing a general election.

Nowadays it is almost obligatory for Indian parents to have a horoscope drawn up when a baby is born. Two people taking advantage of the boom in business are Kalidas Sriram and Vishi Babu, who have put up their tents complete with laptop computer and printer right outside a hospital. They either visit the maternity wards or wait outside until new parents leave to offer their services. For the equivalent of $6 they use the baby’s time and date of birth to print out a horoscope for the delighted parents.

How many radio stations are all about astrology in India?

【題組共用題幹】

While in the United States the general belief in astrology is limited to glancing at horoscopes in newspapers and magazines, in India people take their star signs very seriously.

Astrology programs are shown on many of India’s 320 television channels, and at least a dozen radio stations are devoted entirely to astrology 24 hours a day. Kolkata housewife Lata Banerji always starts her day by turning on the astrology channel Shristi to find out what the day holds for her and whether she will have to face any kind of domestic crisis. She also receives information on what food she should eat to avoid illness. “It gives me the confidence I need to face the day,” she says. “Americans go to a therapist every week to cope with life. I get my sense of well-being from the advice I get from astrologers.”

One of the most famous displays of deep belief in astrology came when the Bollywood actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai, 33, announced her engagement to 31-year-old actor Abhishek Bachchan. Unfortunately, astrologers predicted poor health or an early death for her husband, so Aishwarya attempted to avert disaster by marrying a banana tree first in the hope that the bad luck would affect the tree instead of her new husband. Although this may sound bizarre to us, only a few people in India have been shocked by this behavior.

Indians seek astrological advice on everything, from marriage and having children to when to buy a new car and whether to accept a job offer. Some programs specialize in medical astrology, with callers asking about health issues, while others provide investment and business advice. Astrology is even important in politics, with prime ministers asking their astrologers for a “promising” date before announcing a general election.

Nowadays it is almost obligatory for Indian parents to have a horoscope drawn up when a baby is born. Two people taking advantage of the boom in business are Kalidas Sriram and Vishi Babu, who have put up their tents complete with laptop computer and printer right outside a hospital. They either visit the maternity wards or wait outside until new parents leave to offer their services. For the equivalent of $6 they use the baby’s time and date of birth to print out a horoscope for the delighted parents.

Lata Banerji watches an astrology channel

【題組共用題幹】

While in the United States the general belief in astrology is limited to glancing at horoscopes in newspapers and magazines, in India people take their star signs very seriously.

Astrology programs are shown on many of India’s 320 television channels, and at least a dozen radio stations are devoted entirely to astrology 24 hours a day. Kolkata housewife Lata Banerji always starts her day by turning on the astrology channel Shristi to find out what the day holds for her and whether she will have to face any kind of domestic crisis. She also receives information on what food she should eat to avoid illness. “It gives me the confidence I need to face the day,” she says. “Americans go to a therapist every week to cope with life. I get my sense of well-being from the advice I get from astrologers.”

One of the most famous displays of deep belief in astrology came when the Bollywood actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai, 33, announced her engagement to 31-year-old actor Abhishek Bachchan. Unfortunately, astrologers predicted poor health or an early death for her husband, so Aishwarya attempted to avert disaster by marrying a banana tree first in the hope that the bad luck would affect the tree instead of her new husband. Although this may sound bizarre to us, only a few people in India have been shocked by this behavior.

Indians seek astrological advice on everything, from marriage and having children to when to buy a new car and whether to accept a job offer. Some programs specialize in medical astrology, with callers asking about health issues, while others provide investment and business advice. Astrology is even important in politics, with prime ministers asking their astrologers for a “promising” date before announcing a general election.

Nowadays it is almost obligatory for Indian parents to have a horoscope drawn up when a baby is born. Two people taking advantage of the boom in business are Kalidas Sriram and Vishi Babu, who have put up their tents complete with laptop computer and printer right outside a hospital. They either visit the maternity wards or wait outside until new parents leave to offer their services. For the equivalent of $6 they use the baby’s time and date of birth to print out a horoscope for the delighted parents.

The actress Aishwarya Rai married a tree

【題組共用題幹】

While in the United States the general belief in astrology is limited to glancing at horoscopes in newspapers and magazines, in India people take their star signs very seriously.

Astrology programs are shown on many of India’s 320 television channels, and at least a dozen radio stations are devoted entirely to astrology 24 hours a day. Kolkata housewife Lata Banerji always starts her day by turning on the astrology channel Shristi to find out what the day holds for her and whether she will have to face any kind of domestic crisis. She also receives information on what food she should eat to avoid illness. “It gives me the confidence I need to face the day,” she says. “Americans go to a therapist every week to cope with life. I get my sense of well-being from the advice I get from astrologers.”

One of the most famous displays of deep belief in astrology came when the Bollywood actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai, 33, announced her engagement to 31-year-old actor Abhishek Bachchan. Unfortunately, astrologers predicted poor health or an early death for her husband, so Aishwarya attempted to avert disaster by marrying a banana tree first in the hope that the bad luck would affect the tree instead of her new husband. Although this may sound bizarre to us, only a few people in India have been shocked by this behavior.

Indians seek astrological advice on everything, from marriage and having children to when to buy a new car and whether to accept a job offer. Some programs specialize in medical astrology, with callers asking about health issues, while others provide investment and business advice. Astrology is even important in politics, with prime ministers asking their astrologers for a “promising” date before announcing a general election.

Nowadays it is almost obligatory for Indian parents to have a horoscope drawn up when a baby is born. Two people taking advantage of the boom in business are Kalidas Sriram and Vishi Babu, who have put up their tents complete with laptop computer and printer right outside a hospital. They either visit the maternity wards or wait outside until new parents leave to offer their services. For the equivalent of $6 they use the baby’s time and date of birth to print out a horoscope for the delighted parents.

According to the passage, for what do Indians ask astrologers?

【題組共用題幹】

While in the United States the general belief in astrology is limited to glancing at horoscopes in newspapers and magazines, in India people take their star signs very seriously.

Astrology programs are shown on many of India’s 320 television channels, and at least a dozen radio stations are devoted entirely to astrology 24 hours a day. Kolkata housewife Lata Banerji always starts her day by turning on the astrology channel Shristi to find out what the day holds for her and whether she will have to face any kind of domestic crisis. She also receives information on what food she should eat to avoid illness. “It gives me the confidence I need to face the day,” she says. “Americans go to a therapist every week to cope with life. I get my sense of well-being from the advice I get from astrologers.”

One of the most famous displays of deep belief in astrology came when the Bollywood actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai, 33, announced her engagement to 31-year-old actor Abhishek Bachchan. Unfortunately, astrologers predicted poor health or an early death for her husband, so Aishwarya attempted to avert disaster by marrying a banana tree first in the hope that the bad luck would affect the tree instead of her new husband. Although this may sound bizarre to us, only a few people in India have been shocked by this behavior.

Indians seek astrological advice on everything, from marriage and having children to when to buy a new car and whether to accept a job offer. Some programs specialize in medical astrology, with callers asking about health issues, while others provide investment and business advice. Astrology is even important in politics, with prime ministers asking their astrologers for a “promising” date before announcing a general election.

Nowadays it is almost obligatory for Indian parents to have a horoscope drawn up when a baby is born. Two people taking advantage of the boom in business are Kalidas Sriram and Vishi Babu, who have put up their tents complete with laptop computer and printer right outside a hospital. They either visit the maternity wards or wait outside until new parents leave to offer their services. For the equivalent of $6 they use the baby’s time and date of birth to print out a horoscope for the delighted parents.

What is Kalidas Sriram’s current job?